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Microrobots are motile microsystems constructed using physical, chemical and biological components for operations with respect to definite applications. In the present review, we have discussed the various aspects of microbiorobots, their history, and design. While designing a microrobot, two critical parameters (and their varities)- actuation and sensing affect the different micromanipulation techniques to be employed (Magnetic, Optical, Electric, fluidic, or acoustic). The controlling and actuation system (Vision-based or Force-sensing) selected for the specific application can dictate the fabrication type to be used for manufacture the microrobot. The type of propulsion systems, Powering system, and mobility in a complex environment, and applicability of the microrobot further influence the controlling parameters. Presently, microbiorobotics have applications in biomedical and environmental engineering. In this review, we have analyzed various aspects of microbiorobot design, fabrication, and applications that can help future works in nanosciences and microbiorobotics.

Controlling bacterial biofilms is a major target for industrial processes and thus is a tedious task under study in many research proceedings. The algal associated bacterial isolates from Unai Mata hot water spring, Gujarat, India, were screened for production of potent amylases, proteases and biosurfactants. The partially purified biomolecules were checked for effects of substrate concentration, cations and stability at extreme physical conditions like temperature (50 ℃) and acidic pH (5 and 6). Metal ions namely—Cu and Zn for amylase, while Zn and Na for protease, were found to be yielding least and highest activities, respectively. Best three isolates were selected for potential biomolecule production and sequenced for 16 s rDNA gene. The three isolates were found to be Stenotrophomonassp. strain T1UM1, Pantoeasp. strain T1UM4 and Bacillussp. strain T1UM8 with GenBank accession number MH764436, MH764437 and MH764438, respectively. The partially purified biomolecules cocktail showed effective antibiofilm activities at concentration of 1, 2, 5 and 10 U/ml or mg/ml against various bacteria tested at 1, 2 and 5 h treatments. The effects were different on the type of bacterium containing a combination of specific biomolecules. Thus, biomolecule cocktail reported here from hot water spring isolates has antibiofilm application potential in industries.

The influence of interphase mass transfer on dispersion of solute in a tube flow of a power-law fluid is examined at all times after the injection of the solute. Three important dispersion mechanisms are shown to arise in the study in place of two in classical studies. This is true in channel flows also (see Siddheshwar et al. [1]). The present analytical result on dispersion of solute with wall catalysed reaction at long times is compared with the analytical solution when reaction is absent. The Taylor [2] and Aris [2] of dispersion are obtained as limiting cases from the study. The graphical results of the study serve as a jury on any numerical treatment of the present problem that might be undertaken considering non-asymptotic all-time analysis.

The paper presents an all-time analysis of unsteady convective diffusion of solute undergoing an irreversible first-order chemical reaction at the bounding walls of a parallel-plate channel. The heterogeneous chemical reaction significantly influences the convective and diffusive coefficients. A new coefficient arises exclusively due to the incorporation of wall reaction. The effects of wall-catalysed reaction and power-law index ‘N’ on dispersion are investigated against the background of the no-reaction problem. The analytical result on dispersion of solute with wall catalysed reaction at long times is compared with the analytical solution when.reaction is absent. The Taylor [1 ] and Ans [2] regimes of dispersion for the present problem are obtained as limiting cases from the study. The graphical results of the study serve as a jury on any numerical study that might be undertaken considering non-asymptotic all-time analysis.