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La fibrose pulmonaire idiopathique (FPI) est une fibrose progressive léthale due à une réparation tissulaire excessive par les myofibroblastes. L’hypothèse physiopathologique est qu’une communication intercellulaire anormale entre les cellules pulmonaires active ces derniers. Les vésicules extracellulaires (EVs), mode de communication intercellulaire, ont un rôle activateur des mécanismes fibrosants. Les protéines de choc thermique (HSPs) sont produites durant la FPI et peuvent être secrétées et transportées par les EVs. Des EVs s’accumulent dans les LBA de patients avec FPI comparés à des patients contrôles. Ces patients présentent aussi des niveaux d’HSP90α circulant plus élevés. Notre objectif est de déterminer si HSP90α est transporté par des EVs durant la fibrose et pourrait représenter une cible thérapeutique dans la FPI.

L’asthme reste sévère et mal contrôlé pour 4 % des patients. L’identification de multiples mécanismes physiopathologiques a permis l’essor de biomédicaments, désormais au nombre de 5 disponibles en France, avec un profil de sécurité plutôt rassurant mais restant encore incertain devant le manque de recul en vraie vie pour les nouvelles molécules.

The potential of a fracture mechanics approach (Essential Work of Fracture or EWF method) to determine the toughness of PE/PEgMAH/PA multilayer films has been investigated. The films had been modified either by blending EVA in the PE and PEgMAH layers or by inserting clay nanoparticles in the PA layer. The method was first calibrated on PE and PA single layer films.An analysis of the sensitivity of the toughness, assessed by the EWF method, to both sample geometry and test conditions has been carried out, so as to optimise the testing procedure for these materials. Then these optimal test conditions have been used to characterise PE- and PA-based multilayer films. The results show that the Essential Work of Fracture method is relevant for this type of structure, and may be more sensitive to the film composition variations than standard tensile mechanical tests, especially when the composition modification affects the layer of lowest rigidity and tensile strength.

The second part of this series shows that the incorporation of EVA in the tie layer of extrusion blow‐molded three‐layer (PE/binder/PA) improves the adhesion properties, while reducing the film cost by 6% and preserving the performances previously (Part I) obtained by addition of EVA in the PE layer only, such as optimal improved seal ability, optical properties, and satisfactory mechanical properties. The improvement of adhesion between the binder and the PA layers could be related to a modification of the type and the density of the intermolecular interactions between binder, PA, and EVA. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2006

The optimization of three‐layer films (PE/binder/PA) manufactured by extrusion blow molding presents significant industrial challenges. The main issue consists in combining use properties (e.g., impermeability to water steam and oxygen, welding properties) with high mechanical, optical, and adhesion performances, while maintaining cost‐effectiveness. This article shows that the introduction of EVA in the PE layer improves the heat sealing ability and optical properties without degradation of the mechanical and adhesion performances. In the most favorable case, this modification leads to a 40% reduction of the heat sealing time, the other performances remaining either identical or higher. This leads to cost reduction of this manufacturing step while improving the flexibility of the process (wider process temperature window). The properties modifications observed can be explained by microstructure modifications (crystallinity, orientation, and molecular mobility). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 974–985, 2006

A protocol for plant regeneration of tetraploid tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea v. glaucescens 2n=4x=28) from cell suspension cultures is described. Calluses were induced from the basal part of youngest leaves and used for initiation of suspension cultures. Fast growing cell suspension cultures were established and, when plated onto agar-solidified medium, developed calluses which formed shoots and finally regenerated into whole plants.

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The HCV NS5B RNA dependent RNA polymerase plays an essential role in viral replication. The discovery of a novel class of inhibitors based on an N,N-disubstituted phenylalanine scaffold and structure−activity relationships studies to improve potency are described.