Search

The potential of Indian agriculture in atmospheric CO2capture and its role in enabling farmers to monetize C credits is critical to climate change mitigation strategies. This potential is especially significant given the vast and diverse agricultural landscapes across India, which inherently possess the capacity for considerable C sequestration. The realization of this potential hinges on the establishment of a comprehensive policy framework. Essential components of this framework include methodologies for accurate measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) of C sequestration. To fully harness the potential of Indian agriculture in atmospheric CO2capture and C credit monetization, future endeavors should focus on developing integrated technological solutions, and collaborative efforts are the cornerstone for accurate C measurement and verification, alongside formulating inclusive policies that specifically support small-scale and marginalized farmers in transitioning to carbon-efficient practices for sustainable agriculture. Overall, it will help to implement the aim of monetizing C credits by the Ministry of Power (catenate notice: CG-DL-E-30062023-246859 Dated June 28, 2023) and the Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change of Developing (catenate notice: CG-DL-E-27062023-246825 Dated June 27, 2023) and adopted the green credit program. The Indian government has demonstrated its will to combat climate change by starting a policy discussion on carbon. This important conversation aims to establish solutions for sustainable development focusing on environmental stewardship and carbon reduction across several sectors. Ultimately, this would enhance the country's defenses against climate change and encourage net zero emission through C-negative agriculture. It will also promote the “Sustainable Development Goals,” which aim to improve the country and the globe.

Purpose: Very few studies have been done on the long-term effect of one time biochar application on soil physical and hydrological properties. The current investigation aims to know the alterations in infiltration rate (IR), soil water content (SWC) at different potential, water stability of aggregates, etc. caused after 6 years of application of oak wood biochar in Crosby silt loam soil of temperate ecosystem. Methods: The trial was carried out using a complete randomized block design with three treatments: B0 (no biochar), B25 (biochar at 25 Mg ha−1), and B5 (biochar at 5 Mg ha−1) and six replications. After 6 years, soil’s physical and hydrological characteristics were measured. Results: The application of B25 resulted in the highest total porosity compared to the other treatments which in turns results in lower bulk density. B25 also enhanced the water stability of aggregates by 4.1%, as compared to the B0. B25 significantly enhanced soil water retention at all measured soil water potentials (0, −6, −10, -33, −100, and −1500 kPa) except for −1500 kPa (0–10 cm), −6 kPa (10–20 cm), and 0 kPa (10–20 cm) relative to B0. The highest increase in soil water content was recorded for B25 at 0 kPa (9.2%) followed by that at −6 kPa (7.4%). While, the B25 increased the mean hydraulic conductivity by 55.9% over control, B5 resulted in a 15.5% increase. The IR of soil also increased under B25 and B5 over B0 by 15.5 and 5.0%, respectively. Conclusions: Biochar application in Crosby silt loam soil can enhanced soil physical and hydrological properties and maintained in long run.

This experiment aimed to look at active and passive soil organic carbon percentages during composting different agricultural wastes at different temperatures. It is essential to understand how various agricultural wastes composting oxidase the carbon (C) during decomposition at various temperatures. The highest C content in the crop residce was recorded in the gliricidia (42.1) and the lowest in the cotton stalk (36.2), while the highest temperature (41.35 °C) recorded during the decomposition in the (T4) 40% wheat (Triticum aestivum) straw (WS) + 40% cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) stalk (SCS) + gliricidia (Gliricidiasepium) leaf (GL) at 70 days and the lowest temperature (20.25 °C) in the T1100% WS at 119 days. The experimental pits comprising six treatments were laid out in a completely randomized design with four replications. Treatments were as follows: (T1) 100% WS; (T2) 100% SCS; (T3) 50% WS + 50% SCS; (T4) 40% WS + 40% SCS + GL; (T5) 30% WS + 30% SCS + 20% GL + 20% sorghum (Sorghum bicolour) stubbles (SS); and (T6) 25% WS + 25% SCS + 25% GL + 25% SS. This study showed that with an increase in the decomposition period, the C pools significantly had higher levels of very labile content (18.64 g kg–1) and labile content (5.65 g kg–1). Less labile content (0.45 g kg–1) was recorded in T6, whereas the highest non-labile content (37.98%) was recorded in T1. These C pools reached their maximum concentrations at the last phase of T6decomposition. This work therefore provides a roadmap for further research into the science of soil organic carbon fractions (active and passive) during composting at various temperatures. The experiment’s hypothesis may offer a guidance on strategies and techniques for appropriate decomposition methodology of agricultural waste, as well as the function of enriched materials. It will be useful for researchers, producers, and planners to know the organic C fractions in composts of agricultural wastes at different temperatures and stages.

In all wheat growing regions of the world, wWater constraint and weed infestation are the main biological obstacles to increased wheat productivityy. This study may assist to enhance recommendations for controlling weeds in wheat and act as a guide for Northern Indian irrigated wheat. Therefore, four irrigation levels and eight weed management practices in wheat were under-taken in a split-plot design in four replication. The treatments consisted of four irrigation timing viz., irrigation at CRI and active tillering stage (I1), irrigation at CRI + jointing + booting (I2), CRI + active tillering + booting + flowering stage (I3) and irrigation at CRI + jointing + booting + flowering + milking stage (I4) were laid out to main plots and weeding regimes viz., W1-weedy check, W2-two hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS, W3-sulfosulfuron 25% WG (75 g ha−1at 35 DAS), W4-pendimethalin 1000 g ha−1(pre-emergence) fb clodinafop-propargyl 15% (400 g ha−1at 35 DAS), W5-carfentrazone ethyl 20% + sulfosulfuron 25%WG (100 g ha−1at 35 DAS), W6-halauxafen + penxasulam 23.5% (75 g ha−1at 35 DAS), W7-halauxafen—methyl 1.21% w/w + fluroxypyr (80 g ha−1at 35 DAS) and W8-clodinafop-propargyl 15% + metsulfuron methy l 1% (400 g ha−135 DAS) were allocated to subplots. After two years of study, it was observed that the application of irrigation at the crown root initiation (CRI) stage and tillering stage showed a lower density and weed biomass, leading to the highest WCE. Five irrigations at CRI + jointing + booting + flowering + milking stage resulted in the maximum yield attributes, yield and economic returns. Among the herbicides applied manely: sulfosulfuron 25%WG (75 g ha−1at 35 DAS), pendimethalin 1000 g ha−1(pre-emergence) fb clodinafop-propargyl 15% (400 g ha−1at 35 DAS), carfentrazone ethyl 20% + sulfosulfuron 25%WG (100 g ha−1at 35 DAS), halauxafen + penxasulam 23.5% (75 g ha−1at 35 DAS), halauxafen—methyl 1.21% w/w + fluroxypyr (80 g ha−1at 35 DAS) and clodinafop-propargyl 15% + metsulfuron methy l 1% (400 g ha−135 DAS); carfentrazone ethyl 20% + sulfosulfuron 25%WG at 100 g ha−1at 35 DAS significantly reduced weed infestation and resulted in the highest yield and economic returns, followed by clodinafop-propagyl 15% + metsulfuron 1% 400 g ha−1at 35 DAS. Therefore, this experiment supports to find-out the relationship between irrigation and weed management to enhance wheat yield.

A wideband down conversion ring mixer is proposed for multi band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) system in 180 nm CMOS technology. The mixer is essentially used in a heterodyne wireless receiver to enhance the selectivity of the system. Being a nonlinear system, the mixer dominates the overall performance of the system. The design of down conversion mixer is the most challenging part of a receive chain. Wideband impedance matching always remains a challenge in any radio frequency integrated circuit design. This paper presents the design of a ring mixer with high linearity, wideband impedance matching using differential resistive impedance matching and without using any DC bias. The proposed mixer is tuned for a frequency of 3.432 GHz of band 1 of the MB-OFDM system. Mixer core is based on the FET ring mixer topology. The mixer is implemented in 180 nm CMOS technology. The mixer achieves the minimum conversion loss of 10.49 dB, 1 dB compression point (P1) of 12.40 dBm, third order input intercept point (IIP3) of 12.01 dBm, a minimum SSB noise figure of 8.99 dB, and S11of less than -10 dB over the frequency range of 0 to 13.61 GHz . The layout of the mixer records an active area of 183.75 μm2.

The passage of vehicles with heavy axle loads causes soil compaction, and this adversely affects soil properties and crop yield. The adverse effects can persist for several years due to significant changes in key soil properties. However, the mechanisms of the aforementioned effects are not well understood for conservation agriculture (CA) (e.g., no-till (NT)) wherein the use of heavy machinery is considerably common. Therefore, known compaction forces (0 Mg load for compaction (NT-0, control), two passages of 2.5 Mg water wagon axle load (NT-2), and four passages of 2.5 Mg water wagon axle load (NT-4)) were applied to all the plots annually for 20 consecutive years. The experiment was established in 1997 at the Waterman Agricultural and Natural Resources Laboratory (WANRL), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Each treatment was replicated thrice. Soil samples were obtained in November 2016 to determine the effects of variations in the axle load and vehicular passages on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage and selected soil properties of a Crosby silt loam soil under NT-based corn-soybean rotation with residue retention in Central Ohio, USA. Three locations were also randomly selected in an adjoining natural woodlot (WL) soil plot and sampled (30 m away from the compaction field) to compare the effects of vehicular traffic on soil under NT with WL soil. Results revealed that soil bulk density (ρb) and total porosity at 0–10 and 10–20 cm depths were not affected by the passages of vehicular traffic for 20 years under the NT system. The penetration resistance (PR) (1.86 and 2.03 MPa at 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil depths, respectively) was significantly higher under NT-4 compared with that under other treatments. Saturated hydraulic conductivity at 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil depths ranged from 19.7 to 31.4 and 18.5 to 29.5 mm d−1, respectively, across all the treatments. The proportion of macroaggregates (> 0.25 mm) and microaggregates (< 0.25 mm), mean weight diameter and geometric mean diameter of aggregates, pH, electrical conductivity, and C and N contents and storage did not differ significantly between the treatments at either of the sampling soil depths. The data indicated that 2 to 4 passages of vehicles with 2.5 Mg of axle load did not cause significant compaction of the Crosby silt loam under NT compared with that under natural WL. Therefore, the continuous cultivation of row crops with NT and residue retention is feasible with passages of vehicular traffic for well-drained soils in Central Ohio.

Agriculture residue can be converted as a nutrient resource to enhance the soil and crop productivity through their soil incorporation. The aim of the three years study was to know the response of crop residues and weed incorporation with the bio-inoculants in rice (Oryza sativaL.)–toria (Brassica rapaL. Var Toria) cropping system (RTCS). Experiment was imposed in split-plot, where main-plots have five residue management treatments viz; 50% weed biomass mixed (WBM) 2 ​t ​ha−1, 50% crop residues of rice (CRR) 2 ​t ​ha −1, 50% WBM 2 ​t ​ha−1+ 50% CRR 2 ​t ​ha−1, 100% WBM 4 ​t ​ha−1and 100% CRR 4 ​t ​ha−1in toria, whereas in rice, each treatment received half of above biomass (WBM and CRR), while in the sub-plots two microbial decomposing agents, Trichoderma viridi(TV) 2 ​g ​kg −1and Pleurotussp. (PS) 20 ​g ​kg −1as spawn seed. Results revealed that 50% WBM ​+ ​CRR considerably increase the rice grain yield (9.8–37.7%) and toria seed yield (15.3–31.5%) over the 100% CRR. Likewise, TV recorded higher yield of rice and toria. Incorporation of 100% CRR improves the bulk density and water content, while 100% WBM improved the soil pH (4.6–5.7%), available nitrogen (9.8–11.8%), available phosphorus (21.6–22.8%) and labile potassium to the extent of 7–11.3% than the 100% CRR. Contrarily, 100% CRR improved soil organic carbon by 7–8.6% over 50% WBM. The manuscript provides insight for improvement of crop productivity and improves the soil health indicator in existing rice-fallow cropping system. Crop reside and weed biomass convert as nutrient source, it will promote the soil and environmental sustainability indicators. This is a novel kind of study, such information is not available yet to policymakers and this will also help in modelling and simulation for sustainable production and diversification in the rice-based cropping systems.