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The article delves into historical and contemporary political crises, drawing parallels between the French Revolution's tumultuous events in 1793 and current political dynamics in America, highlighting how breaches in political norms and escalating responses contribute to spiraling crises. It examines the Girondins' attempt to curb violence by stripping Montagnard journalist-deputy Jean-Paul Marat of parliamentary immunity, which ultimately backfired, leading to purges and the Reign of Terror.

The article discusses Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi and his impact on the political and social conditions in the Middle East as of December 2012, focusing on an assessment of Morsi's decision to issue an emergency decree which gives him additional powers such as immunity from judicial challenges in regards to his political decisions. It states that critics of Morsi claim that his ability to take any and all necessary measures to protect the national security of Egypt equates to a dictatorship. The state of democracy in Egypt is also examined.

The article focuses on the impeachment inquiry of U.S. President Donald Trump. The author observes that since his inauguration, the president's tenure has been marked by self-dealing, management failures, and public meltdowns that might result in strict punishment for executives in any other industry. She further notes that the U.S. president's post comes with more job protection than the majority of American workers.

The article discusses Israel's constitutional chaos, focusing on the recent amendment to grant the government immunity from the "reasonableness" standard. Topics include the historical precedent of nullifying government decisions based on reasonableness; the protests against the amendment in Israel; and the concerns of Israel's closest ally, the U.S.

Investigates the British concept of diplomatic immunity during the 18th century. Background on the departure of the British government under George I from the normal courtesies toward a diplomat; How Swedish envoys were treated; Description of the foreign relations between Great Britain and Sweden.

The article focuses on the privilege of freedom of speech provided by Great Britain Parliament under Article 9 of the Bill of Rights 1688. Topics discussed include Great Britain Court of Appeal's decision in case Makudi v. Baron Triesman of Tottenham that addressed the scope of Parliament's privilege, New Zealand Supreme Court case R. v. Chaytor that addressed parliament's privilege, and defamation claim.

(Bloomberg) -- Austrian anti-corruption prosecutors asked the parliament to lift the immunity of a key lawmaker as part of a string of investigations reaching the highest echelons of politics. August Woeginger, the parliamentary group leader of the ruling People's Party, is suspected of exerting political influence over an appointment at a regional tax office, according to local media. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on the immunity of the U.S. government against the liability for public recreation injuries under the recreational use statute (RUS) and the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA). RUS provide that there is no liability for ordinary negligence, but it provides immunity for willful misconduct. It also discusses the application of immunity under the Flood Control Act and the Supreme Court cases in which the government was given immunity to liabilities.

Raymond Davis, a United States national, killed two Pakistanis in Lahore on 27 January 2011--albeit allegedly in self-defense. This case had the potential of becoming a major foreign policy issue between Pakistan and the US. Even though the matter has been resolved privately through a compensation scheme, the handling of the Raymond Davis case has generated a lot of controversy and the outcome is not generally accepted by the Pakistani public that still seeks answers to the host of issues--both factual and legal--about Raymond Davis' official status and immunity, if any, arising there from. The issues lingering in everyone's mind are: 1. Whether Raymond Davis was simply a contractor assigned to the US Consulate in Lahore or Embassy in Islamabad? 2. Whether Raymond Davis was a consular officer or an employee or member of the consular staff? 3. Whether Raymond Davis was a diplomatic agent or a member of the administrative and technical staff? 4. What was the applicable law under the circumstances? 5. What is the necessary and proper legal process for dealing with diplomatic or consular immunity in case of criminal offences? 6. Who is empowered to grant immunity under Pakistani law--the executive or the courts? 7. Does the US have any obligation or liability for the criminal offense committed by its diplomatic and consular officers and employees? 8. Should the US have waived immunity in view of the seriousness of the offense? Alternatively, should Pakistan have requested such a waiver? 9. Whether and to what extent is the U.S. Consulate or government responsible or liable for the additional death of the pedestrian who was also allegedly killed by a speeding car from the US consulate which came to help? This article is intended to provide general comments on the issues raised above (except for the last issue which raises problems that have not been dealt with in this article and would need to be considered separately) in light of the information available in the public domain. Author [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a social history of the practices of parliamentary allowances and privileges in the Chilean government during the 19th and 20th centuries. The authors focus on the origins and routinization of the political practices by analyzing parliamentary debates of the time as well as the differing political passions of the parliament members--specifically, attitudes of disinterest and virtue--which led to the parliament's structure and eventual autonomy.

China's current developmental curve commenced in the 1970s. During the past 30 years, the country has experienced profound changes and its influence has become truly global. The question arises as to how China projects and manages that influence internationally. It is proposed to take a narrower look at the position of China in the international legal order through a personal reflection on some areas of legal doctrine and practice characteristic of the country's approach to international law. It is submitted that the concepts of sovereignty and the rule of law have reached a synthesis in developing that approach over the course of 30 years of practice pursuant to the reform and opening-up policy. The approach is still being perfected, however. Ultimately, the emergence of a legally adroit China can duly contribute to the rule of law at the international level, since constructive and persistent efforts in promoting that ideal can only be made with an underlying faith and belief in the ideal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juan Carlos "rejects the allegations made against him and any alleged wrongdoing by the Spanish state is denied in the strongest of terms", his lawyers said. (Bloomberg) -- Spain's former king is fighting for immunity in a U.K. court over allegations he harassed and spied on his ex-lover. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on the challenges facing Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte over his war on drugs in 2021. The International Criminal Court (ICC) announced that a full investigation into the war on drugs will be allowed. One of the cited hindrances to efforts to make Duterte and law enforcers accountable for the killing of methamphetamine dealers is the government refusal to cooperate with inquiries. Also noted is the risk posed by the 2022 elections to the immunity of Duterte.

The article discusses the perks and privileges of prime ministers in Great Britain. Also cited are the limited staff of the prime minister, the need to hire employees to do domestic duties like cooking and laundry at his/her own expense, the reasons behind the practice like frugality should start from the top leaders and politicians should be treated as normal citizens, and the need to reform the practice in order that prime ministers like incumbent Boris Johnson can focus on their job.

A personal narrative is presented which explores the author's experience of being in various Privileges and Problems.

This section offers world news briefs as of April 2019. Topics discussed include U.S. President Donald Trump's criticism of Puerto Rico's leaders after the Senate blocked billions of dollars in general disaster aid, the move by Venezuela to strip Juan Guaidó of his parliamentary immunity and the passage of a bill on abortions in Georgia.

Focuses on the criminal charges filed against Oliver North of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Information that the Civil Liberties Union has filed a brief with the federal appeals court in Washington arguing that the criminal charges against North should be dropped; Comment on North's Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination; Information that use of immunity in federal prosecutions was an innovation of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Street Act; Report that Iran-contra special prosecutor Lawrence Walsh and his staff have gone to enormous lengths to assure that their prosecution does not use any "immunized" testimony, or any evidence derived from immunized testimony.

Comments on several issues relevant to politics and business in the U.S. Passage of a bill extending the antitrust immunity already enjoyed by the federal and state governments to local governments; Unionization in the furniture industry; Recollection of a past news article on the quality of radio programs.

The article focuses on the issue concerning the immunity of public officials to any lawsuits given by the Supreme Court in the U.S. It states that such immunity allows the effective and proper administration of public affairs. Moreover, it mentions that such issue has been experienced by former U.S. President Richard Nixon about a case involving the development of the 3.4 billion dollar C-5A transport plane.

The article presents the statements from Giorgio Almirante, the chieftain of neo-Fascist Italian Social Movement (MSI) which was considered as the country's fourth biggest political party, regarding the political trial in Italy. It mentions that Almirante was stripped of his parliamentary immunity by the votes of his fellow members of the Chamber of Deputies in response against a wave of Fascist-inspired violence. It further states that Almirante will be accused of a constitutional crime of reconstituting the Fascist Party with a possible sentence of three to twelve years in prison. It also notes that Almirante blamed the Ministry of the Interior for having organized the violence of the rightist groups against them.

(Bloomberg) -- Ukraine revoked the immunity from prosecution long enjoyed by lawmakers, meeting a key campaign pledge by President Volodymyr Zelenskiy and reinforcing his corruption-busting credentials. As the new administration pushes to curb graft and improve the business climate, parliament referred a bill giving Zelenskiy more sway over the country's anti-corruption agencies to the Constitutional Court. [Extracted from the article]

Guaido allies hiding, fleeing country after botched revolt The congressmen are among about a dozen key allies of Juan Guaido, the head of the powerless National Assembly who says he is the nation's rightful president, being probed for crimes including treason and conspiracy. [Extracted from the article]

This section offers world news briefs as of April 2019 including U.S. President Donald Trump's criticism of Puerto Rico's leaders, the move by Venezuela to strip Juan Guaidó of his parliamentary immunity and the passage of a bill on abortions in Georgia.

Reports on the January 3, 1997 fatal car crash in which a Georgian diplomat was shielded from submitting to a Breathalyzer test by invoking his privilege of diplomatic immunity. Question whether the Georgian Embassy will waive Gueorgui Makharadze's protection; Explanation of the concept of diplomatic immunity; Further details of the crash; Fact that waivers in serious offenses are rare.

Looks at three incidents in the United States involving foreign diplomats shielded from prosecution. Trash from the Embassy of Guinea backing up onto the property of Washington D.C. resident; Diplomats from Russia and Belarus scuffling with New York City police; Uganda's ambassador videotaped trying to purchase weapons.

Reports that former President of Peru, Alan Garcia Perez, faces proceedings to lift his congressional immunity from prosecution on charges that he embezzled $500,000 from public coffers and evaded taxes. No certainty that Garcia will be found guilty of embezzlement.

The article focuses on the reopening of public hearings by the committee headed by Senator Sam Ervin on the investigation on the Watergate Affair involving President Richard M. Nixon in the U.S. It states that more indictments are expected to arise in relation to the Watergate office break-in and the burglary at the office of psychiatrist of Daniel Ellsberg, a Pentagon Papers defendant. It adds that the U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington will decide whether Nixon must surrender the Watergate tapes to a federal grand jury. The public hearings will take the testimonies of several persons involved in the controversy including former White House Special Counsel Charles Colson who was refused immunity by the committee.

The article reports on the success of anti-communists in Italy in winning a resolution stripping "New Ways" magazine editor Luigi Longo from parliamentary immunity for a trial before the criminal court on charges of insulting the pope by featuring a cartoon in its 1946 issue showing the pope atop a tank and a dollar sign dangling from his neck.

This article comments on the decision of the U.S. House Subcommittee on Legislative Oversight to permit financier and lawyer John Fox to testify in open hearings. It criticizes the subcommittee for giving congressional immunity to Fox since he faces several court actions. It advises the Department of Justice to check Fox's bribery allegations against officials of the U.S. Federal Trade Commission and the Securities & Exchange Commission.

The article reports on the efforts of the Armenian government against retired general Manvel Grigoryan after stored food, weapons, and other supplies were found at his home in the city of Etchmiadzin. Topics discussed include the removal of the parliamentary immunity of Grigoryan, the arrest of suspected local crime boss Artur Asatryan, and the corruption probes being instigated by the administration of Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan.

The article informs that Tashkent Capital of Uzbekistan a writer who uses the pen name Nurulloh Muhammad Raufkhon, was arrested at Tashkent airport in Uzbekistan, as of April 2018.

The article informs that the Ukrainian parliament sent a bill on lifting lawmakers' immunity from prosecution to the Constitutional Court for review. It explores ways to enacting the law is one of the three demands put forward by activists who have been protesting outside the parliament building. It mentions that the parliament, or Verkhovna Rada, also passed a landmark bill to restructure the country's fraud-prone and inefficient healthcare system.

Police seek to charge Babis over alleged misuse of EU funds Premier Babis says case is fabricated by his political rivals President Milos Zeman has promised to again name Babis as premier. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses a parliamentary vote in Czech Republic to strip Andrej Babis, an agro-industrialist and frontrunner to become prime minister, of immunity from prosecution as a member of parliament due to fraud allegations from police; and his statement to use his newspapers to attack rivals.

Eight ministers, 29 senators, 42 federal deputies and three governors face inquiries over corruption allegations following Judge Edson Fachin's decision, according to the Supreme Court website. Under Brazilian law, serving politicians are shielded from prosecution by the lower courts, but Judge Fachin's decision paves the way for criminal charges in the country's highest tribunal. [Extracted from the article]

The article reports on an appeals court's orders to block an Ethiopian American, Kidane of filling a civil suit on Ethiopia for infecting his computer with spyware to monitor his communications. Topics include the block's reason including the policies of immunity protection, and several claims by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, Kidane's representative. Other topics include several cases for Ethiopia justifying the obsoleteness of the claim.

The case involves the posting in December 2015 on Le Pen's Twitter account of images showing three hostages being murdered by Islamic State, which is also known as Daesh. The photographs were accompanied by a comment from Le Pen saying "This is Daesh!". [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the role and future of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in the Middle East after the African Union (AU) has demanded immunity of African heads of state from prosecution for international crimes and has called for the deferral of the trial of Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta by the ICC. It also discusses the process to acquire ICC jurisdiction over a particular situation. Details relating to the track record of the ICC in the Middle East are also presented.

The article discusses politics and government in Italy. A vote by the country's Senate on November 27, 2103 to expel former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi is examined, particularly how Berlusconi has lost legislative immunity from criminal prosecution, including in a case in which he has been sentenced to seven years in prison for hiring an underage prostitute.

The article informs that the issue with regards to immunity in Afghan Courts has kept the signing of a diplomatic deal between Afghanistan and the U.S. to keep the U.S. soldiers deployed in the country past 2014 at hold.

The article discusses a court case wherein several plaintiffs filed a case against the sitting President Mahinda Rajapaksa of Sri Lanka in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia based on the Torture Victim Protection Act (TVPA). The court affirmed the dismissal of the case against Rajapaksa. His immunity was suggested based on the status of Rajapaksa under Common Law. The plaintiffs have claimed that he was not immune from a civil suit under the TVPA.

The article reports that the National Assembly of South Korea has waived the parliamentary immunity of Representative Lee Seok-ki to allow his arrest on charges of plotting to overthrow the government. He will be interrogated by the National Intelligence Service (NIS). The investigation will focus on his objectives in setting up a clandestine cell called the Revolutionary Organization (RO) in his party,

The article reports on the approval by the Czech Parliament of a constitutional amendment to limit immunity enjoyed by lawmakers in 2013.

To contact the reporter on this story:Volodymyr Verbyany in Kiev at vverbyany1@bloomberg.netTo contact the editors responsible for this story:Hellmuth Tromm at htromm@bloomberg.netAndrew Langley, Tony Halpin Attribution Volodymyr Verbyany: by reporter Tony Halpin: editor Hellmuth Tromm: editor responsible Andrew Langley: editor. [Extracted from the article]

The article reports that Ponca City Independent School District lost its governmental immunity grounds against the lawsuit filed by plaintiff Troy Hasenfratz regarding the injury caused to a student while practising a stunt to be performed at the school's pep rally.

The article discusses the statements of the U.S. Supreme Court on the decision of the case Mullenix versus Luna, which deals with improper use of force. It states that the court explained that the doctrine of qualified immunity shields officials from civil liability as long as their actions do not violate established statutory or constitutional rights. It mentions that the court recognized that the law do not require officers in a dangerous situation until a suspect uses deadly weapon to act.