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To predict the risk of extracapsular extension and postoperative recurrence before radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is a significant health care problem in this country. With an aging population of men, increased public awareness, and use of prostate-specific antigen screening programs, this disease will continue to increase in incidence. This paper addresses the recent dramatically increased incidence and stage migration to earlier disease, the implications of these trends, and specific comparisons about the evolving therapies between 1989 and 1994 at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. A basic review of diagnosis and treatment options are outlined for use by the non-urologist. New and exciting developments in the field are also discussed.

AbstractPheromone traps were more efficient than blacklight traps for detecting and monitoring adult populations of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E. Smith), in southwestern Ontario. Several dispenser–chemical combinations were strongly attractive but best results were obtained with sticky traps baited with rubber septa impregnated with combinations of (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate.

AbstractA multiple regression analysis was used to establish which weather factors and population parameters were important in determining the emergence pattern of the spring flight of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis(Hbn.), as measured by light trap catches. Equations which estimated the slope and intercept of a line representing the probit of cumulative percentage emergence vs. degree days had as independent variables the intercept of the previous year?s regression line and the average temperature for the preceding September, December, February, and April. A comparison of methods used to estimate the emergence pattern showed that the average deviation of the average date method was 5.0 days, the average slope and intercept method 2.8 days, and multiple regression method 1.6 days.

AbstractThere are now two strains of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis(Hübner), in Quebec. The strain normally found produces one generation while the more recently introduced strain produces two generations per year. Both strains have been characterized and compared with corn borer strains from Ontario and New York State. The two attributes of the recently introduced strain that promote the development of a second generation are (1) early emergence in the spring with less intense diapause and (2) a lower critical photoperiod for diapause induction. The latter characteristic allows pupation of first generation larvae. Field and laboratory tests on the pheromone response of adult male moths demonstrated that the origin of this recent introduction was New York State.

The spectral and directional distribution of radiation intensity is measured, using a direct radiometric technique, at the exposed boundary of a packed bed of stainless steel spheres. The purpose of these measurements is to provide an experimental data base of radiation intensity with which to correlate intensity field solutions of the radiative transfer equation in participating media. The bed is considered to be one-dimensional, is optically thick, and has measured constant-temperature boundary conditions. Intensity exiting the bed is numerically simulated using a discrete ordinates solution to the radiative transfer equation, with combined mode radiation-conduction solution of the coupled energy conservation equation. Radiative properties for the bed are computed using the large size parameter correlated scattering theory derived by Kamiuto from the general theory of dependent scattering by Tien and others. The measured intensity results show good agreement with computed results in near-normal directions, though agreement in near-grazing directions is poor. This suggests that either radiative transfer near the boundaries of this medium might not be adequately represented by a continuous form of the radiative transfer equation, or that the properties derived from correlated scattering theory are insufficient. In either case, development of a more detailed radiation model for spherical packed beds appears warranted.

AbstractA study was made of the reason for the fairly rapid loss of attractancy of pheromone traps for the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis(Hübner). This loss in attractancy appeared to be attributable mainly to formation of an inhibitory or repellent substance(s). Although traps with a suspended pheromone dispenser were significantly more attractive than traps with the dispenser placed in contact with the adhesive, they still became relatively unattractive to male corn borers within approximately 1 week.

AbstractThe European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis(Hübner), has two distinct geographical populations in southwestern Ontario. The time required for diapause termination is the main distinguishing feature. This together with different critical photoperiods for diapause induction explains the occurrence of two complete generations in the southern portion and only one in the northern portion of this region.

AbstractThe cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae, has a facultative diapause induced by the appropriate conditions of light and temperature: 16 hours of light per 24 hours at 20 °C produce nondiapause pupae while 12 hours of light per 24 hours at 20 °C produce diapause pupae. Diapause can be terminated if the pupae are exposed to temperatures from 0 to 5 °C for 4–5 months. Discrepancies in the literature with regard to the foregoing facts are explained.

1. The European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis,has a faculative diapause in the last larval instar. Diapause induced in the laboratory by a short-day photoperiod is identical in its intensity to that occurring in the field.2. Diapause development occurs at 30° C. under various photoperiodic conditions but is greatly accelerated by a long day.3. Completion of diapause development does not require a period of chilling.4. Diapause development is a process that removes a block to secretion of the activation hormone but does not include secretion or any of the morphogenic events that follow.

Several letters to the editor are presented in response to various articles, including the issue on a campaign against Budweiser-ShareLunker sponsorship in the January 2007 "Texas Fish & Game Report," "Bowhunting Technology," by Lou Marullo in the February 2008 issue, and the appointment of Bob Hood as the new hunting editor.

The white cutworm, Euxoa scandens(Riley), is a sporadic pest of tobacco in Quebec (Mailloux and Desrosiers 1978), asparagus in Michigan (A. L. Wells, pers. comm.), and other vegetable crops grown in light sandy soils (Beirne 1971). The immature larvae overwinter and cause serious damage when they resume feeding in the spring (Hudson and Wood 1930). Moths emerge and oviposit from late June until late July (McLeod and Dupré 1981). An efficient monitoring method utilizing the female sex pheromone would be an important aid in estimating the size and distribution of the adult population and would help in planning insecticide control. We report here some results of electroantennogram screening of potential sex attractants and the results of field tests of the most active of these.

Laboratory rearing of the white cutworm, Euxoa scandens(Riley), a pest of flue-cured tobacco in Quebec and asparagus in Michigan, has been hindered to some extent by a disease. This note describes the microsporidium which caused the disease and techniques that inhibit the development of the pathogen.

AbstractGrowth rate, diapause incidence, and diapause intensity were different in two strains of corn borers found in southwestern Ontario. Crosses between these two strains demonstrated that growth rate was female sex linked while diapause incidence was male sex linked. The effect of these two characteristics on hybridization is discussed.

THE induction and maintenance of larval and pupal diapause are at present thought to be under the direct control of the neuro-endocrine complex associated with the insect brain. Williams1found that diapausing pupæ of the cecropia moth, Hyalophora cecropia, could be induced to resume development by either a prolonged (6–12 weeks) exposure to a low temperature (4–6 ° C) or by the implantation of the brain of a previously chilled pupa. Unchilled diapause pupal brains were found to be incompetent to induce development when implanted into an unchilled pupa in diapause. The competence or incompetence of a pupal brain appeared to depend on the activity or inactivity of its neurosecretory cells. When active, the neurosecretory cells are responsible for the production of a hormone that is released via the corpora cardiaca and activates the prothoracic glands, which then produce the growth hormone, ecdysone, responsible for the initiation of development2. In the diapause pupa, the neurosecretory activity of the brain is suppressed3, as is its neural impulse activity4.

Adult European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), moth flight was observed using pheromone traps in seven regions of Quebec. In each region, ECB flight period peaked at different degree-day (DD) (base temperature, 10°C) accumulations. Equations resulting from regressions of the probit of cumulative percentage of adult captures on log(10) of cumulative DD were calculated for three regions. These equations may prove to be useful in development of integrated pest management procedures.

Base-line toxicity data obtained on a susceptible and homozygous cyclodiene-resistant strain of Hylemya Platura (Meigen) indicated that the pattern of resistance was similar to other species of root maggots in that there was a high degree of resistance to aldrin (727X) but no crossresistance to either diazinon (1.1X) or DDT (0.8X). With the exception of the F1 generation, results obtained in various crosses and backcrosses indicated that cyclodiene-resistance was monofactorial. However, the F1 population was not homogeneous; approximately 25% of the population was more resistant than predicted. It is suggested that the inheritance of cyclodiene-resistance in H. platura is due primarily to a single gene which is incompletely dominant, but that a modifying gene may be present at a very low level in either or both of the strains, which fact would make its presence known only in the hybrid individual.

During investigations on the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), from different areas of southwestern Ontario, it was observed that some individuals in the culture from Guelph, Ontario, had tancolored head capsules in the egg stage and very light hued bodies as mature larvae. A culture started from some of these tan individuals has been reared for 5 successive generations without the appearance of any blackheaded larvae, indicating that the tan head color was not sex linked.

Brewers’ yeast and yeast hydrolysate proved to be the best sources of protein for egg production in the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Mleigen). Aggregations of flies were formed on various proteins and amino acids and seemed to be caused by both an attractant and a feeding stimulant.