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The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coliwith deleterious consequences to the health of humans and animals has been attributed to the inappropriate use of antibiotics. Without effective antimicrobials, the success of modern medicine in treating infections would be at an increased risk. Bacteriophages could be used as an alternative to antibiotics for controlling the dissemination of MDR bacteria. However, before their use, the bacteriophages have to be assessed for the safety aspect. In this study, three broad host range highly virulent coliphage genomes were sequenced, characterized for infective and lytic potential, and checked for the presence of virulence and resistance genes. The genome sequencing indicated that coliphages ϕEC-S-21 and ϕEC-OE-11 belonged to Myoviridae, whereas coliphage ϕEC-S-24 belonged to the Autographiviridaefamily derived from the Podoviridaefamily. The genome size of the three coliphages ranged between 24 and 145 kb, with G + C content ranging between 37 and 51%. Coding sequences (CDS) ranged between 30 and 251 amino acids. The CDS were annotated and the proteins were categorized into different modules, viz., phage structural proteins, proteins associated with DNA replication, DNA modification, bacterial cell lysis, phage packaging, and uncharacterized proteins. The presence of tRNAs was detected only in coliphage ϕEC-OE-11. All three coliphages possessed diverse infective and lytic mechanisms, viz., lytic murein transglycosylase, peptidoglycan transglycosylase, n-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase, and putative lysozyme. Furthermore, the three coliphage genomes showed neither the presence of antibiotic resistance genes nor virulence genes, which makes them desirable candidates for use in phage therapy-based applications.

In this paper, two types of fuzzy neutrosophic soft matrix have been introduced and it is shown that the set of all fuzzy neutrosophic soft matrices form a semiring. Further it is explored that the set of all fuzzy neutrosophic soft matrices of both types form a vector space.

We study determinant theory for intuitionistic fuzzy square matrices, its properties and also, we prove that $$det(A~adj(A))=det(A)=det(adj(A)A).$$det(Aadj(A))=det(A)=det(adj(A)A).Further an elegant method is proposed to find the determinant of a matrix if it has more number of columns and rows.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) has been a global health concern since the 1960s, and isolation of this pathogen from food-producing animals has been increasing. However, little information is available on the prevalence of MRSA and its clonal characteristics in seafood and the aquatic environment. In this study, 267 seafood and aquatic environment samples were collected from three districts of Kerala, India. Staphylococcal protein A (spa)typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed for 65 MRSA strains isolated from 20 seafood and aquatic environment samples. The MRSA clonal profiles were t657-ST772, t002-ST5, t334-ST5, t311-ST5, t121-ST8, t186-ST88, t127-ST1, and two non-spaassignable strains. Whole spagene sequence analysis along with MLST confirmed one strain as t711-ST6 and another as a novel MRSA clone identified for the first time in seafood and the aquatic environment with a t15669 spatype and a new MLST profile of ST420-256-236-66-82-411-477. The MRSA strains were clustered into five clonal complexes based on the goeBURST algorithm, indicating high diversity among MRSA strains in seafood and the aquatic environment. The novel clone formed a separate clonal complex with matches to three loci. This study recommends large-scale spatyping and MLST of MRSA isolates from seafood and the aquatic environment to determine the prevalence of new MRSA clones. This monitoring process can be useful for tracing local spread of MRSA isolates into the seafood production chain in a defined geographical area.

AbstractIn this paper, we study some properties of modal operators in intuitionistic fuzzy matrix and we introduce a new composition operator and discuss some of its algebraic properties. Finally, we obtain a decomposition of an intuitionistic fuzzy matrix by using the new composition operator and modal operators.

In this paper various properties of nilpotent and controllable intuitionistic fuzzy matrix are explored. We develop an algorithm for controllable and nilpotent intuitionistic fuzzy matrices and reduce a controllable intuitionistic fuzzy matrix to canonical form using that algorithm.

The purpose of this paper is to review conceptually and theoretically on the interrelation between impacts of tourism towards environmental attributes of small islands and environmental literacy with willingness to pay. Firstly, the impacts of tourism on environmental attributes such coral reefs, water, fisheries and beaches are discussed briefly. The impacts of tourism towards environmental attributes range derives from tourism activities such as boating, snorkelling, diving and fishing. Improper and irresponsible behaviour of tourist is also believed to be a significant reason that contributes to detrimental effects on the environmental attributes. The different mindset of tourist derives from the different level of environmental literacy that they have. The concept environmental literacy that consists of not only knowledge on the environment and its issues but also includes disposition components of attitudes, sensitivity and motivation are discussed thoroughly. Intention to act or intended behaviour that is explored in this paper would be the concept of willingness to pay for the environmental attributes. The different use and non-values which is basis of the economic valuation of willingness to pay are explained. The two main techniques than can be used to capture use and non-use values of environmental attributes known as revealed and stated preference is also discussed. Choice Experiment is stated preference approach that is able estimate WTP by minimizing the biases presented by other approaches is reviewed. Two main theories are used in the concept of willingness to pay which is the theory of value by Lancaster (1966) and random utility theory by Thurstone (1927). The theory of reasoned action (TRA) is the theory used to explain in overall the relationship between knowledge, attitude and behavioural intentions and used to form a framework that relates environmental literacy and willingness to pay.