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Malted barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) is a foundational ingredient for the brewing industry, providing functionality and flavor. Increasing demand for locally produced barley, supported by the craft brewing and malting industries, necessitates identifying environments and varieties to meet this demand. Therefore, we analyzed malt quality and quantified quality scores for adjunct (AQS) and all‐malt (AMQS) brewing for 12 barley genotypes grown at 11 locations in eastern Washington and Northern Idaho in 2017 and 2018. Genotype‐by‐environment interactions were identified for six out of nine of the malt quality traits. These included kernel plumpness, malt extract, diastatic power, α‐amylase, β‐glucan, and free amino nitrogen. Stability indices, including Eberhart and Russell's deviation from regression, simultaneous selection index, and mean of the relative performance of genotypic values were quantified. We identified genotypes that had high stability and high AQS (LCS Genie, LCS Odyssey, 12WA 120.14, 12WA 120.23, and GemCraft) or AMQS (LCS Odyssey, LCS Genie, Palmer, 11WA 107.36, 11WA 107.58). Significant correlations between rainfall and barley protein (r= −0.22, p< 0.001), and between barley protein and seven out of eight of the other malt quality traits, reveal important relationships that may influence malt quality. This study may aid producers in variety selection, and provides a detailed malt quality analysis, evidence of G×E interactions, and stability measures for barley genotypes within a production region that has the potential to meet malting barley demand. Protein content had significant correlations with seven out of eight of the malt quality traits.Genotype × environment interactions influenced six out of nine of the malt quality traits.We recommend Genie and Odyssey based on malt quality scores and stability.

In a recent article in this Journal, (1) Hans Zenger extends our model where distributors, acting as agents for their customers, obtain price discounts by having suppliers competitively bid for [...]

I. INTRODUCTION Competition for retail distribution is widely recognized as a pervasive element of the competitive process. As Judge Frank Easterbrook notes, "Competition-for-the-contract is a form of competition that antitrust [...]

Courts should apply the scientific evidence standards of Frye v. United States and Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. to testimony of soft science experts as well as to the hard sciences. The gatekeeper role of the court in determining the reliability and relevance of hard scientific evidence is well established, but some courts refuse to play this role when psychological, sociological or economic testimony is involved. The goals of Frye and Daubert can be vindicated by applying standards of general acceptance and scientific basis to social science evidence.

Hoping to evoke in readers memories of their own encounters with the missing or illegible, this visual essay highlights materials from across the Archives that represent mysteries. There are texts that have stumped the Archives’ crowdsourced attempts to transcribe them, photographs of unidentified people, and manuscripts that have been damaged, destroyed, or lost, such as torn out pages from an artist’s diary or a letter consisting of only the postscript. One could regard these objects with melancholy, as representing gaps in knowledge that may never be bridged. They raise questions about the limits of any archive, and the necessary incompleteness of the work we do as scholars. However, by being irreducible to facts—by, we might say, not doing their job—I argue that indecipherable or incomprehensible archival materials may assert a hold on the researcher that legible materials do not.

Genotype by environment (G × E) interactions for the dietary fiber β‐glucan, one of the deciding factors for the end use of barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) grain, are not well understood. The objectives of this study were (a) to investigate G × E interactions for β‐glucan content of diverse barley genotypes across dryland grain‐producing environments in eastern Washington, and (b) to determine the range and stability of β‐glucan content exhibited across precipitation zones. We examined 17 two‐row, spring barley varieties and breeding lines across eight locations for β‐glucan, protein, and yield in 2017 and 2018. β‐glucan ranged from 1.81 to 7.18 (%, w/w), with a mean of 4.01 (%, w/w). Genotype × year (Y), G × location (L), L × Y, and G × E (G × L × Y) interactions were found for β‐glucan. Univariate models including the regression model with slope (bi) and deviation from regression (Sd2), Wricke's ecovalence stability index (Wi2), and Shukla's stability variance (σi2) agreed that there was moderate rank stability amongst genotypes. Data generated through this research will provide a better understanding of which cultivars that farmers can grow in their area will meet industry targets and standards for both food and malt barley.

High temperatures, coupled with arid environments, are a major constraint to quinoa (Chenopodium quinoaWilld.) production. Here, we tested the effectiveness of multiple phenotypic and physiological parameters useful in the selection of heat‐tolerant quinoa genotypes. Initially, we screened 112 quinoa genotypes for leaf greenness index under high‐temperature greenhouse conditions. Of these, eight genotypes were selected for field evaluations under irrigated and rainfed treatments in two locations over two growing seasons (2016–2017) in Washington State. Of these eight, four genotypes were selected as potentially heat tolerant (QQ74, Baer, BGQ 352, and Pison), and four were selected as heat‐susceptible (17 GR, La Molina, 3 UISE, and Japanese Strain). Spectral reflectance indices including normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and green NDVI, as well as multiple physiological parameters, such as stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, and area under soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value decline curve (AUSDC), were evaluated. Results show variability in stomatal conductance among genotypes with 17 GR and BGQ 352 having the highest stomatal conductance and QQ74 the lowest. Baer, Pison, and QQ74 had the highest NDVI value across environments, and Japanese Strain had the lowest. Best linear unbiased prediction values in AUSDC showed that QQ74 had the highest leaf greenness and Japanese Strain had the lowest; these were classified as heat tolerant and heat susceptible, respectively. The NDVI is a potentially useful measure to predict grain yield in quinoa.

Quinoa is a pseudocereal from South America known for its unique nutritional properties. Hundreds of varieties and experimental lines are currently either grown or in development in many countries around the world. There exists a lack of information about, and understanding of, the nutritional composition and processing characteristics of these varieties and their potential end-use applications. Twenty-eight quinoa varieties and experimental lines tested in the Washington State University breeding program were evaluated for their chemical composition and physicochemical characteristics. Both compositional and physicochemical analysis demonstrated wide variation in properties among the varieties. Analysis of flour swelling power, water absorption index, and differential scanning calorimetry further supported the differences hypothesized between varieties. Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the varieties into four clusters. Principal component analysis was used to visually display the data on a biplot, representing most of the variance (>60%) in the set. These results reflect possible end uses in bread, cakes, and noodles for varieties exhibiting high viscosities.

Craft malting companies are emerging in response to demand from the rapidly growing North American craft brewing industry, and creating a market for malting barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) in production regions considered to be of minor importance for this crop. Growing malting barley in these under‐represented areas, such as western Washington, requires identification of cultivars with suitable agronomic and quality characteristics. Twelve two‐row spring barley cultivars were evaluated for 2 yr at four western Washington locations to assess suitability for craft malt production in the region. Standard North American malting cultivars had lower yield stability than locally adapted feed cultivars. Pre‐harvest sprouting reduced falling number and germination capacity resulting in a high proportion of samples unsuitable for malt quality evaluation. Cultivars with the highest levels of resistance to pre‐harvest sprouting did not meet malt quality standards when malted according to standard micro‐malting methods. However, craft maltsters have more flexibility to alter processing conditions to produce malt from cultivars previously deemed unacceptable for large‐scale malting and brewing. Craft brewer specifications for malt are also different from large‐scale industry. The current work suggests the need to adjust the malting process to work with locally adapted cultivars while expanding regional testing and breeding programs. Demand for barley for craft malt production outside of major production regions is increasing.Standard North American malting barley cultivars are susceptible to preharvest sprouting and foliar pathogens common in nontraditional growing regions such as western Washington.To meet demand for craft breweries the emerging craft malting industry will need to find ways to work with locally adapted cultivars while expanding regional testing and breeding programs. Demand for barley for craft malt production outside of major production regions is increasing. Standard North American malting barley cultivars are susceptible to preharvest sprouting and foliar pathogens common in nontraditional growing regions such as western Washington. To meet demand for craft breweries the emerging craft malting industry will need to find ways to work with locally adapted cultivars while expanding regional testing and breeding programs.

Abstract:This paper produces new estimates for white and black mortality and fertility at the state level from 1800(20)–2000. It produces new estimates of black and white schooling for this same period. Using a calibrated model of black and white parents, we fit the time series of black and white fertility and schooling. We then produce estimates of the benefits of equal education opportunity for blacks over the period 1820–2000. For the better part of US history, blacks have suffered from less access to schooling for their children than whites. This paper quantifies the magnitude of this discrimination. Our estimates of the welfare cost of this discrimination prior to the Civil War range between 0.5 and 20 times black wealth, and between 0.5 and 10 times black wealth prior to 1960. Further we find that the Civil Rights era was valued by blacks in the South by between 1% to 2% of wealth. Outside of the South, we find significant costs of discrimination prior to 1960, ranging from 6% to 150% of black wealth. For these divisions from 1960–2000, blacks have attained rough parity in schooling access. The welfare magnitudes are similar to the hypothetical gains to blacks if they had white mortality rates. We show that the model’s black and white human capital series are strongly, positively correlated with state output measures, black and white permanent incomes and black and white earnings.

‘Muir’ (Reg. No. CV‐357, PI 674172) is a two‐row, spring, hulled feed barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) cultivar developed and evaluated as 07WA‐601.6, and released in 2013 by Washington State University (WSU). Muir was derived from the cross ‘Baronesse’/‘Bob’ and selected through single‐seed descent from F2to F4and pedigree breeding methods from F5to F6.Muir was tested in multi‐environment trials at 8 to 10 locations per year by the WSU Variety Testing Program from 2011 to 2014. In the low rainfall (<400 mm annual precipitation) testing locations, Muir had a mean grain yield (4787.0 kg ha−1) that was higher than those of check cultivars Baronesse, Bob, and Lyon. Muir showed head emergence significantly earlier than Baronesse, Bob, and ‘Lenetah’ and was 3.3 cm taller than Baronesse and 5.5 cm shorter than ‘Champion’ across low rainfall zone locations. Muir is resistant to currently prevalent races of the stripe rust pathogen (Puccinia striiformisWestend. f. sp. hordeiErikss.); by comparison, commonly grown cultivars Baronesse, Bob, and Champion are rated as moderately resistant, ‘Harrington’, Lenetah, and Lyon are rated as moderately susceptible, and ‘CDC Copeland’ and ‘CDC Meredith’ are rated as susceptible. Muir was released on the basis of its excellent stripe rust resistance, high grain yield, and agronomic qualities suitable for a feed barley cultivar in low rainfall zones of Washington.

‘Lyon’ (Reg. No. CV‐356, PI 673045), a spring, two‐row, hulled feed barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) cultivar developed and tested as 05WA‐316.K, was released in 2013 by Washington State University (WSU). Lyon was derived from the cross ‘Baronesse’/‘Spaulding’ and selected through single‐seed descent from F2to F4and pedigree breeding methods from F5to F6.Lyon was tested in field trials in Pullman, WA, and in multi‐environment trials at 8 to 10 locations per year by the WSU Variety Testing Program from 2009 to 2013. In these testing sites, Lyon had a mean grain yield (5699 kg ha−1) that was higher than those of check cultivars ‘Bob’ and Baronesse. Across 37 station years in the Western Regional Spring Barley Nursery, Lyon had an average grain yield of 5284 kg ha−1, which was higher than check cultivars ‘Steptoe’, ‘Harrington’, ‘AC Metcalfe’, and ‘CDC Kindersley’. Lyon showed head emergence significantly earlier than Baronesse, Bob, and ‘Lenetah’ and was 3.3 cm shorter than Bob and 6.1 cm shorter than ‘Champion’. Similar to Champion and Baronesse, Lyon is moderately susceptible to stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformisf. sp. hordeiEriks.). Lyon is intended as a high‐yielding replacement to barley feed cultivars Bob, Baronesse, and Lenetah in the dryland cropping regions of eastern Washington that receive an average precipitation of 400 mm yr−1or higher.

The article discusses the U.S. Supreme Court case FTC v. Actavis Inc. which questioned the relationship between patent law and antitrust law in the U.S. It informs that Actavis Court rejected the Eleventh Circuit Court's ruling that held that patent settlement agreements generally were lawful as long as their potential anticompetitive effects fell within the scope of the patent. It mentions background of patent litigation settlements.

Hop cones grown on the female plant of the perennial crop (Humulus lupulusL.) are an integral component of the brewing process and provide flavor, bitterness, aroma, and antimicrobial properties to beer. Demand for organically grown hops from consumers via the brewing industry is on the rise; however, due to high N requirements and severe disease, weed, and arthropod pressures, hops are an extremely difficult crop to grow organically. Currently, the majority of the world's organic hops are grown in New Zealand, while other countries, including China, are beginning to increase organic hop production. Land under organic hop production in Washington State, where 75% of the hops in the United States are grown, increased from 1.6 ha to more than 26 ha from 2004 to 2010, and other hop‐producing states demonstrate a similar trend. Removing hops from the USDA Organic Exemption list in January 2013 is expected to greatly increase organic hop demand and will require corresponding increases in organic hop hectarage. Current challenges, including weed management, fertility and irrigation management, insect and disease pressures, and novel practices that address these issues will be presented. Here, we discuss current and future research that will potentially impact organic hop production in the United States.

Genotype × environment (G×E) interactions for Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, and Zn concentrations are not well understood, particularly in the context of organic farming systems. The objectives of this study were to: (i) investigate G×E interactions for mineral nutrient concentration in organically grown wheat; and, (ii) assess whether grain mineral concentration is a broadly or narrowly adapted trait when grown in contrasting environments over time. We evaluated 18 spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) cultivars on three organic farms in Washington State for mineral concentration and for grain yield in 2008 and 2009. The G×Year (Y) interactions were found for grain yield and all minerals except Fe, Mn, and P and G×Location (L) interactions were found for grain yield and all minerals except Fe. The G×E (G×L×Y) interactions were found for grain yield and all minerals except for Mn. Grain yield was not consistently correlated with mineral nutrients across years and locations. Among minerals, Mg:P, P:Zn, and Mg:Zn were positively correlated in at least five of six site‐years, suggesting the potential for simultaneous selection of these minerals. Grain mineral concentrations of Cu, Fe, and P showed relatively broad adaptation across years when compared with Ca and Mg concentrations. Fewer cultivars were broadly adapted spatially than temporally for stable levels of mineral concentration. Several cultivars had relatively high concentrations of two or more minerals across locations, indicating the potential for farmer utilization of broadly adapted cultivars and varietal blends that will significantly increase grain mineral concentration.

The article presents a review of the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art located in Bentonville, Arkansas. A preview of the museum's inaugural exhibition, titled "Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art: Celebrating the American Spirit," featuring various American artists including John Singer Sargent, William Merritt Chase and Norman Rockwell, to be held on November 11, 2011, is also presented.