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Methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) generates renewable energy. This method of generating energy makes use of small Pt-Ru catalysts. The cost of fuel cell technology makes it unsuitable for widespread use. Like platinum, palladium has electrocatalytic properties. In-situ CO poisons its monometallic form, which possesses significant overpotentials. Alkaline electrolytes, unfavorable for platinum but speed up the kinetics of alcohol oxidation by preferentially oxidizing methanol to formaldehyde, are where palladium is most active. Secondary metals collaborate in the co-catalysis of CO surface oxidation and assist in controlling palladium-reactant binding strengths. An article discusses anode electrocatalysts. The mechanics of current platinum catalysts are compared to those of palladium catalysts. Palladium catalyst requirements and synthesis are discussed.

The conversion and storage technologies of sustainable energy have been thoroughly researched, considering the overconsumption of fossil fuels and the escalating environmental problems. The use of more environmentally benign energy vectors has helped fuel cells recently become one of the most promising technologies. These devices’ oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are vital processes, but their commercialization is severely constrained by slow kinetics. Consequently, creating highly effective ORR and OER bifunctional catalysts is crucial yet difficult. Pt-based catalysts have the best ORR activity but weak OER activity. The best commercial OER electrocatalysts are RuO2and IrO2based, although they have a subpar ORR characteristic. However, it is crucial to create electrocatalysts with low noble metal contents and high efficiencies and stabilities for OER and ORR applications. At the same time, the large-scale applications of these noble electrocatalysts are constrained due to their rarity, high cost, and poor stability. In this review paper, noble metal-based and free catalysts for ORR and OER have been reviewed.