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AbstractThe emotional control monoamines neurotransmitter catecholamine group of chemicals is dopamine. It has been described and recognized that a lack of dopamine containing neurons contributes to neurological issues, such as Parkinsonism. Due to the incapability of dopamine HCl to cross the blood brain barrier, the advanced novel drug delivery of dopamine HCl is performed in the form of nano structure lipid carrier system (NLC-DOPA) to bypass the blood brain barrier using intranasal route of administration with improved compliance bioavailability and less side effect. The NLC-DOPA was prepared by the high pressure homogenizer ultra-probe sonicator and characterized by the particle size analyzer, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The determination of dopamine hydrochloride in formulation was evaluated by drug entrapment efficiency further it is validated by analytical method development using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with C18 ODS column and 0.05 M KH2PO4buffer pH 2.5 and Methanol (90:10) along with retention time 4.872 min at 280 nm wavelength. The method was validated for dopamine HCl in formulation with linearity, precision and recovery analysis. The study was shown that method was easy, rapid, accurate, specific and precise for quality analysis of dopamine HCl in NLC-DOPA formulation. The validated method of HPLC was further used for the biological application in term of the pharmacokinetic study to find out the concentration of drug in blood as well as brain. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with help of the software PK solver 2.0 to determine the maximum concentration (Cmax), Maximum time (Tmax), Elimination half life (t1/2), Area under the curve (AUC0-t), volume of distribution (Vz/F_obs) and Clearance (Cl/F_obs) of all groups of animals (n=3). The study showed that the NLC-DOPA was producing a sustained and controlled release in appropriate amount of drug through intranasal bypass delivery into brain.

Osteoporosis is a chronic, progressive bone condition that is most prevalent in postmenopausal women and the elderly population. An imbalance in the natural bone remodeling process, which is involved in the formation of bone and resorption, is responsible for osteoporosis, leading to bone fragility. It shows no clinical manifestation until a fracture takes place. Osteoporosis is a global epidemic that reduces the quality of life, increases the chances of disabilities, and adds on a huge financial load. Early diagnosis and treatment can help in preventing the disease. Several drug regimens are used in treating the condition; however, the drugs are accompanied by several adverse effects. Nutraceuticals, like herbs, minerals, vitamins, and dairy products, support skeletal strength and integrity. Therefore, the use of different types of nutraceuticals can improve overall bone strength and provide improved treatment of osteoporosis. The review paper focuses on providing indepth knowledge about the various nutraceuticals that are used in the management of osteoporosis along with the novel nanotechnology-based delivery approaches for enhanced delivery of nutraceuticals as the advent of nanotechnology in pharmaceuticals have opened new avenues in the challenging arena of nutraceuticals for providing benefits like stability, higher efficiency, solubility, enhanced bioavailability, permeability, and production without additives.

AbstractThe easy, rapid, accurate, and specific demonstrating UV spectroscopic process for validation of Dopamine in pure bulk and nanoformulation has been developed. Dopamine works as a precursor in a biosynthetic pathway of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine. Mainly it is a neurotransmitter in the central nervous systems and peripheral nervous systems to convey the signals from one neuron to another neuron as a biological messenger. The deficiency of DOPA in cells causes Parkinson’s disease. The major aim in the therapy of Parkinson’s disease is to increase the normal concentration of dopamine in the brain but dopamine is unable to reach the brain owing to the inability of dopamine to cross the blood brain barrier hence NLC of DOPA is a new approach of drug delivery without any modification to the drug molecule. There is no specific UV spectroscopy technique that has been described for the validation and assessment of DOPA in bulk to prepare dopamine loaded NLC formulation (NLC-DOPA). Current work has shown the drug characterization to confirm the identification and compatibility of the drug with lipids by the DSC and FTIR. The UV Spectroscopy technique has been developed and validated to determine dopamine in bulk and NLC-DOPA formulation as continued via the International Conference of Harmonization guidelines. The developed method follows the beer’s law in a series of 10-70 μg/ml along with a correlation coefficient of R2= 0.999 at the wavelength of 280 nm. The % Assay of dopamine was found to be near to 100 %. The % recovery of developed method was found to be accurate in the form of Mean ± %RSD and the method was found to be precise at differential day variation (Mean ± % RSD). The LOD and LOQ were performed appropriately. This method has been productively used to find out the amount of dopamine hydrochloride available in the formulation.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent and severe neurodegenerative disease affecting more than 6.1 million people globally. It is characterized by age-related progressive deterioration of neurological functions caused by neuronal damage or neuronal death. During PD, the dopamineproducing cells in the substantia nigraregion of the brain degenerate, which leads to symptoms like resting tremors and rigidity. Treatment of PD is very challenging due to the blood-brain barrier, which restricts the drug from reaching the brain. Conventional drug delivery systems possess a limited capacity to cross the blood barrier, leading to low bioavailability and high toxicity (due to off-site drug release). Therefore, it becomes necessary to accelerate the development of novel drug delivery systems, including nanoparticles, microemulsions, matrix systems, solid dispersions, liposomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles for the treatment of PD. Exosomes are biological lipid bilayer membrane vesicles produced by nearly all mammalian cells. The characteristics of vesicles are unique to their cell of origin and are primarily involved in intracellular communication. Exosomes, due to their nanoscale size, could easily permeate across the central nervous system, which makes them ideal for targeting the neurons in the substantia nigra. Exosomes could be efficient drug carrier systems for brain targeting, which can increase the efficacy of the drug and minimize the side effects. The review aims at providing a broad updated view of exosomes and their application in the treatment of PD.

A necessary immune response that promotes survival and preserves tissue homeostasis, inflammation is a frequent characteristic of many disorders. In other circumstances, however, the inflammatory process turns harmful and aids in the progression of a disease. The use of nanomedicines (nanoparticles that are loaded with a therapeutic active principle) to target inflammation through the identification of molecules overexpressed on the surface of activated macrophages or endothelial cells, through increased vasculature permeability, or even through biomimicry offers a promising treatment for inflammatory diseases. The present review study will discuss the main novel nanomedicine approaches, nanoinformatics used in drug discovery and nanomedicine development and also the impact of nanoinformatics on different sectors of healthcare research that have been proposed in the previous decades for the resolution of inflammatory disorders after giving a brief overview of the pathophysiology of inflammation and current therapeutic approaches. It will then concentrate on those currently in clinical trials and ethical considerations. The nanomedicines, along with nanoinformatics, could help to improve delivery efficiency. The nanoinformatics can play a critical role in accelerating research and development in nanomedicine. We suggest that the application of nanoinformatics in this field can lead to novel breakthroughs, better understanding of underlying mechanisms, and ultimately drive innovation. In particular, we observe a potential for the use of nanoinformatics in drug design, delivery systems, and diagnostics. By leveraging the power of data-driven approaches, computational modelling, and artificial intelligence, we can unlock the full potential of nanomedicine and transform the way we approach healthcare.

Background: Curcumin is a bright colored polyphenolic moiety which is derived from the rhizomes of Curcuma longaof family Zingiberaceae. Its simple molecular structure, high efficacy, variable therapeutic effects and multidimensional use make it ideal for various treatment regimens. Main body: It has been used for centuries for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial characteristics which makes it ideal in the determent and treatment of skin inflammation, psoriasis, acne, premature skin aging and skin cancers. It also exhibits antiviral, antiulcer, anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, antibacterial, hypocholesteremia and antifungal, benefits making it a perfect multifunctional moiety for treating numerous disorders. Curcumin offers protection against skin damage induced by persistent UVB exposure. Curcumin has substantial therapeutic potentials against various skin conditions like anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effects, wound healing efficiency any many more. It illustrates a multiplicity of important medicinal properties which has a great potential in treating various dermatological diseases. Conclusion: The study seeks to provide a comprehensive update on curcumin and its exceptional medicinal profile, which can be efficaciously and appropriately utilized in treating skin conditions like psoriasis, acne, dermatitis, scleroderma, skin cancers, skin aging, fungal infections and wounds.

The proposed research study accentuates the delivery of drug and natural bioenhancer by utilizing a nano-platform based on eudragit RL (ERL) for enhanced efficacy, bioavailability, synergistic effect, and minimal toxic effects. ERL was utilized to encapsulate Silymarin and natural bioenhancer (Piperine) for rationally Box-Behnken design (BBD) based development of Silymarin-piperine nanoparticles (SL-P NPs) by nanoprecipitation method. The optimized SL-P NPs were 247.4 ± 4.5 nm in size, with 0.242 ± 0.002 PDI and 95.92 ± 1.01% entrapment efficiency, respectively. The surface morphology and shape were verified by SEM and TEM analysis. Differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated that the drug was successfully loaded into the NPs, and FTIR validated polymer and drug compatibility. In vitro release studies revealed cumulative drug release of 96.16 ± 2.87% in phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4) for 24 h. We also evaluated the antioxidant mechanism of silymarin, adding to our understanding of SL-P NPs’ antioxidant characteristics as compared with Silymarin, Piperine, and Vitamin E. In vivo hepatoprotective evaluation of SL-P NPs in APAP-intoxicated mice portrayed significantly improved different biochemical parameters (p < 0.0001) as compared to the marketed product which was further confirmed by histopathological assessment of the liver. In conclusion, the co-delivery approach of silymarin with bioenhancer was proved to be beneficial and highly effective in enhancing bioavailability, solubility, and liver toxicity alleviation.

For topical delivery, acetazolamide was loaded in mucoadhesive nanoparticles which were formulated by ionic interaction of chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate. The nanoformulation exhibited sustained release in vitroas well as in vivo.

Background: Transdermal drug delivery is one of the most widely used drug administration routes, which offer several advantages over other routes of drug delivery. The apical layer of the skin called the stratum corneumis the most dominant obstacle in the transdermal drug delivery, which restricts the passage of drugs across the skin. Considerable strategies have been applied to enhance the rate of permeation across the epithelial cells; however, the most widely used strategy is the use of sorption boosters, also known as permeation enhancers. Main body: Terpenes were considered as efficient skin permeation enhancers and are generally recognized as safe as per Food and Drug Administration. Terpenes improve the permeability of drugs either by destructing the stratum corneum’s tightly packed lipid framework, excessive diffusivity of drug in cell membrane or by rampant drug partitioning into epithelial cells. Various vesicular systems have been developed and utilized for the transdermal delivery of many drugs. Invasomes are one such novel vesicular system developed which are composed of phospholipids, ethanol and terpenes. The combined presence of ethanol and terpenes provides exceptional flexibility to the vesicles and improves the permeation across the barrier offered due to the stratum corneumas both ethanol and terpenes act as permeation enhancers. Therefore, utilization of invasomes as carriers to facilitate higher rate of drug permeation through the skin can be a very useful approach to improve transdermal drug delivery of a drug. Conclusion: The paper focuses on a broad updated view of terpenes as effective permeation enhancers and invasomes along with their applications in the pharmaceutical formulations.

Gemcitabine (Gem) is an FDA-approved anticancer drug used for the treatment of various solid tumors. Clinical applications of Gem are limited due to plasma instability, drug resistance and high dose. To overcome these limitations, we successfully conjugated Gem to a triblock copolymer (PCL-b-PEG-b-PCL) which self-assembled as nanoparticles (NPs) into aqueous media. Conjugation of Gem to triblock copolymer has been chemically confirmed by 1H NMR and biologically by a nucleoside transporter inhibition assay. The amount of Gem conjugated in NPs was quantified by UPLC-MS/MS and characterized by particle size, surface charge, Osmolality, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD). The self-assembled NPs improved plasma stability of Gem and reduced blood hemolysis. In vitrocytotoxicity of the NPs was evaluated against MCF-7, A549, and 4T1 cells by MTT assay. The nucleoside transporter inhibition study demonstrated that NPs are not dependent on nucleoside transporters for entry into the cells. The cytotoxicity of NPs was conquered through enhanced cellular internalization and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. In vivoefficacy study demonstrated that Gem conjugated NPs showed 1.7-fold more potent in tumor growth inhibition as compared to free Gem in the 4T1 bearing Balb/c mice. Furthermore, there were no histological abnormalities observed in major organs after treatment across the groups. The finding demonstrated that developed Gem conjugated self-assembled NPs could be a potential and improved therapeutic clinical outcome of anticancer drugs.