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Genomic analyses of Neanderthals have previously provided insights into their population history and relationship to modern humans1–8, but the social organization of Neanderthal communities remains poorly understood. Here we present genetic data for 13 Neanderthals from two Middle Palaeolithic sites in the Altai Mountains of southern Siberia: 11 from Chagyrskaya Cave9,10and 2 from Okladnikov Cave11—making this one of the largest genetic studies of a Neanderthal population to date. We used hybridization capture to obtain genome-wide nuclear data, as well as mitochondrial and Y-chromosome sequences. Some Chagyrskaya individuals were closely related, including a father–daughter pair and a pair of second-degree relatives, indicating that at least some of the individuals lived at the same time. Up to one-third of these individuals’ genomes had long segments of homozygosity, suggesting that the Chagyrskaya Neanderthals were part of a small community. In addition, the Y-chromosome diversity is an order of magnitude lower than the mitochondrial diversity, a pattern that we found is best explained by female migration between communities. Thus, the genetic data presented here provide a detailed documentation of the social organization of an isolated Neanderthal community at the easternmost extent of their known range.

Nonimmunogenic staphylokinase is a modified recombinant staphylokinase with low immunogenicity, high thrombolytic activity, and fibrin selectivity.

The aim of the study was to determine the dynamics of steroid hormones (pg /ml) in 2-year-old mares and stallions. During preparatory training, at rest, stallions and mares had similar testosterone levels (0,98±0,745-0,82±0,013), estradiol (21.18±5.05–22.50±3.01) and cortisol (90.17±2.11–83.26±2.48), respectively. In response to submaximal power, stallions and mares expend their reserves uneconomically, expressed in an increase of testosterone (9.54±0.353 – 19.59±1.85) and cortisol (203.07±8.70 -245.57±18.60). The estradiol in stallions fell 27% to 16,68±3,01, and in mares increased by 9% (24.50±0,89). At the end of the preparatory period, stallions showed increase in testosterone by 13 (to 13.47±2,21), cortisol 1.5 times (139,12 ±of 12.97), a fall in estradiol levels 5.3 times (to 4.00± 1,72). The content of testosterone in mares increased by 8.6 times (to 7.09±0.97), cortisol by 2.2 times (to 185.24±3.78), and estradiol fell by 6.8 times (to 3.30±0.84). The swing movement at the end of the preparatory period caused a significantly (P ≥ 0.999) less increase in testosterone in stallions (up to 2.63±0.42) and mares (9.39±3.09) in contrast to the previous period. The cortisol content in stallions increased by 88% (to 381.5±17.3), in mares by 384% (to 711.80±47.50). Estradiol concentration decreased 10-fold in stallions (to 1.40±0.576; P ≥ 0.999), and 3.5-fold (to 6.94±0.829; P ≥ 0.999) in mares. Conclusion: the training is sufficient for adaptation of stallions to the racetrack. For mares, the duration of the preparatory training is not sufficient.