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Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10 %. One of the major challenges in treating pancreatic cancer is the dense stroma and extracellular matrix (ECM) that surrounds the tumor, which creates a physical barrier to drug delivery and promotes tumor progression. This rigid stroma limits the infiltration of cytotoxic immune cells and also the penetration of chemotherapeutic agents or other anticancer drugs like immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs). In recent years, nanoparticle-based targeting of the pancreatic tumor stroma and ECM has emerged as an encouraging approach to overcome these challenges and improve treatment outcomes. Nanoparticles are capable of crossing ECM and rigid stroma, thereby delivering antitumor drugs or cells into tumors. This review article provides an overview of the current state of research on nanoparticle-based targeting of pancreatic tumor stroma and ECM. It discusses the various types of nanoparticles that have been developed for this purpose, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and inorganic nanoparticles, as well as the different targeting strategies that have been employed, such as ligand-mediated targeting like nanoparticles loaded with peptides and small interference RNAs (siRNAs) and stimuli-responsive nanoparticles like acidic and hypoxic-responsive nanoparticles. This review article also discusses the challenges and future directions in this field, such as the need for a better understanding of the tumor stroma in pancreatic malignancies and the development of more effective targeting strategies.

In the past few decades, the removal of organic solvents from different substances, especially through the use of nanostructured materials, has been crucial in various industries, including improvement of innovative and adaptable nano adsorbents. Computational approaches are widely recognized as powerful tools for searching molecular systems at atomic level and investigating the characteristics of their interactions. This study utilized the dispersion-corrected DFT approach to gain a detailed comprehension of how CH2O molecules interact with both Pd-doped and pristine ZnO nanotubes (ZnONTs) during the adsorption process. The aim was to achieve a comprehensive comprehension of the adsorption behavior. To accomplish this, an extensive examination of the active sites and optimized geometrical characteristics of interacting systems was conducted. To assess adsorption capacity of Pd-ZnO nanotube and pristine ZnO nanotube for CH2O, binding characteristics of the interacting species have been assessed. This evaluation included analyzing the interaction energy (Eint), charge transfer, electronic properties, and ELF analysis. Moreover, Pd-doping greatly enhances the adsorption strength of ZnONTs, thereby imparting them with superior capability for CH2O adsorption. The significant adsorption strength of CH2O by the sensor under consideration raises the prospect of utilizing these nanotubes as highly effective sensor materials for CH2O detection, which is a matter of great interest. The results of our study provide a foundation for designing innovative and energy-efficient nanosensors that can serve as cost-effective solutions for detecting contaminants in wastewater.

Hypoxia is a usual property of solid tumors that is characterized by low oxygen and nutrition levels. It is also a good marker for aggressive tumor expansion, metastasis, and poor patient prognosis. Hypoxia amplifies the abnormal metabolism of tumors and the generation of lactate, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Both hypoxia and tumor acidity can cause immune repression in TME, which in turn facilitates tumor invasion and therapy resistance. Therefore, targeting hypoxia and an acidic environment in TME has attracted interest in targeted delivery of antitumor drugs. Nanoparticles have achieved remarkable attention as potential carriers for targeted drug delivery to hypoxic tumor regions. These nanoscale particles possess unique capacities that enable them to conquer biological barriers and precisely accumulate and liberate antitumor drugs in hypoxic and acidic areas. Specific nanoparticles such as pH-sensitive or functionalized nanoparticles for targeting hypoxic makers can precisely deliver antitumor agents into TME. Additionally, oxygen-carrying nanoparticles can be suggested to reduce hypoxia and subsequent altered metabolism in the tumor. Remodeling the hypoxic and acidic environment of the tumor can boost anticancer immunity, prevent the inactivation of chemotherapy drugs, and also amplify the radiosensitization of hypoxic cells in the tumor. In the current review, we provide an outline of the current strategies employed to target the hypoxic and acidic TME using nanoparticles. Furthermore, the findings of clinical investigations and also future directions for utilizing pH-sensitive and hypoxia-targeting nanoparticles will be overviewed.

Nano-pump is a breakthrough that allows a tiny pump to transfer mass inside the atomic channels. These nanostructures can be used in various applications, such as drug delivery systems in clinical cases. Carbon nanotube (CNT) performance as a nano-pump sample was introduced here. For this purpose, Molecular Dynamics (MD) approach, and external heat flux/electric field effect on nano-pump performance were reported. Hence, various physical parameters, such as nano-pumping time, potential/kinetic energy, stress and entropy were reported to describe the nano-pumping performance of CNT samples. Technically, nano-pumping performance was detected by fullerene (C20) molecule displacement inside the NT. The MD outputs indicated by the heat flux implemented inside CNT, nano-pumping process effectively occur. The results show that by increasing the heat flux amplitude ratio from 0.1 to 0.5 W/m2, the displacement time of C20molecule decreased from 7.49 to 6.96 ps. By amplitude enlarging, the kinetic energy of defined sample converged to 5.70014 eV. This procedure caused more atomic collisions inside the NT, and the nano-pumping process occurred in a smaller time. Furthermore, the electric field caused the nano-pumping process to be delayed in modeled systems. Numerically, by increasing the electric field, the nano-pumping process occurred after 7.85 ps. Increasing the electric field decreased the mechanical wave produced via Cu tip oscillation. This evolution caused the atomic force, and stress on the target particle converged to a lesser value, and the lattice stress value of modelled sample reached 2.12662×106bar.

Synthetic dyes were considered harmful due to their toxic, carcinogenic, and nonbiodegradable chemicals. Anionic (congo red (CR) and methyl orange (MO)) and cationic (methylene blue (MB) and Janus green B (JGB)) dyes are used in this study due to their ability to restrict oxygen and sunlight dispersion. The discharge of dyes can degrade aquatic systems. This study has investigated the potential of dyes' adsorption behaviour in silica nanocapsules (SiNCs) adsorbents. Silica nanocapsules (SiNCs) were synthesized using oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion by employing different solvents (ethanol (SiNCE), ethyl ether (SiNCEE), and toluene (SiNCT)) to understand the effect of solvents on SINCs' structure and effective dye adsorption. Which found that toluene and ethyl ether were effective solvents to produce silica nanocapsules. SiNCTand SiNCEEwere both hollow cores, while the SiNCEstructure was spherical. SiNCTadsorbent had high selectivity removal of CR > MO and JGB > MB, in which the adsorption capacity was 0.102mmol/g at pH 2, 0.029mmol/g at pH 2, 0.0999mmol/g at pH 10, and 0.0944mmol/g at pH 12 for JGB (pH 10) for 24h for CR, MO, JGB, and MB, respectively. The kinetic study shows that the adsorption of dyes follows pseudo-second-order. The experimental data followed the Langmuir isotherm model and gave maximum adsorption capacities of 0.0979 and 0.4147mmol/g for CR and JGB, respectively. SiNCTwas recycled and reused for six consecutive cycles. Developed adsorbents are low-cost, highly efficient, and viable materials to be used in wastewater treatment.

Alkylene and arylene diphenyl dicarbonates were used as monomers for the preparation of polycarbonate polymers. The diphenyl dicarbonates were first prepared from dihydroxy compounds and phenyl chloroformate. The polycarbonates were then prepared by the melt‐phase polycondensation of these diphenyl dicarbonates with dihydroxy compounds as monomers. The same polycarbonates were also synthesized by a different route involving the polycondensation of a different arylene or alkylene diphenyl dicarbonates with bisphenol A diphenyl dicarbonate to give another series of polycarbonates. The process involved precondensation under a stream of nitrogen and then melt polycondensation at a high temperature and low pressure. The prepared polycarbonates were characterized by inherent viscosity measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy, and powder X‐ray diffraction. The thermal properties of the polycarbonates were studied with differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. With alkylene or arylene diphenyl dicarbonates as monomers, the polycondensation reactions led to the formation of polycarbonates with inherent viscosities of up to 0.68 dL/g and with high thermal stability. The glass‐transition temperature values of the polycarbonates were in the range 24–130°C. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3597–3609, 2006

Bacterial strains were isolated from root nodules of various legumes, mainly trees, from different places in Africa. Polyphasic taxonomy, including numerical analysis of comparative whole-cell protein patterns obtained by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), 16S rRNA gene sequencing, auxanographic tests (API 50), and DNA:DNA hybridizations indicated that these strains belonged to Agrobacteriumbiovar 1. These strains were not capable of inducing any nodule or tumor formation on plants. No PCR amplification was observed using nif Hprimers, suggesting that they do not carry symbiotic genes. Biological implications of the presence of Agrobacteriumin nodules are discussed.