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ABSTRACTIntroductionAlthough immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer treatment, the consequential over activation of the immune system is often complicated by adverse events that can affect several organs and systems, including the nervous system. The precise pathophysiology underlying neurological irAEs (n-irAEs) is not completely known. Around 3.8% of patients receiving anti‐CTLA‐4 agents, 6.1% of patients receiving anti‐PD‐1/PD-L1, and 12% of patients receiving combination therapies have n-irAEs. Most n-irAEs are low-grade, while severe toxicities have rarely been reported. in this article, we performed an updated literature search on immuno-related neurotoxicity on main medical research database, from February 2017 to December 2023.Areas coveredWe have also compared the latest national and international guidelines on n-irAEs management with each other in order to better define patient management.Expert opinionA multidisciplinary approach appears necessary in the management of oncological patients during immunotherapy. Therefore, in order to better manage these toxicities, we believe that it is essential to collaborate with neurologists specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of n-irAEs, and that a global neurological assessment, both central and peripheral, is necessary before starting immunotherapy, with regular reassessment during treatment.

differential drive vehicles are an integral of industrial operations, where precise control is essential for safety and efficiency. These vehicles often employ encoders for precise maneuvering through closed-loop control. In this scenario, system failures can result in uncontrolled movements, posing significant risks to human operators.

The 100 largest companies in the world are ranked according to the degree of respect they get from money managers. Apple Corp. is the highest-ranked company, while Citigroup is at the bottom of the list.

The shares of General Motors suits bold investors who hope to double their money but can afford to lose it all with the almost 100 year old company. Worries about the company's performance obscures improvements that are already evident and the company's robust performance in overseas markets and their embrace of green technology.

A study on market share of General Electric Co. with relation to demand for its goods and services is presented.

An annual survey identifies American companies Johnson & Johnson, General Electric (GE) and Procter & Gamble (P&G) as the world's most respected top three companies. The survey rated companies on the basis of strong management, sound business strategy, consistent sales and profit growth, ethical business practices and competitive edge.

Share prices in the US staged an impressive, five-day rally in restrained trading after mid-August 2006, mainly on the sentiment that the Federal Reserve had paused and perhaps would not raise interest rates further. However, although stocks rose smartly on the surface, trading volumes remained low, suggesting there was little real confidence among investors, and analysts believe that the bearish sentiment was stronger than it looked.

The new third-generation (3G) mobile phones have induced a kind of mass hysteria among telecom operators, with faster data-transmission speeds, enabling video calls and Internet access. Among the 16 million current 3G/WCDMA users globally, about half are at Japan's NTT DoCoMo (DCM), 6.5 million at Hutchison 3 and an additional 1.5 million across various operators.

Overbuilding in the east after the Germany's reunification has made the German property market gloomy with high unemployment, lack of wage growth, and poor consumer confidence putting the sales down. John Bennett, Global Asset Management fund manager states that continued trawling for value by vulture funds and introduction of real-estate investment trust are the two things, which are going to be the catalyst for improvement.

The stock market in the fourth quarter of 2004 opened with a disappointing performance in the third quarter due to geopolitical concerns, high oil pries and reduced earnings growth. David Kovacs, portfolio manager at Turner Investments reported that the quarter would open with cheaper valuation and low bond yields in the stock market and earnings might be negative.

A unique stock ranking grades how well the 500 biggest publicly traded US and Canadian companies have performed for investors. The exercise aims to identify how well management worked a firm's assets to generate real cash returns and whether the company grew its assets and revenues without the benefit of financial engineering.

Shares of luxury-goods from LVMH, Richemont, Gucci, Hermes, Bulgari, Coach and Tiffany, have outrun the broad market share as the investors anticipate a healthy sales pickup in 2004. The causes for the rise in shares are improved global GDP growth, increased consumer confidence, increased global travel and tourism and strong yen.

Managed-care services company Coventry, Health Care, pharmacy benefits manager AdvancePCS, and the biotechnology firm Amgen head the class of 2003, the companies that are outperforming their sectors and forecasts by the widest margin.

Five hundred companies are rated by their performance for investors. The evaluative model has four criteria: stock market performance, keyed to the Standard and Poor's 500; median cash flow return-on-investment (CFROI) for the previous three fiscal years; CFROI growth forecasted for the current year; and changes in revenue for the most recent fiscal year. Consumer electronics retailer Best Buy, pharmacy benefits manager AdvancePCS, and food wholesaler Performance Foods top the list.

A panel of experts on the European economy discuss prospects for recovery in the equities bear market that has plagued Europe throughout 2001, and worsening in the weeks following the World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks.

Revenues, not capitalization, are more heavily weighted in the 3rd annual Barron's 500 ranking of the 500 largest US firms. Quest Diagnostics tops the list, followed by Household International, Pfizer, General Dynamics, and Jones Apparel.

US stock markets rallied in the second week of December 2010, bringing them near their highs for 2010. The shares of Wells Fargo could gain value if the company's earnings turn out to be greater than the market consensus. The Van Eck Rare Earth/Strategic Metals exchange traded fund appears overvalued.

The stock market could have been spurred by the Tea Party's good showing at the U.S. primary election. The effect of a dividend to a stock's long-term return, the prospects of defense stocks and the shares of software company Logmein are discussed.

Western investors have negative ideas about Africa but the regionEs banks have not needed a bailout, no large company has closed and it has no accounting scandals. Investment executives give their picks of attractive African companies.

Ten European stocks are tipped to rise due to their strong growth prospects and relatively cheap share value. These companies are less exposed to sovereign debt issues in Europe due to their strong sales in the US and other markets.

US stock markets rose to 19-month highs, approaching the levels they were trading at in September 2008. The shares of Life Time Fitness and BJ's Restaurant appear overpriced as they trade well above market price/earnings ratios.

US stock markets recorded small losses despite the arrival of US economic data indicating that an economic recovery is weakening. The stocks of US petroleum refiners have underperformed due to higher oil prices and a drop in demand. The shares of McDermott International could benefit from a spinoff and subsequent sale of its components J. Ray McDermott and Babcock & Wilcox.

US stock markets fell slightly after investors expressed doubts over revenue growth prospects and earnings comparisons. The shares of Verizon Communications are poised for strong gains due to strong cash flow and subscriber growth as well as the increasing popularity of smart phones. The share prices of regional banks could rise as the US economy strengthens.

Stocks that pay high dividends and thus ensure steady investment income for retirees are described. These include Banco Santander, Chevron, Intel, Johnson & Johnson, McDonald's, Nestle, Novartis, PepsiCo, Procter & Gamble, and Verizon Communications.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average rose 2.5 percent or 247 points for the week ending November 13, 2009 and one investment officer believes that the market's inertia has support unless there are widespread data to cause investors to change their outlook. The shares of FMC have lagged but the company could benefit from a big rebound in U.S. economic growth.

Stocks of J.M. Smuckers has not fully participated with the market rally due to peanut product recalls that hurt sales of related product and lower guidance for the fiscal year which ended April 2009. Return on equity at some big pharmaceutical companies was driven by lower shareholder equity. Highlights of the U.S. stock market for the week ending May 29, 2009 are discussed.

US stock markets are expected to move sideways during the 15-week summer of 2009, hitting a peak around the Fourth of July holiday. Corporate profits are projected to continue being driven by cost reductions instead of sales growth. The pension funds of many companies are being hurt by massive declines in their share prices.

Matthew McCormick, portfolio manager and banking analyst at Bahl & Gaynor Investment Counsel, favors the stocks of companies showing steady earnings growth. His firm also favors companies that maintain or increase dividends regardless of the economic environment.

ABSTRACTMonoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) represents the pre-clinical stage of Multiple Myeloma (MM) with the 5% of MGUS progresses to MM. Although the progression from MGUS to MM has not been completely characterized, it is possible to monitor the DNA modifications of patients diagnosed with MGUS to detect early specific genomic abnormalities, including copy number variations (CNV). The CNVs of chromosome 1q and chromosome 13q are associated with a worse prognosis in MM.In the present study, we showed that it is possible to monitor the 1q21 gain and 13q deletion frequencies in gDNA using digital PCR. The CNV analysis of three cell lines with a well-characterized cytogenetic profile were compared with measures performed by a real-time PCR approach and with a digital PCR approach. Then, we analyzed CNVs in CD138+plasma cells isolated from bone marrow of MGUS and MM patients.Our results show that digital PCR and targeted DNA monitoring represent a specific and accurate technique for the early detection of specific genomic abnormalities both in MM and in MGUS patients.Our results could represent a remarkable advancement in MM and MGUS diagnosis and in CNV analysis for the evaluation of the risk of progression from MGUS to MM.

Stocks rebounded by around six percent after news that Timothy Geithner would be nominated to be the new U.S. Treasury secretary. Citigroup's shares finished at around 3.77 as it suffers from continuing fears as to their ability to cover possible losses on so-called 'toxic' assets. New stock buybacks slipped almost 90 percent for the 10 days ended Nov. 19, 2008 from the Nov. to Dec. 2007 figures.

Connecticut-based mutual fund Sound Shore Management's stock prices have managed to stay afloat amid the United States economic downturn. The company has focused on a value-investment strategy. Comments from executives are also presented.

Porsche's battle to control Volkswagen hinges on further decisions by the courts on the VW law that gives the Lower Saxony state veto power on major moves by virtue of its 20.3 percent stake in Volkswagen. VW chairman Ferdinand Piech also present another obstacle to Porsche's plan since Piech is reportedly wary of Porsche CEO Wendelin Wiedeking's plans to boost VW's efficiency.

The continuing depreciation of crude prices and other commodities are not helping the stock market's performance since investors are coming to the conclusion that economic problems go deeper than a spike in oil prices. Precision Castparts shares have fallen along with its customers like Boeing and other airlines but this drop looks overdone given the companyEs long-term prospects. Some banking stocks that could provide exposure for investors to financial stocks are provided.

US stock markets have formally entered the bear market after the Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped 20% from its high as of June 2008. Investors remain uncertain as to how long the bear market will persist, especially with the US economy on the edge of recession.

Financial stocks are largely responsible for the poor US stock market performance in the fourth quarter of 2007. Investors are advised to avoid investing in shares of Washington Mutual because of uncertainty over its exposure in the subprime loans crisis; oil stocks look more attractive.

The U.S. stock market slid after hopes for a .50 points interest rate cut were dashed after the Federal Reserve Board cut the interest rate by just .25 points. The shares of LCA-Vision slipped to around $16 per share from over $50 in July, 20076 as investors worry about the company's earnings visibility for 2008.

No further bad news on the financial crisis and expectations of another rate cut from the Federal Reserve Board boosted the U.S. stock market. Various utility-stock indexes are making all-time highs as investors buy these shares when overall interest rates are low and when they're averse to making bets on a cyclical upturn. Home builders are the worst performers in the S7P 500 index since July, 2005 but this sector historically tends to bottom way ahead of the trough.

A better U.S. economy could likely trigger Harley-Davidson's shares to take off from its current depressed state. The company is trading at price to earnings rations lower than the S&P 500 but the company has better long-term growth ands stronger cash flow than the average company in the S&P 500.

Stocks managed to close higher for the week despite confusing economic news hitting the market. Standard & Poor's 500 companies are expected to exceed earnings estimates despite many of its companies registering earnings below expectations. Shares of RR Donnelley and Sons have been excluded from the market gains of the past months, making the stock undervalued.

The fall in unemployment rate, rise in investments and recovery of stock market after a steep fall in the United States are discussed.

The views of financial analysts, on the estimates of earnings on the stocks of technology firms are presented.

Increased mergers and acquisitions in European markets which are likely to continue in 2007 are discussed.

The reactions of the stock market to information about prospective mergers and acquisitions of companies in differtn sectors of the industry are described.

The reduction in the stocks of manufacturing industry with relation to insider selling is presented.

The impacts of the 2006 general elections on economic conditions and the stock market are examined, focusing on gains the Democratic Party made in Congress. Concerns regarding a recession remain.

Stephen Peak, a portfolio manager of Henderson's European Focus fund has helped the fund to finish in the top 5 in U.S. dollar returns among actively managed European regional funds, as of July 2005. He was successful due to his ability to judiciously pick the 'growth' company sellings at value-like price.

Barron's 500, a unique stock ranking that grades the performance of the 500 US and Canadian companies by sales, uses calculations made by CSFB HOLT, a unit of Credit Suisse Group that consults for institutional investors and corporate managements. Highest honor for the year 2005 went to UnitedHealth Group, a national provider of health-benefit services while the runner-up went to Caremark Rx, which is a Nashville-based pharmacy-benefit manager.

The train bombing in Madrid lowered the European stock markets. The investor rotation out of cyclical sectors such as autos and chemicals and into defensive issues like utilities and foods has people wondering if the rally is changing leadership.

The historic Northeast power blackout further weakened already light trading volumes for the week ended August 15, 2003, but Wall Street firms and exchanges used backup systems to keep floors open. The Dow Jones Industrial, Standard and Poor's 500, and Nasdaq Composite indexes gained 1.4%, 1.3%, and 3.5% respectively.