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This journal includes five papers: "The Co-Occurrence of Quotatives with Mimetic Performances" (Isabelle Buchstaller); "'Who Does She Think She Is?' Constraints on Autonomy in Language Teacher Education" (Anne Heller-Murphy and Joy Northcott); "Effects of Feedback on Performance: A Study of Advanced Learners on an ESP Course" (Tony Lynch and Joan Maclean); "Learner Diary Research with 'Cambridge' Examination Candidates" (Brian Parkinson, Cathy Benson, and Michael Jenkins); and "A Discussion of Language Tables from the 2000 Population Census of Mauritius" (Aaliya Rajah-Carrim). (Papers contain references.) (SM)

This collection of papers falls into three categories: stylistics, discourse analysis, and language pedagogy. The papers are: "Feedback on Writing: Attitudes and Uptake" (Kenneth Anderson, Cathy Benson, and Tony Lynch); "An Alternative View of 'Like': Its Grammaticalisation in Conversational American English and Beyond" (Isabelle Buchstaller); "Examining the Intangible Process: Lotus Screencam as an Aid to Investigating Student Writing" (Eric Glendinning, Ron Howard); "Strategy and Style in English and French Translations of Japanese Comic Books" (Peter Howell); "The Value of an Additional Native Speaker in the English Language Classroom" (Tony Lynch, Kenneth Anderson); and "'The Way to a Man's Heart': Journey and War Metaphors. Metaphors--Metaphorical Conceptualizations of the Western Romance Model in English and Spanish" (Maria Angeles Navarrete Lopez). (Papers contain references.) (SM)

This issue contains seven articles, including the following: "Dictionary, Systemicity, Motivation" (Tom Bartlett); "The Nature of the Initial State Zulu L2 Grammar and Subsequent Interlanguage Development" (Sibusisiwe Dube); "Translating the Folk" (Bryan Fletcher); "The Acquisition of the English Article System in Persian Speakers" (Ardeshir Geranpayeh); "Orwell on Language and Politics" (John Joseph); "An Evaluation of the Revised Test of English at Matriculation at the University of Edinburgh" (Tony Lynch); "Features, Cobwebs, or Clines: Towards a Possible Model of Lexical Retrieval in Bilingual Readers" (Valerie Waggot). (References appear at the end of each article.) (KFT)

Papers on applied linguistics and language pedagogy include: "Non-Exact Quantification in Slide Presentations of Medical Research" (Ron Howard); "Modality and Point of View: A Contrastive Analysis of Japanese Wartime and Peacetime Newspaper Discourse" (Noriko Iwamoto); "Classroom Transcripts and 'Noticing' in Teacher Education" (Tony Lynch); "Questions of Presentation: Evaluating Success in EAP Seminar Skills Classes" (Tony Lynch); "Butterflies in the Rain Forest? Ethnography and the Business English Student" (Jill Northcott and Gillian Brown); "Translator, Traitor, Source of Data: Translations of 'Foreign Phrases' as an Awareness-Raising Exercise" (Brian Parkinson); "To Code or Not To Code?" (Brian Parkinson, Parveen Sandhu, Manel Lacorte, Lesley Gourlay); and "Ewebuation" (Joan-Tomas Pujola). (MSE)

Papers on applied linguistics and language pedagogy include: "A Genre Analysis Study of 80 Medical Abstracts" (Kenneth Anderson, Joan Maclean); "Oral Classroom Testing in an Adult French Community Class" (Sheena Davies, Aileen Irvine, Jacqueline Larrieu); "Whose Relevance? Interpretation of Hybrid Texts by a Multiple Audience" (Katalin Egri Ku-Mesu); "Talking the Test: Using Verbal Report Data in Looking at the Process of Cloze Tasks" (Bob Gibson); "Managing Distances: Discourse Strategies of a TV Talk Show Host" (Fumi Morizumi); "Lexical Processing in Uneven Bilinguals: An Exploration of Spanish-English Activation in Form and Meaning" (Carmen Santos Maldonado); and "Japanese Learners' Acquisition and Use of the English Article System" (Toshiaki Takahashi). (MSE)

This monograph contains papers on research work in progress at the Department of Applied Linguistics and Institute for Applied Language Studies at the University of Edinburgh (Scotland). Topics addressed include general English teaching, English for Academic Purposes teaching, Modern Language teaching, and teacher education. Papers are: "Cultural Semantics in a Second-Language Text" (Carol Chan); "The Concealing and Revealing of Meaning in the Cryptic Crossword Clue" (John Cleary); "Learners' Perceptions of Factors Affecting Their Language Learning" (Giulia Dawson, Elisabeth McCulloch and Stella Peyronel); "Japanese Learners in Speaking Classes" (Eileen Dwyer and Anne Heller-Murphy); "Manipulating Reality Through Metaphorizing Processes in Wartime Reporting" (Noriko Iwamoto);"Basing Discussion Classes on Learners' Questions: An Experiment in (Non-)Course Design" (Tony Lynch); "Participant Action Plans and the Evaluation of Teachers' Courses" (Ian McGrath); "Deixis and the Dynamics of the Relationship Between Text and Reader in the Poetry of Eugenio Montale" (Rossella Riccobono); and "Constructivism, Optimality, and Language Acquisition. The Shapes We Make in Each Other's Heads" (Chris Whincop). (Contains chapter references.) (NAV)

The eight papers in this volume, prepared by staff and students of the Institute for Applied Language Studies of Edinburgh University, address a variety of issues in applied linguistics. The papers include: (1) "A Coding System for Analyzing a Spoken Database" (Joan Cutting); (2) "L2 Perceptual Acquisition: The Effect of Multilingual Linguistic Experience on the Perception of a 'Less Novel' Contrast" (Kayoko Enomoto); (3) "Peer Observation and Post-Lesson Discussion" (Sheena Davies and Brian Parkinson); (4) "Are Score Comparisons Across LP Batteries Justified?: An IELTS-TOEFL Comparability Study" (Ardeshir Geranpayeh); (5) "The University of Edinburgh Test of English at Matriculation: Validation Report" (Tony Lynch); (6) "Some Aspects of 'Foreignness' in the Pronunciation of Upper Intermediate Students of Spanish" (Carmen Santos Maldonado); (7) "Interpreting Metonymy" (Anne Pankhurst); and (8) "Measuring Synonymy as an Intra-Linguistic and Cross-Linguistic Sense Relation" (Matutin Sikogukira). Each paper is followed by a reference list. (MDM)

This study investigated interpersonal effects of regulating naturalistic facial signals on cooperation during an iterative Prisoner’s Dilemma (IPD) game. Fifty pairs of participants played ten IPD rounds across a video link then reported on their own and their partner’s expressed emotion and facial regulation in a video-cued recall (VCR) procedure. iMotions software allowed us to auto-code actors’ and partners’ facial activity following the outcome of each round. We used two-level mixed effects logistic regression to assess over-time actor and partner effects of auto-coded facial activity, self-reported facial regulation, and perceptions of the partner’s facial regulation on the actor’s subsequent cooperation. Actors were significantly less likely to cooperate when their partners had defected on the previous round. None of the lagged scores based on auto-coded facial activity were significant predictors of cooperation. However, VCR variables representing partner’s positive regulation of expressions and actor’s perception of partner’s positive regulation both significantly increased the probability of subsequent actor cooperation after controlling for prior defection. These results offer preliminary evidence about interpersonal effects of facial regulation in interactive contexts and illustrate how dynamic dyadic emotional processes can be systematically investigated in controlled settings.

Initially produced and sold from their family's garage in 1936 when Don and Ross Winton were just teenagers in high school, these figurines became the foundation for one of America's [...]

What type of emotional language spreads further in political discourses on social media? Previous research has focused on situations that primarily elicited negative emotions, showing that negative language tended to spread further. The current project extends existing knowledge by examining the spread of emotional language in response to both predominantly positive and negative political situations. In Study 1, we examined the spread of emotional language in tweets related to the winning and losing parties in the 2016 US elections, finding that increased negativity (but not positivity) predicted content sharing in both situations. In Study 2, we compared the spread of emotional language in two separate situations: the celebration of the US Supreme Court approval of same-sex marriage (positive) and the Ferguson unrest (negative), finding again that negativity spread further. These results shed light on the nature of political discourse and engagement.

The conventional solution driven approach to learning must be supplemented by a 'problem' orientated, open minded approach to investigating the whole problem and its constraints. The need and importance of communicating with working colleagues should be realized by students as professionals in their specific industrial role. Since this is difficult to obtain in a traditional educational environment, students can actively participate in the learning process through the use of 'virtual environments' that activate the real working environment.

In this article, the author focuses on examining the interpersonal effects of facial expression. It mentions facial expressions can communicate information about the person expressing them; and mentions eye gaze as an important social cue. It also mentions use of facial expressions in conversations; and presents views of Brian Parkinson of the University of Oxford, on considering emotions as subjective feelings.

The article discusses the author's experience of conducting kokako research at the forests of the North Island, New Zealand.

This article addresses the debate between emotion-expression and motive-communication approaches to facial movements, focusing on Ekman's (1972) and Fridlund's (1994) contrasting models and their historical antecedents. Available evidence suggests that the presence of others either reduces or increases facial responses, depending on the quality and strength of the emotional manipulation and on the nature of the relationship between interactants. Although both display rules and social motives provide viable explanations of audience “inhibition ” effects, some audience facilitation effects are less easily accommodated within an emotion-expression perspective. In particular emotion is not a sufficient condition for a corresponding “expression,” even discounting explicit regulation, and, apparently, “spontaneous ”facial movements may be facilitated by the presence of others. Further, there is no direct evidence that any particular facial movement provides an unambiguous expression of a specific emotion. However, information communicated by facial movements is not necessarily extrinsic to emotion. Facial movements not only transmit emotion-relevant information but also contribute to ongoing processes of emotional action in accordance with pragmatic theories.

This article focuses on the importance of Central Asia in world history. Central Asia has rarely been at the forefront of world history, thus it has been largely ignored in world history textbooks and courses, yet this interesting region has much to offer to the field of world history. Many facets of Central Asian history connect to the broader mosaic of world history. For much of its history, Central Asia has been situated at the crossroads of many civilizations, just along the Great Silk Road, tucked in between the Chinese, Europeans, Arabs and Indians. There, in the middle of these grand civilizations and cultures, Central Asia connected the Orient with the Occident, linked by economics to major patterns in world history. The Silk Route served not only as a conveyor of goods but also concepts, as Western ideas traveled eastward and Eastern philosophies and technologies filtered into the West, like Buddhism and gun powder for example. Beginning in the fifth century, there was a Turkic exodus that spread out of Mongolia into Central Asia.

This article aims to clarify the nature of the relation between cognitive appraisal and emotion. I distinguish a range of alternative possible hypotheses according to whether this appraisal—emotion connection is assumed to operate at the conceptual or empirical level, whether it is supposed to be a descriptive or causal relation, and whether it is seen as having a contingent or necessary basis. Reviewing the varieties of available evidence for connections at different levels, I find little support for empirical rather than conceptual relations or for necessary as opposed to contingent ones. Ways are suggested in which this evidence might be extended so that more substantive conclusions are possible. I contend that future progress in this research area requires tighter specification of the different kinds of appraisal process that operate during real-time emotional episodes and of their potential interactions with other aspects of the unfolding emotional syndrome. Finally, I develop an alternative perspective on appraisal—emotion relations that views appraisals as representing the message value of interpersonally directed emotions, and I suggest future directions for research based on this approach.

This study is concerned with the strategies of expressive control and interaction styles reported by trainee hairdressers. Thirty-nine young women on a Youth Training Scheme (YTS) hairdressing scheme were interviewed about their experiences of dealing with clients and asked to fill out a series of standardised personality questionnaires. Relationships between measures of expressive control, affective communication, self-consciousness, empathy, and affective intensity were investigated, and the influence of these variables on job satisfaction, general well-being, and reported level of tips was assessed using correlational analyses. Ratings of job satisfaction and general well-being were found to be significantly related to low levels of self-monitoring, and more specifically to the absence of a socially deceptive strategy of impression management. Self-ratings of emotional expressive ability and scores on a self-report cognitive/affective index of "open" interaction style together accounted for about half the variance in reported tips. These results are discussed in the context of the discourses of "putting on an act" and "opening up" which frequently arose in conversation with interviewees. Trainees apparently learn to identify with their interpersonal role during encounters with clients and come to experience the associated emotional display as "spontaneous" and "natural". Successful adjustment to the work-role implies specific strategies of emotional involvement and control.

This paper is concerned with some limitations of the vignette methodology used in contemporary appraisal research and their implications for appraisal theory. We focus on two recent studies in which emotional manipulations were achieved using textual materials, and criticise the investigators' apparent implicit assumption that participation in everyday social reality is somehow comparable to reading a story. We take issue with three related aspects of this cognitive analogy between life and its narrative representation, by arguing that emotional reactions in real life are not necessarily mediated by symbolic processes, that people are involved participants of real life rather than neutral observers, and that in real life people's evaluations and emotions are typically part of an ongoing dialogue rather than the expression of a soliloquy. Results from these studies of emotional vignettes therefore tend to overestimate the importance of constructive, abstract, and individualistic processes in the everyday causation of social emotions. In real life, people do not necessarily have to calculate, transform, or internally represent the meaning of the dynamic situation in order to make emotional sense of what is happening to them in the social world.

This study investigates the potential interactions among some of the key variables in Valins's (1966) false autonomic feedback paradigm. Subjects were shown mildly pleasant or mildly unpleasant slides of animals while they either paid attention to or ignored a continuous-tone soundtrack that increased in pitch in conjunction with half of the pictures. This soundtrack was described either as feedback of skin conductance level or as a neutral auditory stimulus. Slides associated with increased pitch were generally rated as more affectively potent (in either the positive or negative direction, depending on their initial affective valence). For pleasant slides, this effect was contingent on attention to the soundtrack, such that subjectsignoringthe sounds showed a stronger differential rating effect regardless of the meaning ascribed to the sound. For both pleasant and unpleasant slide conditions, the only subject groups showing significant rating effects were those ignoring neutrally described sound. It is argued that this pattern of results poses severe problems for a conventional attributional analysis of the “Valins effect.”

This study examines the roles played by sound track type, attention to sound track, and meaning of sound track in mediating the effects of false autonomic feedback on attractiveness ratings of erotic stimuli. Male subjects were instructed either to ignore or to pay attention to a pulsed or continuous sound track that was described either as heart-rate feedback or as a neutral auditory stimulus while slides of nude females were shown. Slides associated with a change in either the pulsed sound track or the continuous-tone sound track (increase slides) were subsequently rated as significantly more attractive than those associated with steady sound (stable slides). This effect was contingent on the meaning given to the auditory stimuli, with subjects in the “heart-rate” condition showing a stronger tendency to rate increase slides more positively than stable slides, by comparison with subjects in the “neutral sounds” condition. Within the heart-rate condition, subjects told to pay attention to the feedback showed greater rating differences between these two types of slide than those told to ignore it. This pattern of findings contrasts with those of an earlier experiment (Parkinson & Manstead, 1981), where differential unpleasantness ratings of slides of skin diseases depended on the attention paid to the sound track but not on its meaning. It is concluded that the effects of false autonomic feedback are contingent upon the kind of emotional stimuli that are presented.

Looks into management of intellectual and intra organizational conflict, and pluralism. Discussion of approaches to conflict and diversity management; Reasons why the study of social psychology is losing out; Questions for debate on the matter.

Presents the logos of several general practices in Great Britain. Description of the logos; Ideas behind the logos; Assessment on the design of the logos.

Discusses the role of logo in general practice. Primary function of logo to traders; Rationale behind the rebranding initiative of the National Health Service of Great Britain; Factors to consider in designing a logo.

"World History: Cultures, States, and Societies to 1500 offers a comprehensive introduction to the history of humankind from prehistory to 1500. Authored by six USG faculty members with advance degrees in History, this textbook offers up-to-date original scholarship. It covers such cultures, states, and societies as Ancient Mesopotamia, Ancient Israel, Dynastic Egypt, India's Classical Age, the Dynasties of China, Archaic Greece, the Roman Empire, Islam, Medieval Africa, the Americas, and the Khanates of Central Asia. It includes 350 high-quality images and maps, chronologies, and learning questions to help guide student learning. Its digital nature allows students to follow links to applicable sources and videos, expanding their educational experience beyond the textbook."--BC Campus website.