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ABSTRACTPurposeBinocular balancing is an important component of refractive correction to avoid asthenopic complaints. Polaroid filters are commonly used for binocular balancing; they rely on subjective examination and cannot represent daily visual activities. We describe a new examination approach to evaluate binocular balance with retinoscopy, which is an objective examination method and does not require strict patient cooperation.MethodsHealthy young individuals with refractive errors (under the age of 40) were included in this study. Each patient was examined by three different ophthalmologists in the same room at 20-min intervals. The first ophthalmologist performed refractive examination separately for each eye, the second physician used binocular balance tests with polaroid glasses, and the third physician practiced binocular balance test with retinoscopy. After completion of clinical examinations, autorefractometry was repeated with cycloplegia. The difference between the spherical equivalents (SE) of the eyes was calculated for each method and compared with the SE difference obtained by cycloplegic autorefractometry. The SPSS 21.0 software was used for the statistical tests.ResultsThe study included 30 patients (16 males, 14 females) and the mean age of the patients was 21 ± 8.5 years (range 10–37 years). There was no significant difference between the four groups for the interocular difference of SE (Greenhouse–Geisser F = 1.390, p= 0.257). The highest correlation was found between the retinoscopic binocular balance technique and cycloplegic autorefractometry (r = 0.878, p< 0.001). In addition, the intraclass correlation coefficient and the 95% limits of agreement supported strong agreement.ConclusionCurrently used binocular examination tests are subjective and some patients give inconsistent answers impairing the reliability of the outcome. These tests cannot be performed on patients with limited ability to cooperate. This study demonstrates that the use of retinoscopy in the evaluation of binocular balance delivers reliable results and is a low-cost, practical approach to address the above-mentioned problems.

Byline: Tugba. Göncü, Sevim. Çakmak, Ali. Akal, Halit. Oguz Sir, We thank the authors for their interest and contribution in our recent study. [sup][1] In our study, preoperative and postoperative [...]

Byline: Tugba. Goncu, Sevim. Cakmak, Ali. Akal, Halit. Oguz Purpose: To evaluate the alteration of lower lid configuration and function with anterior transposition surgery of the inferior oblique (IO) muscle. [...]

Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Case report Discussion References Abstract Central anticholinergic syndrome (CAS) is a clinical entity which shows central and peripheral effects produced by over dosage or abnormal [...]

Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Case Report Discussion References Abstract Central anticholinergic syndrome (CAS) is a clinical entity which shows central and peripheral effects produced by over dosage or abnormal [...]

Byline: Halit. Oguz Dear Editor, In the March 2000 issue of the journal,[1] Dr. Wong and associates evaluated the safety and efficacy of inferior limbal-conjunctival autograft transplantation in the surgical [...]

Abstract: Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu wrote Cerrahiyyet'l Haniyye (Imperial Surgery) in 1465. It was the first illustrated surgical textbook in the Turkish-Islamic medical literature. Only three handwritten copies exist. Cerrahiyyet'l Haniyye consists of three chapters (412 pp.) covering a wide range of surgical specialties, including medical and surgical management of such ophthalmic diseases as chalazion, symblepharon, lymphangiectasia, pannus, proptosis, and hypopyon.

Abstract: The acute effects of 50 mg of sildenafil on tear functions were evaluated in 12 impotent patients. Mean tear breakup time, cotton thread, and Schirmer I tests were 19.42±6.45 s, 13.92±6.63 mm, and 16.58±12.19 mm, respectively before sildenafil and 20.33±10.40 s, 10.92±6.14 mm, and 18.08±12.36 mm, respectively, 1 hour after sildenafil. The results suggest that sildenafil does not adversely affect tear functions.

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the office probing and minimal irrigation under topical anesthesia in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction for children older than 1 year. Methods: Office probing and minimal irrigation under topical anesthesia were carried out on 88 lacrimal systems of 76 children (39 male and 37 female) with an age range of 7 to 60 months (mean: 18 months). If the relief of the symptoms of epiphora was not achieved with the first probing, a second probing and irrigation was performed with the same strategy 2 weeks after the first probing. The patients were followed up for 3.5 to 30 months (mean: 10 months). Results: The cure rate was 75% with the initial office probing and irrigation, and 90.9% with the repeat probing. Complications, such as laceration of the puncta or canaliculus, creating a false passage, cellulitis, or aspiration of irrigating fluid were not seen in the patients. Conclusions: A simple office probing and irrigation for the treatment of epiphora under topical anesthesia can be easily and safely performed for older children by an experienced ophthalmologist if there is no question with regard to the children’s airways and systemic health.

Abstract: Purpose: Sildenafil is a new and effective oral medication for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term effects of sildenafil on visual acuity, color vision, intraocular pressure (IOP), electroretinography (ERG), blue-on-yellow and white-on-white Humphrey visual field (HVF), and tear functions. Methods: Ten impotent patients ingested 50 mg of sildenafil one or more times a week for a minimum of 3 months. Ten age-matched subjects without any ophthalmological disorders other than refractive problems served as controls. Visual acuity (Snellen), color discrimination (Ishihara), and a slit-lamp examination were performed on the patients. Cotton thread and Schirmer I tests and tear break-up time were applied to random eyes of all subjects. IOP was measured in both eyes of the patients by Goldmann applanation tonometry. Both eyes of each subject were tested with white-on-white (fastpac 30-2, size 3 stimulus) followed by blue-on-yellow (fastpac 30-2, size 5 stimulus) HVF analyzer. ERG in scotopic (dark-adapted) condition was performed with unipolar corneal electrodes and rod response was recorded. Results: In comparison with control, no clinically or statistically significant differences were detected in the patients ingesting sildenafil with regard to the visual acuity, color discrimination, IOP, mean deviation, cotton thread and Schirmer I tests, tear break-up time, amplitude, and implicit time of b-wave. Conclusion: Long-term treatment with sildenafil did not produce any significant abnormality on ocular functions. Repeated exposures of ocular tissues to therapeutic doses of sildenafil are unlikely to impair their functions.

This study was performed to examine the retinal toxicity of trovafloxacin, a broad-spectrum fourth-generation fluoroquinolone, in rabbit eyes after intravitreal injection. The left eyes of 20 albino rabbits were divided into four groups, and each was injected intravitreally with 0.1 ml of trovafloxacin in a 50-µg, 100-µg, 250-µg or 500-µg concentration. The right eyes of these rabbits served as control and received normal saline solution. Retinal function was assessed from the electroretinogram (ERG), and retinal structure was also examined by ophthalmoscopy and histologic study (light microscopy). The intravitreal injections of 50 µg, 100 µg, and 250 µg trovafloxacin did not significantly change the ERG a-wave, b-wave or the oscillatory potential throughout the follow-up period of 4 weeks. While no ERG changes were observed at 4 weeks after injection, in the 3 eyes that received trovaloxacin 500 µg/0.1 ml, the a-wave amplitudes showed a diminution of 56–49% and those of b-waves one of 53–44% of the preinjection amplitudes at 4 weeks after injection, but oscillatory potentials remained unchanged in the other 2 rabbits intravitreally injected with 500 µg trovafloxacin. However, in none of the injected eyes and the control eyes in all groups were ophthalmoscopically visible fundus changes and histologic abnormality observed. The results suggest that intravitreally injected trovafloxacin at a dose of up to 500 µg is nontoxic to the rabbit retina. If future studies in other species confirm our findings, intravitreal trovafloxacin may be a good alternative in the treatment and prevention of clinical bacterial endophthalmitis.

Pregnancy can cause changes in the functioning of the eye in health and in disease and also affect preexisting ocular conditions, such as diabetic retinopathy. Progression of retinopathy in pregnancy depends on a variety of factors, including severity of retinopathy at conception, adequacy of treatment, duration of diabetes, metabolic control before pregnancy, and the presence of additional vascular damage (ie, preexisting or concomitant hypertensive disorder). Developments in medical, obstetrical, and ophthalmologic management of the pregnant diabetic have greatly improved the prognosis for successful pregnancies and maintaining vision.

Purpose:This study was designed as a microbiologic survey of the fluids aspirated from the anterior chamber at the end of cataract extraction performed by phacoemulsification, and to correlate the contamination rate of the anterior chamber to the surgical technique used.