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AbstractThe current research work focuses on the characterization and biological activities (antibacterial, antioxidant and hemolytic) of essential oils isolated from the flowers of Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicumL.) from three different regions of Punjab, Pakistan. The yield of hydro distilled sweet basil flower essential oil (SBFEO) ranged from 0.40 to 0.54 % (w/w) across the regions. The SBFEOs showed considerable antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coliand K. oxytoca. The results of DPPH (59.33-71.31%), TPC (13.46 to 57.75 GAE mg/100g) and TFC assays (3.99 to 21.72 CE mg/100g) also showed that SBFEOs have good antioxidant activity. Similarly, lower cytotoxic/ hemolytic effect (1.85 to 3.90%) of the tested SBFEOs also supported their safer nature as ingredient in food/medicinal products. GC/MS analyses of the oils reveal that estragole (56.57%), α-linalool (46.25%) and τ-cadinol (52.54%) are present as major components. The findings of this research work depicted significant variations in the yield, composition and biological activities of SBFEOs that can be linked to varying morphological features of the plants harvested from different agro-climatic regions.

The scientific community has always been showing deep concern towards partial differential equations (PDEs) and to approximate its numerical solution. This research proposes a non-polynomial cubic spline-based numerical technique for approximating the three-dimensional (3D) wave equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions. The proposed method develops an algebraic scheme for 3D wave equation which can be solved for different spatial and temporal levels. The suggested method provides a three-time level scheme with higher accuracy of order Oh8+k8+σ8+τ2h2+τ2k2+τ2σ2by electing appropriate parameter values involved in the spline function. The stability analysis of the suggested numerical technique has been examined and numerical solution of some selected problems are included to exhibit the validity of the proposed method. Numerical results of the test problems are prepared through tables and graphs to demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented work.