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ABSTRACT Using steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) causes significant improvement in the behavior of deep beams with openings. This paper proposed a method for designing SFRC deep beams with opening, [...]

In this study, a polyamide membrane (NF-CSM 4040 commercial membrane) was examined in the treatment of baker’s yeast wastewater (BYW). The response surface methodology (RSM) used in the present study was a face-centered central composite design (CCFD). The nanofiltration process was analyzed and modeled with three numerical independent factors, namely concentration of feed chemical oxygen demand (COD) (1000–5000 mg/L), pH (3–9) and operating pressure (3–6 bar) using RSM. In order to analyze the process, two dependent parameters (flux and rejection) were studied as the process responses. Concentration of feed COD had a reverse impact on flux and rejection, while pH did not show a significant effect on the responses. The operating pressure showed a sharp increasing effect on flux. Maximum flux was found to be about 37 kg/m2.h, at a concentration of feed COD of 1000 mg/L, an operating pressure of 6 bar and a pH of 6. Maximum rejection (91%) was obtained at a COD of 5000 mg/L, a pH of 6 and an operating pressure of 3 bar. Consequently, the membrane technology could be a promising approach to the removal of natural dye from BYW.

Abstract: The electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of graphene (gr) containing selenium impurities of 2, 3, 5.5, and 12.5% were calculated by DFT. By increasing the percentage of Se impurity, the energy gap decreases from about 0.3 eV for the gr+Se(2%), to about 0.1 eV for gr+Se(3%) monolayer. Continuing this trend leads to metallic property for gr+Se(5.5%) and gr+Se(12.5%) cases. By decreasing the percentage of Se impurity as a non-thermal control parameter, the magnetization started from zero and gradually increased so that the phase transition occurred. By calculating optical properties, using TDDFT, we found that in the absorption spectrums, a visible peak appeared for the cases of Se(3%) and Se(5.5%), and in the gr+Se(12.5%) layer, there exist an infrared shoulder. Also, except for gr+Se(3%), other cases have one peak in the UVA range. Finally, in the gr+Se(2%) case, for all optical variables, the peaks are sharper and stronger, therefore this case could behave as a quantum dot.

L’agénésie de la veine cave inférieure (AVCI) est une anomalie vasculaire rare, généralement révélée au décours de thromboses veineuses profondes (TVP) et plus rarement d’embolies pulmonaires, dans une population jeune dont la clinique peut être atypique et les facteurs de risque habituels absents. Une association avec certaines thrombophilies a été décrite.

•Developing of hybrid system for power generation and sweet water production.•Utilizing of outlet gases of solid oxide fuel cell for using in Stirling engine.•Recovering of Stirling engine outlet gases for providing steam of desalination.•Conducting of sensitivity analysis for the hybrid energy system.

Abstract In this article, for the first time, probabilistic fracture of cracked nano-graphene sheets is investigated using stochastic fracture analysis and scaled boundary finite element method. Probabilities of fracture as well as the first four moments of stresses including average and variances are calculated for all bonds at different crack angles, assuming normalized crack length, failure stress and applied traction as uncertain variables. The results show that the third moment of stresses is zero which proves that input stochastic parameters are normal ones. Maximum probable bonds in fracture are the crack tip ones. The fracture probabilities in a nano-graphene sheet having a central crack decrease as the directions of applied traction and crack change from normal state to parallel one. In addition, the sensitivity of probabilistic fracture to the normalized crack length was perused at different crack angles which show that the maximum sensitivity of fracture probability is in central crack θ = 0° at the crack normalized length 0.3 to 0.4. The sensitivity analysis of fracture probability to the applied traction for each crack angle is done, as well. Comparing the results of stochastic fracture analysis with Monte Carlo simulation showed good agreement between two methods which is the validity evidence of the presented method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 1% of the global population is affected by intellectual disability (ID), and the majority receive no molecular diagnosis. Previous studies have indicated high levels of genetic heterogeneity, with estimates of more than 2500 autosomal ID genes, the majority of which are autosomal recessive (AR). Here, we combined microarray genotyping, homozygosity-by-descent (HBD) mapping, copy number variation (CNV) analysis, and whole exome sequencing (WES) to identify disease genes/mutations in 192 multiplex Pakistani and Iranian consanguineous families with non-syndromic ID. We identified definite or candidate mutations (or CNVs) in 51% of families in 72 different genes, including 26 not previously reported for ARID. The new ARID genes include nine with loss-of-function mutations (ABI2, MAPK8, MPDZ, PIDD1, SLAIN1, TBC1D23, TRAPPC6B, UBA7 and USP44), and missense mutations include the first reports of variants in BDNF or TET1 associated with ID. The genes identified also showed overlap with de novo gene sets for other neuropsychiatric disorders. Transcriptional studies showed prominent expression in the prenatal brain. The high yield of AR mutations for ID indicated that this approach has excellent clinical potential and should inform clinical diagnostics, including clinical whole exome and genome sequencing, for populations in which consanguinity is common. As with other AR disorders, the relevance will also apply to outbred populations.

Anxiety is the most common response to myocardial infarction (MI). The objective of the study is to compare the effect of eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on anxiety in patients with myocardial infarction.

In this work, the effect of hysteresis phenomenon on the consolidation behavior of an unsaturated silty soil was investigated through a program of experimental tests. Compacted samples were prepared by the slurry method and experimental tests were carried out in a double-walled triaxial cell. Consolidation tests were conducted by the ramping method at suctions of 0, 100, 200, 250 and 300kPa on drying and wetting paths of the soil water characteristic curve. The results show that the paths of specific water volume and specific volume are not consistent during stabilization in either condition (drying or wetting). In addition, the yield stress for the wetting path is higher than that for drying. The trend of variations of the specific water volume during loading is similar to the consolidation curves for different suction. For both conditions of drying and wetting, the slope and intercept of the virgin line due to variations of specific volume and specific water volume are a function of suction. While their values decrease with increasing suction, these values are higher for the dry path than wetting.

A considerable amount of industrial heat is wasted to the atmosphere. This valuable energy could be recovered through fixed bed systems by sensible or latent heat. Mathematical modeling and experimental study of a fixed bed thermal energy recovery system by sensible heat are presented in this paper. An experimental setup was constructed in which air and water were utilized as the charging and discharging process heat transfer fluids, respectively. Three different materials including silica-ceramic, alumina-ceramic, and metal with different sizes were used as the energy storage material. Mathematical modeling was performed at three different levels to analyze the system behavior. The difference among the various modeling levels was in their simplifying assumptions. The resulting equations in each level of modeling were numerically solved. Validation of the modeling results against the experimental data was performed to evaluate the capability of the developed models in prediction of the system actual behavior. Level I model with an average error of 24 % in the charging process and 11 % in discharging process showed unsuitable results, while level II and level III models showed approximately the same and acceptable results with 5 % and 9 % average errors in charging and discharging processes, respectively. Then level II model was selected for prediction of the system performance due to its less complexity compared to level III model. Finally, the influence of the packings material, packing size, and inlet air velocity and temperature on the system performance was predicted using level II model. The system yield had the highest value for all packings at the entering air highest temperature and lowest superficial velocity examined. Metal packings showed better performance and had an experimental system yield of 54 % and 67 % at the entering air highest temperature and lowest superficial velocity, respectively. It was also observed that metal packings outperformed other packings and had the highest experimental yield of 58 % at the same operating conditions. Besides, the highest experimental yield of 61 % was achieved by packings with the smallest size (13 mm) at the highest entering air temperature (140 °C). Based on the findings of this study it can be concluded that lower inlet air velocity and higher inlet air temperature enhanced the recovery efficiency. Besides, the smaller metal packings size showed higher recovery efficiency.

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of pore fluid contamination on the shear strength and stress–strain behaviour of a clay soil. A series of one-dimensional consolidation and (consolidation undrained) triaxial tests were conducted on samples with pore fluid as water and organic materials (glycerol and ethanol with concentrations of 10, 25 and 40%). The results showed that the compression index is reduced when the pore fluid is organic and its reduction is a function of the concentration of the organic pore fluid. Furthermore, the shear strength and friction angle are increased with organic pore fluid and the variations of them are functions of type of organic fluid and its concentration. The results also indicated that the slope of critical state line in the space of p′:qis not the same for different pore fluids and its value is dependent on the organic fluid and its concentration.

AbstractAppropriate treatment of wastewater and achieving desired standards are among the important objectives in wastewater treatment. The amount of organic compounds (BOD & COD), suspended solids, protozoa cysts, and parasites are different in each of these units, due to different conditions of treatment and design parameters on the stabilization pond units. The aim of this study was to determine changes of the mentioned parameters in a series of stabilization pond units in a real scale. This descriptive–analytical study was conducted on 64 samples collected in both warm and cold periods. Measurement of the parameters and parasitic analysis were done based on water and wastewater standard and Bailenger methods, respectively. Results showed no significant difference in the mean of total efficiency removal of any parameters between every two ponds with each other. Further, there was significant difference in the efficiency removal of all parameters in three ponds (anaerobic, primary, and secondary facultative), except soluble COD removal of warm season between anaerobic and primary facultative ponds, TDS of warm season between primary and secondary facultative ponds, and TDS of cold season between anaerobic and primary facultative ponds) p < 0.05). Also, changes of the trend for all the measured parameters of the system were decreasing, and efficiency removal of protozoan cysts and parasites was 100%. According to the results, it can be said that the anaerobic pond had a greater role than the facultative ponds in terms of reducing organic and parasitic parameters; but, to reach the effluent standards, a facultative pond was needed after the anaerobic pond.

Minimisation of shaking forces in mechanisms is an important issue in industry due to its destructive vibrations and acoustical disturbances. Practically, it may be impossible to eliminate the shaking forces because of many factors such as unfeasible counterweights and/or counter-rotators. However, it can be minimised. This paper presents a novel method, based on the closed-loop optimal control theory to indirectly minimise the shaking forces and input torques. To this end, the integrated design method is extended to closed-chain mechanisms. The proposed method is applied on a nonlinear position control problem. A slider-crank mechanism is utilised to validate the control algorithms. However, the proposed method can be simply extended to other mechanisms. The results indicate an impressive improvement in the shaking force reduction with an insignificant change in the control performance.

Deferasirox (DFX), as an oral chelator, is used for treatment of transfusional iron overload. In this study, we have investigated the effects of DFX as an iron chelator, on the function and structure of bovine liver catalase (BLC) by different spectroscopic methods of UV–visible, fluorescence, and circular dichroism (CD) at two temperatures of 25 and 37 °C. In vitrokinetic studies showed that DFX can inhibit the enzymatic activity in a competitive manner. KIvalue was calculated 39 nM according to the Lineweaver–Burk plot indicating a high rate of inhibition of the enzyme. Intrinsic fluorescence data showed that increasing the drug concentrations leads to a significant decrease in the intrinsic emission of the enzyme indicating a significant change in the three-dimensional environment around the chromophores of the enzyme structure. By analyzing the fluorescence quenching data, it was found that the BLC has two binding sites for DFX and the values of binding constant at 25 and 37 °C were calculated 1.7 × 107and 3 × 107 M−1, respectively. The static type of quenching mechanism is involved in the quenching of intrinsic emission of enzyme. The thermodynamic data suggest that hydrophobic interactions play a major role in the binding reaction. UV–vis spectroscopy results represented the changes in tryptophan (Trp) absorption and Soret band spectra, which indicated changes in Trp and heme group position caused by the drug binding. Also, CD data represented that high concentrations of DFX lead to a significant decreasing in the content of β-sheet and random coil accompanied an increasing in α-helical content of the protein. The molecular docking results indicate that docking may be an appropriate method for prediction and confirmation of experimental results and also useful for determining the binding mechanism of proteins and drugs. According to above results, it can be concluded that the DFX can chelate the Fe(III) on the enzyme active site leading to changes in the function and structure of catalase which can be considered as a side effect of this drug and consequently has an important role in hepatic complications and fibrosis.

AbstractOne of the most significant qualitative characteristics that is associated with reusing wastewater in agriculture is microbial quality. The present study is aimed to determine the efficiency of extended aeration activated sludge system and stabilization ponds in real scale in removing protozoan cysts and parasite ova from domestic wastewater in Kermanshah. Within 6 months, influents and effluents of four wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) were collected weekly. A total of 192 samples were collected and examined microscopically (McMaster Counting Slide), applying modified Bailenger method. The results revealed that mean removal efficiencies of protozoan cysts and parasite ova for both stabilization pond systems were 100% and 100%, respectively. The mean efficiencies of removing these elements in the extended aeration activated sludge in Sarpol-e-Zahab wastewater plant was 99–100% and 100%, respectively. Also, in the extended aeration activated sludge in Paveh, these mean removal efficiencies were 97.5–100% and 100%, respectively. The results indicated that the efficiency of the stabilization pond system was more honorable than the extended aeration activated sludge system. Moreover, the efficiency of all three WTPs was desirable. Thereafter, the effluent quality of all three WTPs was consistent with Engelberg standard indicator (number of Nematode eggs: 1 ≥ per liter).

The Continuum Damage Mechanics is a branch of applied mechanics that used to predict the initiation of cracks in metal forming process. In this article, damage definition and ductile damage model are explained, and also ductile damage model is applied to predict initiation of fracture in gas metal forming process with ABAQUS/EXPLICIT simulation. In this method instead of punch, the force is applied by air pressure. In this study, first the ductile damage criterion and its relations are taken into account and, subsequently, the process of gas-aid formation process is put into consideration and ductile damage model for prediction of rupture area is simulated using ABAQUS simulation software. Eventually, the process of formation via gas on the aluminum with total thickness of 0.24 [mm] was experimentally investigated and the results acquired from experiment were compared with relating simulations. The effect of various parameters such as radius of edge matrix, gas pressure and blank temperature has been evaluated. Simulation was compared with experimental results and good agreement was observed.

In the present study, a low average power pulsed Nd:YAG laser is used for bead-on-plate welding of low carbon steel plate. The effect of laser process parameters on the weld quality and weld bead profile, welding penetration (P), welding surface width (W) and welding pool area (A), is studied. Focal point position, welding speed, pulse duration, and energy are selected as the process variables. The formation of a keyhole and weld bead profile is found to be highly dependent on laser pulse parameters. Results show that the maximum penetration accurse when the focal point is above the surface, in pulse duration of 6 ms, welding speed of 2 mm/s and pulse energy of 16.67 J.

Background: It has been suggested that circulating ghrelin levels are upregulated by fasting, hypoglycemic status, and a physical exercise-induced energy deficit. Aim: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the time-course adaptations of the plasma, fundus, and small intestine ghrelin concentrations as well as related hormones and liver ATP levels to 3, 6, and 12 weeks of treadmill endurance running. Material/subjects and methods: Thirty-nine male Wistar rats (12–14 weeks old) were randomly assigned to 3 control (C3, no.=5; C6, no.=7 and C12, no.=7) and 3 training groups (E3, no.=6; E6, no.=7 and E12, no.=7). The rats in the 3 training groups were exercised on a motor-driven treadmill at 25 m/min (0% grade) for 60 min/day, 5 days/week for 3, 6, and 12 weeks, respectively. The animals were sacrificed 48 h after the last session of each training program and tissues were analyzed. Results: Total ghrelin concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) lower in trained rat plasma and fundus tissue after all treadmill endurance running programs. Small intestine ghrelin concentrations remained unchanged. Plasma GH concentrations and liver ATP content were significantly higher in E6 and E12 groups. Conclusion: Data indicate that as little as 3 weeks of moderate treadmill exercise reduces plasma and fundus total ghrelin concentrations with elevated plasma GH and liver ATP content occurring after 6 and 12 weeks of training. Exercise training-induced improvement of energy source availability and negative feedback from increased GH levels may play a role in reducing plasma and fundus ghrelin levels.

The promotion of water electrolysis performance heavily relies on the development of affordable and efficient electrocatalytic materials for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In this study, ternary Fe-substituted CoCu-glycerate microspheres (CoCuFe(X)-Gly) with cobalt (Co):copper (Cu):iron (Fe) atomic ratio of 2:1-X:X (X = 0.15, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8) have been prepared through facile template-free solvothermal method to examine their performance as alkaline OER catalyst. The results suggested that Fe incorporation could enhance the OER activity, and all Fe-modified samples showed lower overpotential with faster kinetic, as revealed by their Tafel slope and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. Among the fabricated samples, CoCuFe(0.5)-Gly possessed the smallest overpotential of 317 mV at 10 mA/cm2with 3.58-fold higher current density than that of Fe-free CoCu-Gly at the overpotential of 350 mV. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) disclosed that Fe incorporation imposed strong electronic interactions that facilitate the transformation of metal-glycerate surface into active oxyhydroxide species under anodic condition prevalent before oxygen evolution reaction. Using various characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method of surface area analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the physiochemical traits of samples have been carefully elucidated to determine the changes applied upon Fe substitution. Also, through Fe introduction, owing to the outward diffusion of ions to replace 2-propanol with glycerol, the solid microspheres partly become hollow which results in higher BET surface area and increase in accessible active sites. However, the evaluation of current density normalized by electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) indicates that the promotional effect of Fe was not solely related to the higher surface area but also because the intrinsic activity of Fe-modified samples has also been enhanced. The durability of optimal CoCuFe(0.5)-Gly catalyst has been examined using chronopotentiometry, chronoamperometry and potential cycling methods the findings of which suggest the good short-term and long-term stability of catalyst.

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral zoonotic disease with a high mortality rate in humans. The CCHF virus (CCHFV) is transmitted to humans through the bite of Ixodidticks or by contact with blood or tissues of infected livestock. In addition to zoonotic transmission, CCHFV can be spread from person to person and is one of the rare haemorrhagic fever viruses able to cause nosocomial outbreaks in hospitals. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever is a public health problem in many regions of the world such as Eastern Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Africa. In addition to clinical symptoms, the diagnosis of CCHF is based on the use of serological tests for the detection of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibodies and on the use of molecular tools such as RT-PCR. From 1970 to 1978, serological and epidemiological studies were performed in humans and in livestock of Iran. After two decades and observations of CCHF in some provinces of Iran, a CCHF surveillance and detection system was established in 1999, leading to a dramatically decreased mortality rate from 20 (year 2000) to 2 (year 2007).

Semi- solid (SS) processing technologies provide the production of metal parts with homogeneous, fine and globular – grained microstructure. This is one of the most successful and reliable methods to produce near net shape products exhibiting good mechanical properties. Production of feed stock with non-dendritic and spherical structure is the critical factors in semisolid forming. Among several processes to obtain a globular microstructure, the SIMA (strain induced melt activated) process is simple and advantageous with respect to equipment and eliminating the melting stage before reheating. In this research, Al (A356) has been used and in order to induce strain, ECAP (equal channel angular pressing) method has been applied. ECAP is a method in which a great strain is induced and severe plastic deformation without any changes in cross section area occurs. To induce larger strain, ECAP process was carried out on annealed specimens up to several passes in route A (no rotation of samples around linear axis between each pass) and Bc (90◦ rotation of samples around linear axis between each pass), in ambient temperature. The reheating condition was optimized and the comparison between different routes and number of passes was investigated. The microstructure evolution of deformed and reheated Al (A356) was characterized by SEM (Scanning electron microscopy) and optical microscopy. In addition, the relation between the induced strain with size and shape of particles has been studied.

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An independent kinematic hardening material model in which the reverse yielding point is defined by the Bauschinger effect factor (BEF), has been defined for stainless steel SUS 304. The material model and the BEF are obtained experimentally and represented mathematically as continuous functions of effective plastic strain. The material model has been incorporated in a non-linear stress analysis for the prediction of reverse yielding in thick-walled cylinders during the autofrettage process of these vessels. Residual stress distributions of the independent kinematic hardening material model at the onset of reverse yielding are compared with residual stresses of an isotropic hardening model showing the significant effect of the BEF on reverse yielding predictions. Critical pressures of direct and reverse yielding are obtained for the most commonly used cylinders and a range of permissible internal pressures for an efficient autofrettaged process is recommended.

This paper is concerned with the design of PID controllers, which have similar features to the model-based predictive controller for ship autopilot. A PID type control structure is defined which includes prediction of the output and the recalculation of new set point using the future set point data. The optimal values of the PID gains are calculated using the values of gains calculated using unconstrained generalised predictive control algorithm. The proposed controller is applied to ship autopilot model and simulation results are compared with conventional and generalised predictive control solutions.

The approximate density functional used by Rickayzen and Augousti (1984, Molec. Phys., 52, 1355) in a study of the structure of the inhomogeneous hard sphere fluid is extended to a dipolar fluid. The density and polarization profiles of a fluid of hard spheres with dipoles at their centres confined to a slit in the presence of a weak electric field are obtained. A comparison is made with the results of computer simulation in a Monte Carlo canonical ensemble and with those of the previous density functional theory. The results of simulation are in much better agreement with the present theory than with the previous one.

The structure of a binary fluid mixture of hard spheres of different diameters is studied using both computer simulation by the Monte Carlo method and density functional theory. The density functional used contains a term third order in the densities, chosen to ensure that sum rules previously obtained are satisfied. The density functional also uses the two-particle direct correlation function of the homogeneous fluid. For this work, this function is approximated by the PY result obtained by Lebowitz and this limits the accuracy of the theory. Within this limit, the agreement between the theoretical results and the simulated results for the density profiles of the two species in the fluid is good.

Mechanical properties of the cell are important biomarkers for probing its architectural changes caused by cellular processes and/or pathologies. The development of microfluidic technologies has enabled measuring the cell’s mechanical properties at high-throughput, so that mechanical phenotyping can be applied to large samples in reasonable time-scales. These studies typically measure the stiffness of the cell as the only mechanical biomarker, and do not disentangle the rheological contributions of different structural components of the cell, including the cell cortex, the interior cytoplasm and its immersed cytoskeletal structures, and the nucleus. Recent advancements in high-speed fluorescent imaging have enabled probing the deformations of the cell cortex, while also tracking different intracellular components in rates applicable to microfluidic platforms. We present a novel method to decouple the mechanics of the cell cortex and the cytoplasm by analyzing the correlation between the cortical deformations that are induced by external microfluidic flows, and the nucleus displacements, induced by those cortical deformations i.e.we use the nucleus as a high-throughput microrheological probe to study the rheology of the cytoplasm, independent of the cell cortex mechanics. To demonstrate the applicability of this method, we consider a proof of concept model consisting of a rigid spherical nucleus centered in a spherical cell. We obtain analytical expressions for the time-dependent nucleus velocity as a function of the cell deformations, when the interior cytoplasm is modeled as a viscous, viscoelastic, porous and poroelastic material, and demonstrate how the nucleus velocity can be used to characterize the linear rheology of the cytoplasm over a wide range of forces and time-scales/frequencies.

The sheep is the earliest grazing animals to be domesticated that produces a great scale of animal-based protein for human consumption and plays an essential role in the modern agricultural economy. Iran is one of the important centers for sheep genetic resources and breeding in the world. The aim of the present study was to investigate the selective sweeps between three Iranian sheep breeds, namely Baluchi, Lori-Bakhtiari and Zel using the Illumina ovine SNP50k BeadChip. The Weir and Cockerham’s FST(Theta) method was applied to detect the selection sweeps across the genome. In total, thirty eight genomic regions were identified on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18 and X chromosomes with high population differentiation between different Iranian sheep breed comparisons. Study of the genes has already been reported in these regions and revealed that almost all of these loci are associated with the genes involved in reproduction traits, cytology cells and nervous system, immune system, muscular system, sugar and energy metabolism. Our results reported genomic scans for selective sweeps in Iranian sheep breeds and could help detect functional candidate genes under positive selection and also better understand the relationship between genomic composition and phenotypic diversity for further genetic and breeding research in Iranian sheep breeds.

Aims: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a viral tick-born disease which caused by CCHF virus. The virus belongs to Nairovirus genus and Bunyaviridae family, and is transmitted to humans by infected tick bite, handling of infected blood or tissues or nosocomially. In this survey, the probable sera were analyzed by serological and molecular techniques.Methods: Iranian CCHF probable children's sera were collected from 2000 to 2009. They were analyzed by specific IgM and IgG ELISA and RTPCR (Gel-Based and Real-Time) assays.Results: From 2000 to 2009, sera were collected of children with age range of 2 months to 14 years. The number of probable, confirmed, and death cases according to the year are respectively 2000 (10,1,0), 2001 (22,5,0), 2002 (18,5,0), 2003 (18,5,1), 2004 (7,1,0), 2005 (5,0,0), 2006(10, 2,0), 2007(8,3,0), 2008 (28, 9,2) and 2009 (24,2,1). Among the confirmed cases, 21 were boy and 12 were girl. This study demonstrated that the most infected province was Sistan-va-Balouchestan with 34.7% of confirmed cases.Conclusions: Because of neighboring to Pakistan and Afghanistan, Sistan-va-Baluchistan is the most infected province of Iran. Therefore, the children resident in the infected provinces are in high risk to CCHF. Also, we observed that their main ways of contamination were contact with tissue or blood of infected livestock, so informing children and their parents about routs of transmission will be useful for control of CCHF in the infected regions.

Auxin was shown to be able to cancel the growth inhibitory effect imposed by those herbicides which are not known as strong uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, while it was unable to do so with regards to the uncoupler herbicides.

Background: Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a viral zoonotic disease with mortality rate up to 50%. The virus is from Nairovirus genus, Bunyaviridae family. Humans are infected by tick bite, handling of infected blood or tissues and nosocomially. In this study, children's probable sera for CCHF from all over the country were analyzed by serological and molecular assays.Methods: Sera of Iranian probable children, under 15 years old, were collected from June 2000 to 13 February 2011 and analyzed by specific Elisa (anti CCHF IgM and IgG detection) and by RT-PCR (gel based and Real time) in the laboratory of Arboviruses and Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers of the Pasteur Institute of Iran (National Reference Lab).Results: Our serological and molecular findings demonstrated the number of probable, confirmed and death cases are 168, 48 and 3 respectively. Among confirmed cases, 16 were IgM and RT-PCR positive and 14 cases were only RT-PCR positive, (60.4 %) were boy and (39.6 %) were girl. The results showed that the most infected province with 68.7 % of confirmed cases was Sistan-va-Baluchestan.Conclusions: As Sistan-va-Baluchestan is bordering two CCHF endemic countries, Afghanistan and Pakistan, it had the highest rate of infection. The Iranian strain is very similar to the Matin strain of Pakistan. CCHF in boys is more prevalent than girls, which seems due to boy contribution in high risk professions related to infected livestock. Thus, with a continuous training program for these children, the incidence of CCHF in the endemic regions will be decreased.

Aims: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a zoonosis and a viral tick-born disease which caused by CCHF virus, belonging to Nairovirus genus and Bunyaviridae family, and is transmitted to humans by infected tick bite, handling of infected blood or tissue of infected livestock or nosocomially. In this survey we studied the rout of contamination of Iranian children Patients to this virus.Methods: Between Iranian children (2month- 14years) who are contaminated in recent years to CCHF in different province we did investigations for finding rout of transmission of disease to these children.Result: In studied children we found that rout of transmission of CCHF in 97% were contact with infected blood and/or exudates of infected livestock and only 3% were infected by tick bite and no nosocomial infection has been observed among them.Conclusions: In contaminated area and provinces in IRAN such as neighborhood and near area to Pakistan and Afghanistan (Endemic area) we observed more children cases. As we mentioned in our results the main rout of transmission of CCHF in Iranian children is through out handling with contaminated blood and or tissue of infected livestock. So for control of this disease in Iranian children it seems that awareness and teaching program for children and their parent regarding rout of transmission of CCHF and prevention programs is very helpful and important for public health and also for children in endemic area.