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Radioactive waste is generated from activities that utilize nuclear materials such as nuclear medicine or power plants. Depending on their half-life, they emit radiation continuously, ranging from seconds to millions of years. Exposure to ionizing radiation can cause serious harm to humans and the environment. Therefore, special attention is paid to the management of radioactive waste in order to deal with its large quantity and dangerous levels. Current treatment technologies are still being developed to improve efficiency in reducing the hazard level and waste volume, to minimize the impact on living organisms. Thus, the aim of this study was to provide an overview of the global radioactive waste treatment technologies that have been released in 2019–2021.

Background: Peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) are now established curative treatment for patients with various hematologic malignancies and are proposed to be superior to other cell sources for cell based therapy. Aims: The aims are to characterize the PBSCs by constructing proteome using 2D-gel electrophoresis and analyze the kinetic parameters of pirarubicin transport of PBSCs compared with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and erythromyelogenous leukemic (K562 and K562/adr) cells. Methods: Whole cell proteomes of PBMCs, PBSCs and erythromyelogenous leukemic cells were separated by 2D-gel electrophoresis and analyzed by multivariate and principle component analysis. The parallel series of experiments were measured by pirarubicin transport parameters by the cells using spectrofluorometer. Results: The PBSCs were initially found in 1% in the fraction of PBMCs and majority of them were found in the culture after 14 days. Multivariate and principle component analysis revealed the proteins that might be considered as biomarkers of PBSCs (4 proteins), PBMCs (9 proteins), K562 (4 proteins) and K562/adr (9 proteins) cells. The analysis of transport of pirarubicin by these cell models indicated that PBSCs and PBMCs possessed exocytotic pathway by which the mean rate constant was equal to 0.056 + 0.001 and 0.56 + 0.01 pL.cell-1.sec-1, respectively. While the two cancer lines showed the lack of the exocytosis activity. Conclusion: The overall results suggested that both whole cell proteome and kinetic parameter of exocytosis should be considered as characteristics of PBSCs, PBMCs, K562 and K562/adr cells.