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Deep tropical oceanic convection (TOC) is a prevailing component of the tropical atmosphere and plays a significant role in modulating global weather and climate. Despite its importance, prediction challenges remain, partly attributed to a lack of understanding of how TOC relates to its near‐storm environments. Prior studies suggest location‐dependent relationships between TOC structure and associated environments, necessitating targeted regional studies. The NASA 2017 Convective Processes Experiment (CPEX) and 2021 CPEX—Aerosols & Winds (CPEX‐AW) field campaigns collected high‐resolution measurements of convective storms and their environments in the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and western Atlantic basins, providing a rare opportunity to investigate near‐storm environmental relationships with 3‐D TOC structure where in situ non‐tropical cyclone‐related deep TOC research is comparatively lacking. Collocated CPEX and CPEX‐AW airborne observations from the multi‐wavelength Airborne Precipitation Radar, Doppler Aerosol Wind Lidar, and dropsondes revealed large near‐storm environmental variability across TOC of similar convective type (i.e., isolated, organized) and within individual convective systems. However, trends still emerged amongst the large environmental variability. Horizontal TOC structure was most consistently linked to planetary boundary layer and mid‐tropospheric near‐storm environments, with organized TOC being associated with generally greater relative humidity (RH) and vertical speed shear than isolated TOC. TOC intensity was linked to upper tropospheric (i.e., above melting level) near‐storm environments, with isolated TOC intensity most consistently associated with upper tropospheric CAPE and organized TOC intensity associated with upper tropospheric RH. Mesoscale low‐level convergence was also linked to greater organized TOC intensity, motivating further research using these unique data sets. Thunderstorms are a common occurrence in the tropics and influence Earth's weather and climate. Predicting tropical thunderstorms remains challenging, partly due to an incomplete understanding of how atmospheric moisture and winds relate to tropical thunderstorm structure and strength. Prior studies suggest these environmental relationships are dependent on location in the tropics, thereby necessitating focused regional studies. This study helps address a notable regional research gap in the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and western Atlantic basins, using rare, high‐resolution radar and lidar measurements of tropical thunderstorms and their environments from the NASA 2017 Convective Processes Experiment (CPEX) and 2021 CPEX—Aerosols & Winds (CPEX‐AW) field campaigns. Analysis of these uniquely collocated data sets links larger tropical thunderstorm structures to greater atmospheric moisture and wind shear, especially in the lower and middle troposphere. Meanwhile, stronger tropical thunderstorms were most consistently associated with greater upper tropospheric buoyancy and moisture, along with stronger localized ascent of air near the ocean surface. The results of this study offer insight into how atmospheric moisture and winds influence the structure and strength of tropical thunderstorms, while also providing necessary guidance for improving the prediction and representation of tropical thunderstorms in global weather and climate models. Relative humidity (RH) and bulk wind shear below the melting level were generally greater for multi‐ versus single‐core convectionSingle‐ and multi‐core convective intensity were most linked to greater CAPE and RH above the melting level, respectivelyGreater peak mesoscale low‐level convergence likely promoted more intense tropical oceanic precipitation Relative humidity (RH) and bulk wind shear below the melting level were generally greater for multi‐ versus single‐core convection Single‐ and multi‐core convective intensity were most linked to greater CAPE and RH above the melting level, respectively Greater peak mesoscale low‐level convergence likely promoted more intense tropical oceanic precipitation

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Evolution of precipitation structures are simulated and compared with radar observations for the November Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) event during the DYNAmics of the MJO (DYNAMO) field campaign. Three ground‐based, ship‐borne, and spaceborne precipitation radars and three cloud‐resolving models (CRMs) driven by observed large‐scale forcing are used to study precipitation structures at different locations over the central equatorial Indian Ocean. Convective strength is represented by 0‐dBZ echo‐top heights, and convective organization by contiguous 17‐dBZ areas. The multi‐radar and multi‐model framework allows for more stringent model validations. The emphasis is on testing models' ability to simulate subtle differences observed at different radar sites when the MJO event passed through. The results show that CRMs forced by site‐specific large‐scale forcing can reproduce not only common features in cloud populations but also subtle variations observed by different radars. The comparisons also revealed common deficiencies in CRM simulations where they underestimate radar echo‐top heights for the strongest convection within large, organized precipitation features. Cross validations with multiple radars and models also enable quantitative comparisons in CRM sensitivity studies using different large‐scale forcing, microphysical schemes and parameters, resolutions, and domain sizes. In terms of radar echo‐top height temporal variations, many model sensitivity tests have better correlations than radar/model comparisons, indicating robustness in model performance on this aspect. It is further shown that well‐validated model simulations could be used to constrain uncertainties in observed echo‐top heights when the low‐resolution surveillance scanning strategy is used. Multiradar observations allow stringent multimodel comparisons and validation for precipitation structures during an MJO event in the Indian OceanCloud‐resolving models constrained by site‐specific‐observed large‐scale forcing can reproduce temporal and spatial variations of radar echo‐top heightsThe multiradar, multimodel framework also benefits quantitative sensitivity studies to highlight common model strength and weakness

Correlational evidence links attachment insecurity (attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance) to depression and anxiety, but the causal directions of these relationships remain unspecified. Our aim (Study 1, N= 144) was to prime attachment anxiety and avoidance and test causal relationships between these attachment patterns and depressed and anxious mood. Attachment anxious-primed participants reported higher depressed mood than secure-primed participants. Furthermore, avoidant-primed and anxious-primed participants reported higher anxious mood compared with secure-primed participants. In Study 2 (N= 81) we tested the effectiveness of repeatedly priming attachment security (versus a neutral prime), in the laboratory and via texts, on improving depressed and anxious mood. Secure-primed (compared with neutral-primed) participants reported less anxious mood postprime and one day later. Repeated secure-primed (compared with neutral) participants reported marginally less depressed mood postprime and one day later. Discussion considers possible clinical implications for repeated security priming.

Crying is a powerful solicitation of caregiving, yet little is known about the cognitive processes underpinning caring responses to crying others. This study examined (1) whether crying (compared to sad and happy) faces differentially elicited semantic activation of caregiving, and (2) whether individual differences in cognitive and emotional empathy moderated this activation. Ninety participants completed a lexical decision task in which caregiving, neutral, and nonwords were presented after subliminal exposure (24 ms) to crying, sad, and happy faces. Individuals low in cognitive empathy had slower reaction times to caregiving (vs. neutral) words after exposure to crying faces, but not after sad or happy faces. Results are discussed with respect to the role of empathy in response to crying others.

PTH‐related peptide (PTHrP) is found in all milks, including human and pig. To define a role for PTHrP in milk, 2‐day‐old piglets were randomized to receive soy formula devoid of PTHrP or supplemented with 1 nM synthetic PTHrP(1–86) (n= 8 per group). The number of serum samples with detectable PTHrP by immunoassay (Incstar) and radiometric assay (Nichols) was 9 of 33 and 3 of 13 in PTHrP−and 8 of 27 and 3 of 15 in PTHrP+formula‐fed piglets and 8 of 14 and 7 of 12 in naturally suckling piglets, respectively. Serum and urine concentrations of calcium and magnesium and total and bone alkaline phosphatase were similar in both groups at 3, 6, 10, and 17 days of age. No differences were seen in bone mineral content of the tibia measured by single‐photon absorptiometry (BMC 0.22 + 0.06 and 0.22 + 0.10) or dual x‐ray absorption (BMC 1.43 + 0.36 and 1.31 + 0.78) either in vivo or on excised bone or by measurement of Ca, Mg, or P content or total bone ash (1.26 + 0.26 and 1.38 + 0.28 mg). Intestinal histology, serum intestinal alkaline phosphatase, and net absorption and retention of Ca, Mg, and P in balances from age 11–17 days were all similar. As in humans, however, a developmental pattern was seen for phosphorus regulation in both groups. Serum phosphorus (mg/dl) increased between day 3 and days 6 and 10 of age and then fell to published values for 8‐week‐old suckling pigs at day 17 associated with an increase in urine phosphorus and cyclic AMP excretion. The rise in serum phosphorus from 3 to 6 days was suggestively attenuated in the piglets receiving PTHrP (4.6 + 1.5 in –PTHrP and 2.6 + 1.3 in +PTHrP; p= 0.02 by nonpaired t‐test, ANOVA for treatment effect p= 0.14). Thus, although a suggestive early effect of milk PTHrP on phosphorus regulation may be present before the development of full responsiveness to endogenous PTH, no effects could be demonstrated on mineral absorption, renal regulation, or bone mineralization. Because the synthetic PTHrP studied was only 1–86 amino acids, an effect of more distal, carboxyl‐terminal, peptides cannot be excluded.

ABSTRACTBackground: Political violence and constraints on liberty of movement can have consequences for health and well-being but affect individuals differently.Objective: In three Palestinian samples, we sought to examine the relationship between key environmental and psychological factors and general and mental health, including the previously unexplored roles of constraints to liberty of movement and attachment orientation.Method: Participants (N= 519) in the Occupied Palestinian Territories and Jordan completed questionnaires on constraints to liberty of movement, attachment insecurity, resource loss, experience of political violence , demographics, general healthdepression, and anxiety. All measures were translated from English to Arabic and back-translated into English.Results: Findings from regression and mediation analyses indicated that (1) differences in general and mental health among Palestinians in the Occupied Palestinian Territories and the diaspora in Jordan can be explained by the assessed constructs; (2) constraints to liberty of movement, attachment avoidance, and resource loss significantly accounted for poor general health; (3) constraints to liberty of movement, attachment anxiety, and resource loss significantly explained general anxiety symptoms; and (4) attachment anxiety, resource loss, and experience of political violence significantly explained depression symptoms.Conclusion: The findings have theory-building implications for psychological models of human flourishing and suffering, suggesting that they are incomplete without consideration of liberty as a context, as well as implications for policymakers and champions of global health initiatives, as they highlight the psychological effects of constraints to liberty of movement on health.

One critical bottleneck in developing and evaluating ways to represent the mesoscale organization of convection in cumulus parameterization schemes is that there is no single accepted method of objectively quantifying the degree of convective organization or clustering from observations. This study addresses this need using high‐quality S‐PolKa radar data from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Madden‐Julian Oscillation Investigation Experiment/Dynamics of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (AMIE/DYNAMO) field campaign. We first identify convective elements (contiguous convective echoes [CCEs]) from radar reflectivity observations using the rain type classification algorithm of Powell et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH‐D‐15‐0135.1). Then we apply scalar clustering metrics, including the organization index (Iorg) of Tompkins and Semie, to the radar CCEs to test their ability of quantifying convective clustering during the observed two‐day rain episodes. Our results show two distinct phases of convective clustering during the two‐day rain episodes, with each phase covering about 10 hr before (Phase 1) and after (Phase 2) the time of peak rain rate. In Phase 1 clustering, the number of CCEs increases and convective cells cluster as new cells form preferentially near existing convective entities. The number of CCEs decreases as the environment stabilizes in Phase 2 clustering, during which already clustered cells with associated stratiform clouds are preferred over the isolated ones. Iorgis capable of capturing convective clustering in both phases. The possible mechanisms for convective clustering are discussed, including cold pool‐updraft feedback, moisture‐convection interaction, and mesoscale circulations. Our results suggest that parameterizations of convective organization should represent the feedback processes that are responsible for the convective clustering during both phases. Objective scalar metrics designed to quantify degrees of clustering are applied to the AMIE/DYNAMO ground‐based radar observationsThe AMIE/DYNAMO two‐day rain events feature two distinct phases of convective clusteringThe metric based on nearest‐neighbor distance of convective entities is skillful in capturing both phases of convective clustering

Reports on the complexity of employee attendance, benefit and leave under the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA). Application of the FMLA; Scope of FMLA leave; Role of Wage and Hour Division of the Department of Labor in the enforcement of act; Areas of concern in the leave of absence issue.