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Introduction: There were controversial opinions on the use of bivalirudin versus heparin for anticoagulant therapy in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The aim of our present study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of bivalirudin versus heparin for the maintenance of systemic anticoagulation during adult veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-V ECMO).Methods: Adult patients who received V-V ECMO support in our center between February 2018and February 2022 were retrospectively recruited. We analyzed their ECMO support time, platelet count, coagulation indicators, blood product infusion volume, the incidence of thrombosis and bleeding, probability of successful weaning of ECMO, and in-hospital mortality.Results: A total of 58 patients received V-V ECMO support. Thirty-four patients were finally included according to the exclusion and inclusion criteria, 14 and 20 accepted bivalirudin and heparin for anticoagulant therapy, respectively. The Minimum platelet value (98.50 × 109/L (85.50, 123.75) vs 49.50 × 109/L (31.25, 83.00), p= 0.002) and mean platelet value (149.90 × 109/L (127.40, 164.80) vs 74.55 × 109/L (62.45, 131.60), p= 0.03) and the ratio of successful weaning of ECMO (92.8% vs 60.0%, p= 0.033) in bivalirudin group were significantly higher than those in heparin group. The red blood cell infusion volume (7.00 U (3.00, 13.25) vs 13.75 U (7.25, 22.63), p= 0.039), platelet infusion volume (0.00 mL (0.00, 75.00) vs 300 mL (0.00, 825.00), p= 0.027), and the incidence of major bleeding (0.00% vs 30%, p= 0.024) in bivalirudin group were significantly lower than those in heparin group.Conclusions: In V-V ECMO-supported adult patients, systemic anticoagulation with bivalirudin has achieved the same anticoagulation targets as heparin with less frequency of major bleeding events and lower requirement for blood products without significantly increased risk of thrombosis. Bivalirudin most likely is a safe and effective anticoagulation method for adult patients supported by V-V ECMO.

The influences of the carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N) on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of activated sludge were investigated in four laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors using three- dimensional excitation–emission matrix (3D-EEM) with fluorescence regional integration (FRI). When the C/N ratio increased from 0 to 15, the polysaccharide (PS), protein (PN), and nuclei acid (NA) contents of tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) increased, the PS, PN, and NA contents in LB-EPS at the C/N ratio of 0 obviously higher than the C/N ratio of 5, 10, and 15. According to FRI, the C/N ratio had a significant impact on Regions III, IV, and V of EPS, Region V (34%~63%) was the dominant fraction in both types of EPS fractions and TB-EPS and LB-EPS contained similar functional groups, furthermore, the percent fluorescence response (Pi,n) of humic acid in TB-EPS was dramatically lower than LB-EPS. Meanwhile, a significant decrease of soluble microbial by-product of EPS after nitrification was obtained.