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The declining trend in occupational exposure levels aimed to biomonitoring highlighted issues regarding sensitivity of analytical method and prompted the research to the development of novel pretreatment technique with strong selectivity and high recoveries. Among different functionalized sorbents, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with special capabilities have recently gained wide attention in biomarkers pretreatment of complicated matrices. Objective of this study was to perform a review of the publications related to MOFs derived sorbent coupled to sample pretreatment technique toward determination of biomarkers. To achieve this purpose, the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, as well as the first 20 pages of Google Scholar, without any limitation, were searched to cover all related articles published from the beginning to March 22, 2023. Documents were found 571 results and screened for eligibility was 28 results. Finally, considering, nine publications were included in the study based on study eligibility criteria. Inclusion manuscripts in this study were published between 2014 and 2023. In this review, applications of MOF-derived sorbents combined with sample pretreatment were summarized for the determination of different biomarkers toward occupational biomonitoring that generally have only been developed for lead (from heavy metals), Benzene, Toluene, Tthylbenzene, and Xylene isomers (BTEXs)and some of their metabolites, four halogenated hydrocarbons (from Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)) and six organophosphorus compounds (from pesticides). MOFs can be used as high-efficiency sorbents in sample pretreatment approaches for biological matrices prior to analysis because of their exceptional and promising properties. Various novel pretreatment/preconcentration techniques along with their limitations in the application of MOFs are highlighted in this study. Moreover, the challenges, future perspectives, and trends in this field have been discussed.

The present study developed a liquid-phase microextraction based on hollow fiber coupled with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for the effective extraction and quantitation of lead from urine and blood samples. A multivariate design was used for the optimization of the experimental conditions to ensure high extraction efficiency. Six factors (solvent type, chelating agent, time extraction, temperature, donor phase pH, and acceptor phase pH) were obtained by screening eleven factors of the Plackett–Burman design; these were optimized using the central composite design of response surface methodology. The optimum conditions of donor phase pH, acceptor phase pH, temperature, and extraction time were 5, 9.5, 40 °C, and 120 min, respectively. In addition, oleic acid containing dicyclohexyl-18-krone-6 was used for the membrane phase. Under optimal conditions, the enrichment factor, limit of detection, and limit of quantification were obtained in the ranges of 21.3–18.7, 0.001–0.002 ng mL−1, and 0.008–0.01 ng mL−1, respectively, in urine and blood samples. The linearity of the calibration curve was established for the concentration of Pb in the range of 1–50 ng mL−1(r2= 0.9983). Finally, the performance of the developed method was evaluated for the determination of lead in urine and blood samples, and satisfactory results were obtained (RSDs < 10% with recovery > 95).