Nicholas, Adeline K., Serra, Eva G., Cangul, Hakan, Alyaarubi, Saif, Ullah, Irfan, Schoenmakers, Erik, Deeb, Asma, Habeb, Abdelhadi M., Almaghamsi, Mohammad, Peters, Catherine, Nathwani, Nisha, Aycan, Zehra, Saglam, Halil, Bober, Ece, Dattani, Mehul, Shenoy, Savitha, Murray, Philip G., Babiker, Amir, Willemsen, Ruben, Thankamony, Ajay, Lyons, Greta, Irwin, Rachael, Padidela, Raja, Tharian, Kavitha, Davies, Justin H., Puthi, Vijith, Park, Soo-Mi, Massoud, Ahmed F., Gregory, John W., Albanese, Assunta, Pease-Gevers, Evelien, Martin, Howard, Brugger, Kim, Maher, Eamonn R., Chatterjee, V. Krishna K., Anderson, Carl A., and Schoenmakers, Nadia
Context:Lower TSH screening cutoffs have doubled the ascertainment of congenital hypothyroidism (CH), particularly cases with a eutopically located gland-in-situ (GIS). Although mutations in known dyshormonogenesis genes or TSHRunderlie some cases of CH with GIS, systematic screening of these eight genes has not previously been undertaken.Objective:Our objective was to evaluate the contribution and molecular spectrum of mutations in eight known causative genes (TG, TPO, DUOX2, DUOXA2, SLC5A5, SLC26A4, IYD,and TSHR) in CH cases with GIS.Patients, Design, and Setting:We screened 49 CH cases with GIS from 34 ethnically diverse families, using next-generation sequencing. Pathogenicity of novel mutations was assessed in silico.Results:Twenty-nine cases harbored likely disease-causing mutations. Monogenic defects (19 cases) most commonly involved TG(12), TPO(four), DUOX2(two), and TSHR(one). Ten cases harbored triallelic (digenic) mutations: TGand TPO(one); SLC26A4and TPO(three), and DUOX2and TG(six cases). Novel variants overall included 15 TG, six TPO, and three DUOX2mutations. Genetic basis was not ascertained in 20 patients, including 14 familial cases.Conclusions:The etiology of CH with GIS remains elusive, with only 59% attributable to mutations in TSHRor known dyshormonogenesis-associated genes in a cohort enriched for familial cases. Biallelic TGor TPOmutations most commonly underlie severe CH. Triallelic defects are frequent, mandating future segregation studies in larger kindreds to assess their contribution to variable phenotype. A high proportion (∼41%) of unsolved or ambiguous cases suggests novel genetic etiologies that remain to be elucidated.