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Die Resilienz von Lieferketten gewinnt für produzierende Unternehmen in Zeiten schwerer Störungen durch Krisen massiv an Bedeutung. Die Auswahl von Zulieferern ist ein zentraler Aspekt bei dem Aufbau einer resilienten Lieferkette. Aktuell fehlt jedoch eine ganzheitliche Methode zur Auswahl von Lieferanten unter Berücksichtigung der Resilienz. In diesem Beitrag wird daher ein Forschungsprojekt vorgestellt, das die Entwicklung eines Bewertungsmaßes für die Resilienz im Kontext der Zuliefererauswahl zum Ziel hat. Dabei sollen die vorhandene Resilienz aus der Sicht des Zuliefererunternehmens und die benötigte Resilienz aus der Sicht des auswählenden Unternehmens berücksichtigt werden.

Die Realisierung eines geplanten Layoutkonzepts stellt eine komplexe Teilaufgabe innerhalb der Fabrikplanung dar. Insbesondere die zeitliche Anordnung der notwendigen Umzugsschritte unter Berücksichtigung vorhandener Restriktionen wird nach aktuellem Stand meist manuell ausgeführt. Eine methodische Planungsunterstützung könnte zu einer entscheidenden Reduzierung des Aufwands der Realisierungsvorbereitung beitragen. Daher wurde in einem Forschungsprojekt eine einfach anwendbare Methode zur Planung eines Fabrikumzugs für Reorganisationsprojekte entwickelt, welche von Unternehmen im praktischen Kontext angewendet werden kann.

BackgroundSARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination of healthy individuals is highly immunogenic and protective against severe COVID-19. However, there are limited data on how disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) alter SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine immunogenicity in patients with autoimmune diseases.MethodsAs part of a prospective cohort study, we investigated the induction, stability and boosting of vaccine-specific antibodies, B cells and T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) on different DMTs after homologous primary, secondary and booster SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations. Of 126 patients with MS analysed, 105 received either anti-CD20-based B cell depletion (aCD20-BCD), fingolimod, interferon-β, dimethyl fumarate, glatiramer acetate, teriflunomide or natalizumab, and 21 were untreated MS patients for comparison.ResultsIn contrast to all other MS patients, and even after booster, most aCD20-BCD- and fingolimod-treated patients showed no to markedly reduced anti-S1 IgG, serum neutralising activity and a lack of receptor binding domain-specific and S2-specific B cells. Patients receiving fingolimod additionally lacked spike-reactive CD4+T cell responses. The duration of fingolimod treatment, rather than peripheral blood B and T cell counts prior to vaccination, determined whether a humoral immune response was elicited.ConclusionsThe lack of immunogenicity under long-term fingolimod treatment demonstrates that functional immune responses require not only immune cells themselves, but also access of these cells to the site of inoculation and their unimpeded movement. The absence of humoral and T cell responses suggests that fingolimod-treated patients with MS are at risk for severe SARS-CoV-2 infections despite booster vaccinations, which is highly relevant for clinical decision-making and adapted protective measures, particularly considering additional recently approved sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor antagonists for MS treatment.

Die Durchführung von Umzugsprojekten im Kontext der Fabrikplanung, wie z. B. die Reorganisation von Produktionshallen, ist aufwendig und komplex. Verfahren der Projektplanung berücksichtigen meist nur zeitliche Restriktionen, räumliche Gegebenheiten werden oft vernachlässigt. Daher wird in einem Forschungsvorhaben derzeit eine Optimierungsmethode zur Umzugsplanung entwickelt, die Unternehmen als Entscheidungsunterstützung in der Gestaltung und Bewertung eines Umzugsplans verwenden können.

Bei der Produktion von Lagergütern stehen produzierende Unternehmen einem unsicheren Kundenbedarf gegenüber. Um Unsicherheiten zu begegnen, ist ein erhöhter Lagerbestand notwendig, um die Kundenbedarfe anforderungsgerecht bedienen zu können. Die entstehenden Kosten sind bei gegebener Prognoseunsicherheit durch das Bestellverhalten beeinflusst. Das Bestellverhalten wird maßgeblich von der Bestellpolitik bestimmt. Daher wurde der Einfluss von Prognoseunsicherheit und der Bestellpolitik auf die entstehenden Lagerkosten mittels Sensitivitätsanalysen untersucht. Prognoseunsicherheiten bedürfen bei der (t, S)-Politik demnach größerer Bestände als unter der (s, q)-Politik.

The newly identified severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19, a pandemic respiratory disease. Moreover, thromboembolic events throughout the body, including in the CNS, have been described. Given the neurological symptoms observed in a large majority of individuals with COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 penetrance of the CNS is likely. By various means, we demonstrate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and protein in anatomically distinct regions of the nasopharynx and brain. Furthermore, we describe the morphological changes associated with infection such as thromboembolic ischemic infarction of the CNS and present evidence of SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism. SARS-CoV-2 can enter the nervous system by crossing the neural–mucosal interface in olfactory mucosa, exploiting the close vicinity of olfactory mucosal, endothelial and nervous tissue, including delicate olfactory and sensory nerve endings. Subsequently, SARS-CoV-2 appears to follow neuroanatomical structures, penetrating defined neuroanatomical areas including the primary respiratory and cardiovascular control center in the medulla oblongata.

One of the most widely used methods to detect an acute viral infection in clinical specimens is diagnostic real-time polymerase chain reaction. However, because of the COVID-19 pandemic, mass-spectrometry-based proteomics is currently being discussed as a potential diagnostic method for viral infections. Because proteomics is not yet applied in routine virus diagnostics, here we discuss its potential to detect viral infections. Apart from theoretical considerations, the current status and technical limitations are considered. Finally, the challenges that have to be overcome to establish proteomics in routine virus diagnostics are highlighted.

Parallel-reaction monitoring (PRM) using high resolution, accurate mass (HR/AM) analysis on quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometers, like the Q Exactive, is one of the most promising approaches for targeted protein analysis. However, PRM has a limited multiplexing capacity, which depends heavily on the reproducibility of peptide retention times. To overcome these limitations, we aimed to establish an easily applicable data acquisition mode that allows retention-time-independent massive multiplexing on Q Exactive mass spectrometers. The presented method is based on data-dependent acquisition and is called pseudo-PRM. In principle, high-intensity stable isotope-labeled peptides are used to trigger the repeated fragmentation of the corresponding light peptides. In this way, pseudo-PRM data can be analyzed like normal PRM data. We tested pseudo-PRM for the target detection from yeast, human cells, and serum, showing good reproducibility and sensitivities comparable to normal PRM. We demonstrated further that pseudo-PRM can be used for accurate and precise quantification of target peptides, using both precursor and fragment ion areas. Moreover, we showed multiplexing of more than 1000 targets in a single run. Finally, we applied pseudo-PRM to quantify vaccinia virus proteins during infection, verifying that pseudo-PRM presents an alternative method for multiplexed target profiling on Q Exactive mass spectrometers.

Untargeted accurate strain-level classification of a priori unidentified organisms using tandem mass spectrometry is a challenging task. Reference databases often lack taxonomic depth, limiting peptide assignments to the species level. However, the extension with detailed strain information increases runtime and decreases statistical power. In addition, larger databases contain a higher number of similar proteomes. We present TaxIt, an iterative workflow to address the increasing search space required for MS/MS-based strain-level classification of samples with unknown taxonomic origin. TaxIt first applies reference sequence data for initial identification of species candidates, followed by automated acquisition of relevant strain sequences for low level classification. Furthermore, proteome similarities resulting in ambiguous taxonomic assignments are addressed with an abundance weighting strategy to increase the confidence in candidate taxa. For benchmarking the performance of our method, we apply our iterative workflow on several samples of bacterial and viral origin. In comparison to noniterative approaches using unique peptides or advanced abundance correction, TaxIt identifies microbial strains correctly in all examples presented (with one tie), thereby demonstrating the potential for untargeted and deeper taxonomic classification. TaxIt makes extensive use of public, unrestricted, and continuously growing sequence resources such as the NCBI databases and is available under open-source BSD license at https://gitlab.com/rki_bioinformatics/TaxIt.

Der demographische Wandel und das damit verbundene Bevölkerungswachstum in Großstädten erschwern zunehmend die Schaffung bezahlbaren Wohnraums. Einen Ansatz zur Entspannung der Wohnungsnot in Großstädten stellt die Modulare Gebäudenachverdichtung dar. Die in diesem Kontext vorherrschenden Rahmenbedingungen werden durch begrenzt verfügbare Flächen und eine komplexe Infrastruktur charakterisiert. Der folgende Beitrag beschreibt das geplante Vorgehen zur Entwicklung einer Methode zur Organisation und Steuerung von Baustellenprozessen in der Modularen Gebäudenachverdichtung mit dem Ziel, derartige Bauprojekte aufwandsarm sowie effizient planen und durchführen zu können.

We employed a direct metagenomic approach via next-generation sequencing for a cross-sectional investigation of viruses in 10 tick pools, collected from Aegean, Mediterranean and central Anatolian locations in Turkey. Sequences from all genome segments of Tamdy orthonairovirus (family Nairoviridae) were characterized in ticks collected from a Meriones tristrami. We further obtained near-complete L and partial S segments of several tick-associated phleboviruses (family Phenuiviridae),including Tacheng tick virus 2 and a novel virus, tentatively named as the tick phlebovirus Anatolia. Partial NS5-coding region of recently-described flavi-like virus (Tacheng tick virus 8) was further detected. Moreover, near-complete and polymerase-coding regions of arthropod-associated rhabdoviruses as well as sequences closely-related to the members of the newly-proposed virus family, the Chuviridae, were characterized. Despite origins of the viral sequences could not be fully elucidated, the findings suggest the circulation of diverse arthropod and tick-associated viruses in Anatolia. Occurrence and outcome of vertebrate exposure and probable health impact of these viruses require further investigation. We also report the initial detection of Tamdy orthonairovirus, an established human pathogen, which should be included in the diagnostic workup of infections with unknown etiology.

ABSTRACTGanciclovir (GCV) resistance frequently occurs upon prolonged treatment of ongoing active human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in individuals with immature or compromised immune functions (e.g., recipients of solid-organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplants). Using pyrosequencing (PSQ), we established fast and sensitive detection of GCV resistance-associated mutations occurring in the HCMV open reading frame UL97. These mutations have been repeatedly associated with clinical treatment failure. We designed four PSQ assays and evaluated them by analyzing mixtures of plasmids or bacterial artificial chromosome-derived viruses containing UL97 wild-type and mutant sequences. A minimum level of 6% mutant sequence variants could be detected in these mixtures. In order to further evaluate the novel PSQ assays, we tested clinical specimens from patients with active HCMV infections. The results were compared with those obtained by conventional dideoxy chain terminator sequencing. As the PSQ method was more sensitive in detecting minor HCMV mutant fractions in a wild-type population, it is suggested that pyrosequencing is a useful tool for the early detection of emerging GCV-resistant HCMV in GCV-treated patients.

To elucidate the role of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) in hematopoiesis, the influence of HHV-6A and HHV-6B on the in vitro expansion and differentiation of cord blood (CB) progenitor cells was investigated in liquid culture. Nonfractionated CB mononuclear cells (CB-MNC) or MACS-enriched CD34+ CB cells were seeded in liquid culture under conditions allowing maximal expansion of nucleated cells. Cells were either incubated with HHV-6A- or HHV-6B-containing cell culture supernatants or a virus-free control. After 7, 14, and 21 days, cells were analyzed for growth by cell count, for differentiation by flow cytometry, and for HHV-6 infection by antigen detection or PCR. Expansion of CB-MNC was significantly inhibited by HHV-6A and HHV-6B for a period of 3 weeks, including reduced proportions of CD34+ and CD33+ cells in HHV-6-treated cultures on day 7. In contrast, when starting with enriched CD34+ cells, the expansion was only affected by HHV-6A. Inhibition of CD34 and CD33 cell development was less pronounced in these cultures compared to CB-MNC cultures. However, HHV-6 antigen and DNA was detectable in these cultures. In conclusion, although HHV-6A inhibited expansion of CD34 progenitor cells, HHV-6B inhibited growth of immature CB cells only in interaction with nonfractionated CB-MNC.

ABSTRACTAlthough variola virus was eradicated by the World Health Organization vaccination program in the 1970s, the diagnosis of smallpox infection has attracted great interest in the context of a possible deliberate release of variola virus in bioterrorist attacks. Obviously, fast and reliable diagnostic tools are required to detect variola virus and to distinguish it from orthopoxviruses that have identical morphological characteristics, including vaccinia virus. The advent of real-time PCR for the clinical diagnosis of viral infections has facilitated the detection of minute amounts of viral nucleic acids in a fast, safe, and precise manner, including the option to quantify and to genotype the target reliably. In this study a complete set of four hybridization probe-based real-time PCR assays for the specific detection of orthopoxvirus DNA is presented. Melting analysis following PCR enables the identification of variola virus by the PCR product's characteristic melting temperature, permitting the discrimination of variola virus from other orthopoxviruses. In addition, an assay for the specific amplification of variola virus DNA is presented. All assays can be performed simultaneously in the same cycler, and results of a PCR run are obtained in less than 1 h. The application of more than one assay for the same organism significantly contributes to the diagnostic reliability, reducing the risk of false-negative results due to unknown sequence variations. In conclusion, the assays presented will improve the speed and reliability of orthopoxvirus diagnostics and variola virus identification.

ABSTRACTA combined PCR assay was developed for the detection and typing of human polyomavirus (huPoV) in clinical samples, consisting of (i) a qualitative seminested PCR assay (snPCR) to discriminate between huPoV BK and JC and (ii) a high-throughput, quantitative TaqMan PCR assay (TM-PCR) for the general detection of huPoV. The TM-PCR detects huPoV DNA in a linear range from 107to 101copies per assay. In reproducibility runs, the inter- and intra-assay variabilities were =60 and =50%, respectively. The snPCR assay uses a set of four primers for the same region of the BK and JC viral genomes. In the first round of amplification, two general primers were used; in the second round, one of these general primers and two additional, BK- or JC-specific primers were used simultaneously to produce amplicons of different sizes specific for BK virus (246 bp) and JC virus (199 bp), respectively. We tested different urine dilutions in order to determine the inhibitory effects of urine on PCR amplification. Furthermore, we compared the use of native urine with DNA purified by different preparation procedures. Our results show, that a 1:10 dilution of the urine led to complete reduction of the amplification inhibition found with 6% of undiluted urine samples. In a clinical study including 600 urine specimens, our assay turned out to be fast, cheap, and reliable in both qualitative and quantitative aspects.

ABSTRACTA real-time PCR assay was developed to quantify human cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA. This assay was used to demonstrate a higher CMV DNA load in plasma of bone marrow transplant patients than in that of blood donors. The CMV load was higher in CMV antigen-positive patients than in antigen-negative patients.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infections are characterized by remarkable differences, including infectivity and case fatality rate. The underlying mechanisms are not well understood, illustrating major knowledge gaps of coronavirus biology. In this study, protein expression of the SARS-CoV- and SARS-CoV-2-infected human lung epithelial cell line Calu-3 was analyzed using data-independent acquisition–mass spectrometry. This resulted in a comprehensive map of infection-related proteome-wide expression changes in human cells covering the quantification of 7478 proteins across four time points. Most notably, the activation of interferon type-I response was observed, which is surprisingly absent in several proteome studies. The data reveal that SARS-CoV-2 triggers interferon-stimulated gene expression much stronger than SARS-CoV, which reflects the already described differences in interferon sensitivity. Potentially, this may be caused by the enhanced abundance of the viral M protein of SARS-CoV in comparison to SARS-CoV-2, which is a known inhibitor of type I interferon expression. This study expands the knowledge on the host response to SARS-CoV-2 infections on a global scale using an infection model, which seems to be well suited to analyze the innate immunity.

PCR is a well-understood and established laboratory technique often used in molecular diagnostics. Huge experience has been accumulated over the last years regarding the design of PCR assays and their set-up, including in-depth troubleshooting to obtain the optimal PCR assay for each purpose. Here we report a PCR troubleshooting that came up with a surprising result never observed before. With this report we hope to sensitize the reader to this peculiar problem and to save troubleshooting efforts in similar situations, especially in time-critical and ambitious diagnostic settings.

Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) remain decisive tools to contain SARS-CoV-2. Strategies that combine NPIs with testing may improve efficacy and shorten quarantine durations. We developed a stochastic within-host model of SARS-CoV-2 that captures temporal changes in test sensitivities, incubation periods, and infectious periods. We used the model to simulate relative transmission risk for (1) isolation of symptomatic individuals, (2) contact person management, and (3) quarantine of incoming travelers. We estimated that testing travelers at entry reduces transmission risks to 21.3% ([20.7, 23.9], by PCR) and 27.9% ([27.1, 31.1], by rapid diagnostic test [RDT]), compared with unrestricted entry. We calculated that 4 (PCR) or 5 (RDT) days of pre-test quarantine are non-inferior to 10 days of quarantine for incoming travelers and that 8 (PCR) or 10 (RDT) days of pre-test quarantine are non-inferior to 14 days of post-exposure quarantine. De-isolation of infected individuals 13 days after symptom onset may reduce the transmission risk to <0.2% (<0.01, 6.0).

Mass spectrometry-based proteomics is applied in SARS-CoV-2 research and is, moreover, being discussed as a novel method for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics. However, the safe inactivation of coronaviruses by proteomics lysis buffers has not been systematically analyzed yet. Hence, for safety reasons a heating step prior to sample preparation is often performed. This step could be omitted once the safe inactivation with the typical buffers is proven. Here we test five different proteomics lysis buffers—4% SDS, 1% SDC, TFA, 6 M GdmCl, and 8 M urea—for their inactivation capacity of coronaviruses. Two representative human coronaviruses, namely HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, were used as surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. Lysis was performed at room temperature and at 95 °C for 5 min. Inactivation was confirmed by the absence of a cytopathic effect in MRC-5 cells, and equivocal results were further confirmed by serial passaging and quantitative real-time PCR. While at room temperature SDS, SDC, and TFA inactivated both coronaviruses, and GdmCl and urea resulted in partially incomplete inactivation. This demonstrates that care should be taken when choosing lysis buffers for proteomics analysis of coronaviruses, because some buffers do not ensure inactivation and, hence, biosafety during the further sample preparation.

According to a recent article published in Genome Biology, Duggan and coworkers sequenced and partially assembled five genomes of smallpox vaccines from the nineteenth century. No information regarding the ends of genomes was presented, and they are important to understand the evolutionary relationship of the different smallpox vaccine genomes during the centuries. We re-assembled the genomes, which include the largest genomes in the vaccinia lineage and one true horsepox strain. Moreover, the assemblies reveal a diverse genetic structure in the genome ends. Our data emphasize the concurrent use of horsepox and horsepox-related viruses as the smallpox vaccine in the nineteenth century.

We conducted orthonairovirus RNA screening of 7043 tick specimens—representing 16 species—collected from various regions of Anatolia. In 602 pools, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) Europe 1 and 2 lineages were detected in seven pools (1.1 %) comprising Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma scupense, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguineussensu lato and Rhipicephalus turanicusticks. In pools of Hyalomma aegyptium, we detected Tamdy virus (TAMV) and an unclassified nairovirus sequence. Next-generation sequencing revealed complete coding regions of three CCHFV Europe 2 (AP92-like) viruses, TAMV and the novel orthonairovirus, tentatively named herein as Meram virus. We further performed in silicofunctional analysis of all available CCHFV Europe 2, TAMV, Meram and related virus genomes. The CCHFV Europe 2 viruses possessed several conserved motifs, including those with OTU-like cysteine protease activity. Probable recombinations were identified in L genome segments of CCHFV and TAMV. Through phylogeny reconstruction using individual genome segments, Meram virus emerged as a distinct virus among species within the Orthonairovirusgenus. It further exhibited conserved motifs associated with RNA binding, encapsidation, signal peptidase cleavage, post-translational modification, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and OTU-like activities. Bole tick virus 3 was also detected in two pools with CCHFV reactivity. Hereby, we describe a novel tick-associated orthonairovirus, in a CCHFV-endemic region with confirmed TAMV activity. Human and animal health impact of these viruses need to be addressed.

ABSTRACTWe have conducted an international quality assurance study of filovirus, Lassa virus, and orthopox virus PCR with 24 participants. Of the participating laboratories, 45.8 and 66.7% detected virus in all plasma samples, which contained =5,000 and =100,000 copies per ml, respectively. Sensitivity levels were not significantly different between viruses. False-negative results were attributable to a lack of sensitivity.

Recently, it was shown that interferon consensus sequence binding protein (ICSBP), a member of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, has a potential role in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Deletion of ICSBP gene in mice leads to a CML-like syndrome and samples from CML patients exhibited impaired ICSBP expression. The present study found that ICSBP expression correlated with risk features determined by Sokal score in untreated CML (P = .007 for high versus low risk). In addition, analyzing ICSBP expression during interferon-α (IFN-α) therapy in “good” (n = 27) versus “poor” (n = 15) cytogenetic responders, high ICSBP levels were only observed in “good” responders (P = .0002). Together, these data suggest that ICSBP levels are related to initial presentation of CML and the therapeutic response of CML to IFN-α, indicating an important role of ICSBP in CML.

Recently, it was shown that interferon consensus sequence binding protein (ICSBP), a member of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, has a potential role in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Deletion of ICSBPgene in mice leads to a CML-like syndrome and samples from CML patients exhibited impaired ICSBP expression. The present study found that ICSBP expression correlated with risk features determined by Sokal score in untreated CML (P= .007 for high versus low risk). In addition, analyzing ICSBP expression during interferon-α (IFN-α) therapy in “good” (n = 27) versus “poor” (n = 15) cytogenetic responders, high ICSBP levels were only observed in “good” responders (P= .0002). Together, these data suggest that ICSBP levels are related to initial presentation of CML and the therapeutic response of CML to IFN-α, indicating an important role of ICSBP in CML.

Quality management and independent assessment of high-throughput sequencing-based virus diagnostics have not yet been established as a mandatory approach for ensuring comparable results. The sensitivity and specificity of viral high-throughput sequence data analysis are highly affected by bioinformatics processing using publicly available and custom tools and databases and thus differ widely between individuals and institutions.

Objective: quantitative evaluation of viruria (DNA-uria) and hematuria in patients with SCT and analyze both relationship clinically. Methods and Materials: two PCR assays for detecting viruses in clinical specimens are established: quantifying virus load by real-time PCR and distinguishing BKV and JCV by seminested PCR. Intensity of hematuria, that is the dominant sign of hemorrhagic cystitis, was assessed by urinestick and classified into 6 grades: negative (−), trace or 1–10 (+), 11–25 (++), 26–80 (+++), 81–200 (++++) erythrocytes in 1 milliliter urine, and macrohematuria (+++++). 531 urine specimens were collected from 41 patients with SCT. Data were analyzed through SPSS software package. Results: Prevalence rate of polyoma viruria and hematuria following SCT were 80% and 73% in this study cohort and 45% and 20 % in urine specimens. No viral genomes were detected in DNA extracted from blood cells and plasma. BK, BK integrating with JC, JC and non-identified virus-variants, respectively, were shed in 15, 11, 3, 4 patients in urine and were detected in 99, 21, 32, 11 urine samples. Data of 25 patients with specimens collected before SCT showed that only 5 cases sheded polyoma virus in urine, comparing with 21 cases with polyoma viruria post-SCT, demonstrates significant difference (P<0.0001). Risk factors of polyoma viruria were not found. The median of maximal virus load was higher in male than female (2.1x109 vs. 9.1x106, P=0.031, Mann Whithney), and in patients with hemorrhagic cystitis than without (2.5 x1010 vs. 4.7x107, P=0.043). There were no documents of hematuria pre-SCT. Recipients with stem cells originating from bone marrow underwent more frequently hematuria than from peripheral blood cells. This is likely due to more patients with standard conditioning therapy in BMT group (90% vs. 57%, P=0.032). The application of anti-thymocyte glolubin impacted likely on incidence of hematuria (88% vs. 47%, P=0.008). This is identical with the results of the study reported by Rabenau HF. The significant statistic relationship between polyoma viruria and hematuria is not available by defining entities as positive and negative. Indeed BK-viruria prevalence in 35% urine specimens containing erythrocytes >= ++ and in 17% urine specimens with negative and only trace red blood cells, while hematuria with amount of erythrocytes >=++ presented in 21% BK-viruria, nevertheless in 9% urine specimens with negative or non-amplifying virus-variants, 7% JC-viruria and 6% BK integrating with JC-viruria (P=0.016). Time conformability was observed in onset of most viruria and hematuria within 2nd-3rd weeks post SCT. Conclusions: the course of SCT exerts explicitly impact on the reactivation of polyomavirus in urinary tract and BK-virus attribute likely to the onset of severer hematuria. Co-factors and pathogenesis are needed to continue exploring.

Objective:quantitative evaluation of viruria (DNA-uria) and hematuria in patients with SCT and analyze both relationship clinically.