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A primary goal of fisheries management is to maximize angler satisfaction (e.g., by catching more and bigger fish), while maintaining sustainable populations. In addition to environmental and ecological factors, angler choices may influence recreational catches. Using interviews (92,838) from Walleye Sander vitreusanglers in Lake Erie during 1989–2017, we identified how angler behavior influences catch outcomes. Angler behaviors were associated with changes in catch rate and the length of harvested fish. For example, trolling resulted in a 50% increase in median catch and a 24‐mm increase in length, relative to casting. Other behaviors led to tradeoffs between catch rate and size, such as the time of year anglers fished. We identified behaviors that maximize fishing success with respect to anglers’ desired catch outcomes. Our results can help increase angler satisfaction by providing realistic catch expectations, given the environmental and fishery conditions, while improving recreational catch outcomes through more informed angler decision making.

Patients who are oral hygiene noncompliant (OHNC) are more likely to lose teeth after radiation therapy (RT) for head and neck cancer (HNC), which increases the risk of developing osteoradionecrosis. A previous study revealed that patients who were OHNC at baseline (BL) who became oral hygiene compliant during follow-up had the best tooth-failure outcomes. The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with oral hygiene compliance (OHC), overall, and among those who were BL OHNC.

ObjectiveThe effectiveness of µ-opioid receptor (MOPr) agonists for treatment of visceral pain is compromised by constipation, respiratory depression, sedation and addiction. We investigated whether a fentanyl analogue, (±)-N-(3-fluoro-1-phenethylpiperidine-4-yl)-N-phenyl propionamide (NFEPP), which preferentially activates MOPr in acidified diseased tissues, would inhibit pain in a preclinical model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) without side effects in healthy tissues.DesignAntinociceptive actions of NFEPP and fentanyl were compared in control mice and mice with dextran sodium sulfate colitis by measuring visceromotor responses to colorectal distension. Patch clamp and extracellular recordings were used to assess nociceptor activation. Defecation, respiration and locomotion were assessed. Colonic migrating motor complexes were assessed by spatiotemporal mapping of isolated tissue. NFEPP-induced MOPr signalling and trafficking were studied in human embryonic kidney 293 cells.ResultsNFEPP inhibited visceromotor responses to colorectal distension in mice with colitis but not in control mice, consistent with acidification of the inflamed colon. Fentanyl inhibited responses in both groups. NFEPP inhibited the excitability of dorsal root ganglion neurons and suppressed mechanical sensitivity of colonic afferent fibres in acidified but not physiological conditions. Whereas fentanyl decreased defecation and caused respiratory depression and hyperactivity in mice with colitis, NFEPP was devoid of these effects. NFEPP did not affect colonic migrating motor complexes at physiological pH. NFEPP preferentially activated MOPr in acidified extracellular conditions to inhibit cAMP formation, recruit β-arrestins and evoke MOPr endocytosis.ConclusionIn a preclinical IBD model, NFEPP preferentially activates MOPr in acidified microenvironments of inflamed tissues to induce antinociception without causing respiratory depression, constipation and hyperactivity.

This phase is also when to identify training needs (Tn) in terms of the number of trainees, their educational and professional background, their present level of competence, and the desired behavior or skill level acquired upon training completion. From test tube to results (Training and knowledge transfer) The Training and Knowledge Transfer Workstream is where you will start creating a reaction, and training is the element that makes that happen. Periodic Table of Change Management Strategy & Alignment Leader Readiness Communications & Engagement Training & Knowledge Transfer Foundational Roadblocks Sa Stakeholder Analysis Or Orientation Pm Project Management Le Leader List Lc Leader Coalitions Sp Sponsorship Cp Communications Plan Km Key Messages KPI Performance Indicators Aa Audience Analysis Tp Training Plan Lo Learning Outcomes En Environments Tc Time Constraints Bc Budget Constraints Rc Resource Constraints Mm Meeting Matrix Se Stakeholder Engagement Cs Communications Strategy Sg Steering & Governance Ap Action Plans Ad Active Advocacy ME WIIFM Sd Sender Ot Course Outlines At Authoring Tools Lms Learning Mgmt System Ll Lessons Learned UAT User-Acceptance Testing Cf Change Fatigue C Confusion Fe Fear Rp Resistance Plan Rm Readiness Measures Tn Training Needs Gs Go-Live Strategy Rf Reinforcement Co Coaching Be Branding Ws Website Cc Communications Collaboration Se Sponsorship Engagement Te Training Environment T3 Train the Trainer Ts Training Strategy Sp Support Ct Cutover Plan Bi Buy-in Ho Hand-Off Plan Ci Change Impact Up Updates Wt Workforce Transition Dc Direct Communications Ep Employee Presence Cn Change Network Cm Communications Modality Kt Knowledge Transfer Dm Delivery Modalities In Incentives Cb Collaboration Er Employee Resistance Ri Risks DIAGRAM: Elements of Change DIAGRAM: Elements of Change PHOTO (COLOR). [Extracted from the article]

Chronic pain is a hallmark of functional disorders, inflammatory diseases and cancer of the digestive system. The mechanisms that initiate and sustain chronic pain are incompletely understood, and available therapies are inadequate. This review highlights recent advances in the structure and function of pronociceptive and antinociceptive G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that provide insights into the mechanisms and treatment of chronic pain. This knowledge, derived from studies of somatic pain, can guide research into visceral pain. Mediators from injured tissues transiently activate GPCRs at the plasma membrane of neurons, leading to sensitisation of ion channels and acute hyperexcitability and nociception. Sustained agonist release evokes GPCR redistribution to endosomes, where persistent signalling regulates activity of channels and genes that control chronic hyperexcitability and nociception. Endosomally targeted GPCR antagonists provide superior pain relief in preclinical models. Biased agonists stabilise GPCR conformations that favour signalling of beneficial actions at the expense of detrimental side effects. Biased agonists of µ-opioid receptors (MOPrs) can provide analgesia without addiction, respiratory depression and constipation. Opioids that preferentially bind to MOPrs in the acidic microenvironment of diseased tissues produce analgesia without side effects. Allosteric modulators of GPCRs fine-tune actions of endogenous ligands, offering the prospect of refined pain control. GPCR dimers might function as distinct therapeutic targets for nociception. The discovery that GPCRs that control itch also mediate irritant sensation in the colon has revealed new targets. A deeper understanding of GPCR structure and function in different microenvironments offers the potential of developing superior treatments for GI pain.

AbstractWhile all of the social sciences have been interested in theory, the disciplinary history of International Relations (IR) has been, in many ways, a story of a continuous, yet frustrating, attempt to formulate an all-encompassing theory of international. This attempt formed a crucial context for the recently rediscovered the Council on Foreign Relations Study Group on the Theory of International Relations 1953–1954. This article reconstruct the post-World War Two disciplinary history of International Relations. In the 1940s, the field faced a profound identity crisis. It was in this context that interest began to be directed at developing a theory of international politics. Increasingly, theory was viewed as the solution to the problems that the field was facing. The article describes these developments and relates them to the deliberations of the Council on Foreign Relations Study Group.

Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery is especially useful for targets within endosomes because of the endosomal transport mechanisms of many nanomedicines within cells. Here, we report the design of a pH-responsive, soft polymeric nanoparticle for the targeting of acidified endosomes to precisely inhibit endosomal signalling events leading to chronic pain. In chronic pain, the substance P (SP) neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) redistributes from the plasma membrane to acidified endosomes, where it signals to maintain pain. Therefore, the NK1R in endosomes provides an important target for pain relief. The pH-responsive nanoparticles enter cells by clathrin- and dynamin-dependent endocytosis and accumulate in NK1R-containing endosomes. Following intrathecal injection into rodents, the nanoparticles, containing the FDA-approved NK1R antagonist aprepitant, inhibit SP-induced activation of spinal neurons and thus prevent pain transmission. Treatment with the nanoparticles leads to complete and persistent relief from nociceptive, inflammatory and neuropathic nociception and offers a much-needed non-opioid treatment option for chronic pain.

Aims/Hypothesis: Diabetic foot complications remain very prevalent in the US and worldwide, and a major risk for devastating amputations. We evaluated the impact of establishing a fully integrated and specialized Podiatry service into a large tertiary academic health system to implement structured and targeted preventative foot care on limb salvage rates. Methods: Cross-sectional cohorts’ data mining analysis was conducted of all encounters for diabetes and any foot complications between 2000-2005 and 2010-2015, preceding and after full implementation of podiatry service, respectively. The primary outcome was the change in major non-traumatic lower extremity amputations. Secondary outcomes included minor non-traumatic lower extremity amputations, other diabetic foot complications, limb salvage procedures as documented by procedural coding, and location (outpatient, inpatient, ED) of service rendered. Results: We analyzed 100 million patient encounters that met the above criteria. Compared with the initial cohort, integration of specialized podiatry services resulted in a significant decrease in the number of major amputations from 127 to 85/year (p<0.05), and halved the amputations rate from 0.004% to 0.002% (p<0.05). Rates of minor lower extremity amputations remained unchanged (p>0.10), while the rates of preventative procedures including foot ulcer debridement doubled (0.0002% to 0.0004% ; p<0.03). Diagnoses of diabetic foot complications increased significantly (p<0.05) and shifted toward the outpatient setting. Conclusion: Full integration of specialized Podiatry service led to a significant decrease in major amputation rates, supporting teamwork between podiatry and diabetes health-care providers is essential to performing timely diabetic foot complications management, preventative procedures leading to limb salvage, and a shift in the care location.

The complex interplay between microbiota and immunity is important to human health. To explore how altered adaptive immunity influences the microbiome, we characterize skin, nares, and gut microbiota of patients with recombination-activating gene (RAG) deficiency—a rare genetically defined inborn error of immunity (IEI) that results in a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes. Integrating de novoassembly of metagenomes from RAG-deficient patients with reference genome catalogs provides an expansive multi-kingdom view of microbial diversity. RAG-deficient patient microbiomes exhibit inter-individual variation, including expansion of opportunistic pathogens (e.g., Corynebacterium bovis, Haemophilus influenzae), and a relative loss of body site specificity. We identify 35 and 27 bacterial species derived from skin/nares and gut microbiomes, respectively, which are distinct to RAG-deficient patients compared to healthy individuals. Underscoring IEI patients as potential reservoirs for viral persistence and evolution, we further characterize the colonization of eukaryotic RNA viruses (e.g., Coronavirus 229E, Norovirus GII) in this patient population.

Tracking SLO systems equipped to perform retinally targeted stimulus delivery typically use near-IR wavelengths for retinal imaging and eye tracking and visible wavelengths for stimulation. The lateral offsets between wavelengths caused by transverse chromatic aberration (TCA) must be carefully corrected in order to deliver targeted stimuli to the correct location on the retina. However, both the magnitude and direction of the TCA offset is dependent on the position of the eye’s pupil relative to the incoming beam, and thus can change dynamically within an experimental session without proper control of the pupil position. The goals of this study were twofold: 1) To assess sources of variability in TCA alignments as a function of pupil displacements in an SLO and 2) To demonstrate a novel method for real-time correction of chromatic offsets. To summarize, we found substantial between- and within-subject variability in TCA in the presence of monochromatic aberrations. When adaptive optics was used to fully correct for monochromatic aberrations, variability both within and between observers was minimized. In a second experiment, we demonstrate that pupil tracking can be used to update stimulus delivery in the SLO in real time to correct for variability in chromatic offsets with pupil displacements.

The primary objective was to assess the acute and 3-month performance of the modular antitachycardia pacing (ATP)-enabled leadless pacemaker (LP) and subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (S-ICD) system, particularly device–device communication and ATP delivery.

No evidence-based guidelines exist for preventive dental care before radiation therapy (RT) in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). An ongoing multicenter, prospective cohort study, Clinical Registry of Dental Outcomes in Head and Neck Cancer Patients (OraRad), is addressing this knowledge gap. The authors evaluated the level of dental disease before RT in the OraRad cohort, factors associated with dental disease, and dental treatment recommendations made before RT.

The objective of this study was to identify tooth-level risk factors for use during preradiation dental care management to predict risk of tooth failure (tooth lost or declared hopeless) and exposed bone after radiation therapy (RT) for head and neck cancer (HNC).

Objectives: Policies that increase household income, such as the earned income tax credit (EITC), have shown reductions on risk factors for child maltreatment (ie, poverty, maternal stress, depression), but evidence is lacking on whether the EITC actually reduces child maltreatment. We examined whether states’ EITCs are associated with state rates of hospital admissions for abusive head trauma among children aged <2 years.Methods: We conducted difference-in-difference analyses (ie, pre- and postdifferences in intervention vs control groups) of annual rates of states’ hospital admissions attributed to abusive head trauma among children aged <2 years (ie, using aggregate data). We conducted analyses in 14 states with, and 13 states without, an EITC from 1995 to 2013, differentiating refundable EITCs (ie, tax filer gets money even if taxes are not owed) from nonrefundable EITCs (ie, tax filer gets credit only for any tax owed), controlling for state rates of child poverty, unemployment, high school graduation, and percentage of non-Latino white people.Results: A refundable EITC was associated with a decrease of 3.1 abusive head trauma admissions per 100 000 population in children aged <2 years after controlling for confounders (P= .08), but a nonrefundable EITC was not associated with a decrease (P= .49). Tax refunds ranged from $108 to $1014 and $165 to $1648 for a single parent working full-time at minimum wage with 1 child or 2 children, respectively.Conclusions: Our findings with others suggest that policies such as the EITC that increase household income may prevent serious abusive head trauma.

Purpose: Lower extremity amputation resulting from diabetic foot ulcer, with neuropathic and/or ischemic etiologies, remains a devastating and costly complication of diabetes mellitus. This study evaluated changes in care delivery of diabetic foot ulcer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. A longitudinal assessment evaluating the ratio of major lower extremity amputation to minor lower extremity amputations after implementation of novel strategies to combat access restrictions was compared to the pre-COVID-19 era.Methods: The ratio of major to minor lower extremity amputation (i.e. the high-to-low ratio) was assessed at two academic institutions, the University of Michigan, and University of Southern California, in a population of patients with diabetes who had direct access to multidisciplinary foot care clinics in the 2 years prior to the pandemic and the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic.Results: Patient characteristics and volumes including patients with diabetes and those with a diabetic foot ulcer were similar between eras. In addition, inpatient diabetic foot-related admissions were similar, but were suppressed by government shelter in placed mandates and subsequent COVID-19 variants surges (e.g. delta, omicron). In the control group, the Hi-Lo ratio increased every 6 months by an average of 11.8%. Meanwhile, following STRIDE implementation during the pandemic, the Hi-Lo ratio reduced by (−)11% (p< 0.001) and doubled limb salvage efforts as compared to the baseline era. The reduction of the Hi-Lo ratio was not influenced significant by patient volumes or inpatient admissions for foot infections.Conclusion: These findings signify the importance of podiatric care in the at-risk diabetic foot population. Through strategic planning and rapid implementation of at-risk diabetic foot ulcer triage, multidisciplinary teams were able to maintain accessible care during the pandemic which resulted in a reduction of amputations. Furthermore, this manuscript highlights the value of the Hi-Lo ratio as an indicator of institutional limb salvage efforts.

ABSTRACTThe CD25-binding antibody daclizumab high-yield process (DAC HYP) is an interleukin (IL)-2 signal modulating antibody that shares primary amino acid sequence and CD25 binding affinity with Zenapax®, a distinct form of daclizumab, which was approved for the prevention of acute organ rejection in patients receiving renal transplants as part of an immunosuppressive regimen that includes cyclosporine and corticosteroids. Comparison of the physicochemical properties of the two antibody forms revealed the glycosylation profile of DAC HYP differs from Zenapax in both glycan distribution and the types of oligosaccharides, most notably high-mannose, galactosylated and galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) oligosaccharides, resulting in a DAC HYP antibody material that is structurally distinct from Zenapax. Although neither antibody elicited complement-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro, DAC HYP antibody had significantly reduced levels of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). The ADCC activity required natural killer (NK) cells, but not monocytes, suggesting the effects were mediated through binding to Fc-gamma RIII (CD16). Incubation of each antibody with peripheral blood mononuclear cells also caused the down-modulation of CD16 expression on NK cells and the CD16 down-modulation was greater for Zenapax in comparison to that observed for DAC HYP. The substantive glycosylation differences between the two antibody forms and corresponding greater Fc-mediated effector activities by Zenapax, including cell killing activity, manifest as a difference in the biological function and pharmacology between DAC HYP and Zenapax.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), can induce a plethora of neurological complications in some patients. However, it is still under debate whether SARS-CoV-2 directly infects the brain or whether CNS sequelae result from systemic inflammatory responses triggered in the periphery. By using high-resolution microscopy, we investigated whether SARS-CoV-2 reaches the brain and how viral neurotropism can be modulated by aging in a non-human primate model of COVID-19. Seven days after infection, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in the olfactory cortex and interconnected regions and was accompanied by robust neuroinflammation and neuronal damage exacerbated in aged, diabetic animals. Our study provides an initial framework for identifying the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying SARS-CoV-2 neurological complications, which will be essential to reducing both the short- and long-term burden of COVID-19.

Protein-restricted (PR), high-carbohydrate diets improve metabolic health in rodents, yet the precise dietary components that are responsible for these effects have not been identified. Furthermore, the applicability of these studies to humans is unclear. Here, we demonstrate in a randomized controlled trial that a moderate PR diet also improves markers of metabolic health in humans. Intriguingly, we find that feeding mice a diet specifically reduced in branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) is sufficient to improve glucose tolerance and body composition equivalently to a PR diet via metabolically distinct pathways. Our results highlight a critical role for dietary quality at the level of amino acids in the maintenance of metabolic health and suggest that diets specifically reduced in BCAAs, or pharmacological interventions in this pathway, may offer a translatable way to achieve many of the metabolic benefits of a PR diet.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.Vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) such as measles and pertussis are becoming more common in the United States. This disturbing trend is driven by several factors, including the antivaccination movement, waning efficacy of certain vaccines, pathogen adaptation, and travel of individuals to and from areas where disease is endemic. The anesthesia-related manifestations of many VPDs involve airway complications, cardiovascular and respiratory compromise, and unusual neurologic and neuromuscular symptoms. In this article, we will review the presentation and management of 9 VPDs most relevant to anesthesiologists, intensivists, and other hospital-based clinicians: measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis, diphtheria, influenza, meningococcal disease, varicella, and poliomyelitis. Because many of the pathogens causing these diseases are spread by respiratory droplets and aerosols, appropriate transmission precautions, personal protective equipment, and immunizations necessary to protect clinicians and prevent nosocomial outbreaks are described.

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a developmental anomaly characterized by inadequate or absent midline division of the embryonic forebrain and midline facial defects. It is believed that interactions between genes and the environment play a role in the widely variable penetrance and expressivity of HPE, although direct investigation of such effects has been limited. The goal of this study was to examine whether mice carrying a mutation in a gene encoding the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist twisted gastrulation (Twsg1), which is associated with a low penetrance of HPE, are sensitized to retinoic acid (RA) teratogenesis. Pregnant Twsg1+/− dams were treated by gavage with a low dose of all-trans RA (3.75 mg/kg of body weight). Embryos were analyzed between embryonic day (E)9.5 and E11.5 by microscopy and geometric morphometric analysis by micro-computed tomography. P19 embryonal carcinoma cells were used to examine potential mechanisms mediating the combined effects of increased BMP and retinoid signaling. Although only 7% of wild-type embryos exposed to RA showed overt HPE or neural tube defects (NTDs), 100% of Twsg1−/− mutants exposed to RA manifested severe HPE compared to 17% without RA. Remarkably, up to 30% of Twsg1+/− mutants also showed HPE (23%) or NTDs (7%). The majority of shape variation among Twsg1+/− mutants was associated with narrowing of the midface. In P19 cells, RA induced the expression of Bmp2, acted in concert with BMP2 to increase p53 expression, caspase activation and oxidative stress. This study provides direct evidence for modifying effects of the environment in a genetic mouse model carrying a predisposing mutation for HPE in the Twsg1 gene. Further study of the mechanisms underlying these gene-environment interactions in vivo will contribute to better understanding of the pathogenesis of birth defects and present an opportunity to explore potential preventive interventions.

De Valois and De Valois [Vis. Res.33, 1053 (1993)] showed that to explain hue appearance, S-cone signals have to be combined with M versus L opponent signals in two different ways to produce red–green and yellow–blue axes, respectively. Recently, it has been shown that color appearance is normal for individuals with genetic mutations that block S-cone input to blue-ON ganglion cells. This is inconsistent with the De Valois hypothesis in which S-opponent konio-geniculate signals are combined with L-M signals at a third processing stage in cortex. Instead, here we show that color appearance, including individual differences never explained before, are predicted by a model in which S-cone signals are combined with L versus M signals in the outer retina.

The SkyMapper Southern Sky Survey will be conducted from Siding Spring Observatory with u, v, g, r, i, and zfilters that comprise glued glass combination filters with dimensions of 309 × 309 × 15 mm. In this article we discuss the rationale for our bandpasses and physical characteristics of the filter set. The u, v, g, and zfilters are entirely glass filters, which provide highly uniform bandpasses across the complete filter aperture. The ifilter uses glass with a short-wave pass coating, and the rfilter is a complete dielectric filter. We describe the process by which the filters were constructed, including the processes used to obtain uniform dielectric coatings and optimized narrowband antireflection coatings, as well as the technique of gluing the large glass pieces together after coating using UV transparent epoxy cement. The measured passbands, including extinction and CCD QE, are presented.

Cysteine-cysteinyl chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) is expressed by a variety of T-cell subsets and leukocytes. This study examined the participation of CCR4 in response to pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium bovisBacille-Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Constitutive and induced CCR4 agonist expression was detected among large mononuclear cells. The course of infection and mobilization of effector cell populations were then analyzed in CCR4 knockout (CCR4−/−) mice. Compared with controls, CCR4−/−mice displayed delayed innate stage (<2 weeks) bacterial clearance and reduced late stage inflammation. Innate impairment was associated with reduced natural killer cell activation. In the adaptive phase, CCR4−/−mice generated effector T cells in draining lymph nodes and accumulated effector T cells in lungs, which resulted in normal adaptive stage bacterial elimination at 2 to 4 weeks. However, during the late stage, CCR4−/−mice had reduced interferonγ+CD4+α/β+ (Th1) and interleukin (IL)-17+CD4+α/β+ (Th17) T helper cells in lungs. In contrast, IL-17+ γ/δ T cells in lungs were unaffected. When challenged with mycobacterial antigen- (Ag-) Ag-coated beads to elicit a recall granulomatous response, CCR4−/−mice displayed abrogated recall granuloma formation and reduced interferon γ+ Th1 cells. These findings indicate that CCR4 supports innate natural killer cell activation and sustains later CD4+Th effector/memory antimycobacterial responses in the lung but is redundant in the early adaptive elimination phase.

We present ultraviolet (UV) and optical photometry of 26 Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) observed from 2005 March to 2008 March with the NASA Swift Ultraviolet and Optical Telescope (UVOT). The dataset consists of 2133 individual observations, making it by far the most complete study of the UV emission from SNe Ia to date. Grouping the SNe into three subclasses as derived from optical observations, we investigate the evolution of the colors of these SNe, finding a high degree of homogeneity within the normal subclass, but dramatic differences between that group and the subluminous and SN 2002cx-like groups. For the normal events, the redder UV filters on UVOT (u, uvw1) show more homogeneity than do the bluer UV filters (uvm2, uvw2). Searching for purely UV characteristics to determine existing optically based groupings, we find the peak width to be a poor discriminant, but we do see a variation in the time delay between peak emission and the late, flat phase of the light curves. The UV light curves peak a few days before the B band for most subclasses (as was previously reported by Jha et al.), although the SN 2002cx-like objects peak at a very early epoch in the UV. That group also features the bluest emission observed among SNe Ia. As the observational campaign is ongoing, we discuss the critical times to observe, as determined by this study, in order to maximize the scientific output of future observations.

It is widely believed that Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) originate in binary systems where a white dwarf accretes material from a companion star until its mass approaches the Chandrasekhar mass and carbon is ignited in the white dwarf's core. This scenario predicts that the donor star should survive the supernova (SNe) explosion, providing an opportunity to understand the progenitors of SNe Ia. In this paper, we argue that rotation is a generic signature expected of most nongiant donor stars that is easily measurable. Ruiz-Lapuente et al. examined stars in the center of the remnant of SN 1572 (Tycho SN) and showed evidence that a subgiant star (Star G by their naming convention) near the remnant's center was the system's donor star. We present high-resolution (R [?] 40, 000) spectra taken with the High Dispersion Spectrograph on Subaru of this candidate donor star and measure the star's radial velocity as 79 +- 2 km s-1 with respect to the local standard of rest and put an upper limit on the star's rotation of 7.5 km s-1. In addition, by comparing images that were taken in 1970 and 2004, we measure the proper motion of Star G to be m l = -1.6 +- 2.1 mas yr-1 and m b = -2.7 +- 1.6 mas yr-1. We demonstrate that all of the measured properties of Star G presented in this paper are consistent with those of a star in the direction of Tycho SN that is not associated with the SN event. However, we discuss an unlikely, but still viable scenario for Star G to be the donor star, and suggest further observations that might be able to confirm or refute it.

This article describes an approach to modeling the value of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's investment options that was used to select portfolios of environmental observing systems that best satisfy NOAA's mission‐critical observing requirements at target budget constraints. We describe a portfolio analysis approach based on capability‐based performance measures that was developed to satisfy recent Government acquisition and planning regulations. The evaluation and selection methodology utilized a MITRE‐developed optimization tool called the Portfolio Analysis Machine or PALMA™. PALMA has been used at a variety of Government agencies to support selection of investment portfolios. Because of the detailed and extensive nature of the NOAA mission tree decomposition, we use a notional—and simpler—Search and Rescue mission to describe PALMA's capabilities in more detail. Finally, we provide some observations on results, including the impact on NOAA investment decisions, and lessons learned from the NOAA implementations of investment analysis and some future directions for this work. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng

Oral cancer continues to be diagnosed and treated at a late stage, which has a negative effect on outcomes. This study identified and quantified delays in diagnosis and treatment.

We present a comprehensive multiwavelength analysis of the bright, long-duration gamma-ray burst GRB 070125, comprised of observations in gamma-ray, X-ray, optical, millimeter, and centimeter wave bands. Simultaneous fits to the optical and X-ray light curves favor a break on day 3.78, which we interpret as the jet break from a collimated outflow. Independent fits to optical and X-ray bands give similar results in the optical bands but shift the jet break to around day 10 in the X-ray light curve. We show that for the physical parameters derived for GRB 070125, inverse Compton scattering effects are important throughout the afterglow evolution. While inverse Compton scattering does not affect radio and optical bands, it may be a promising candidate to delay the jet break in the X-ray band. Radio light curves show rapid flux variations, which are interpreted as due to interstellar scintillation and used to derive an upper limit of 2.4 x 1017 cm on the radius of the fireball in the lateral expansion phase of the jet. Radio light curves and spectra suggest a high synchrotron self-absorption frequency indicative of the afterglow shock wave moving in a dense medium. Our broadband modeling favors a constant density profile for the circumburst medium over a windlike profile ( R[?]2). However, keeping in mind the uncertainty of the parameters, it is difficult to unambiguously distinguish between the two density profiles. Our broadband fits suggest that GRB 070125 is a burst with high radiative efficiency (>60%).

We present a search for RR Lyrae variable stars from archival observations of the Southern Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt Object survey. The survey covers 1675 deg2 along the ecliptic to a mean depth of V = 19.5, i.e., a heliocentric distance of ~50 kpc for RR Lyrae stars. The survey reveals 2016 RR Lyrae candidates. Follow-up photometric monitoring of a subset of these candidates shows ~24% contamination by non-RR Lyrae variables. We derive a map of overdensity of RR Lyrae stars in the halo that reveals a series of structures coincident with the leading and trailing arms of debris from the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy. One of the regions of overdensity is found on the trailing arm, 200deg from the main body of the Sagittarius dwarf at a distance of ~45 kpc. This distant detection of the stellar population of the outer trailing arm of Sagittarius offers a tight constraint on the motion of the dwarf galaxy. A distinctly separate region of overdensity is seen toward the Virgo overdensity.

We present the discovery and high signal-to-noise ratio spectroscopic observations of the optical afterglow of the long-duration gamma-ray burst GRB 070125. Unlike all previously observed long-duration afterglows in the redshift range 0.5 [?] z [?] 2.0, we find no strong (rest-frame equivalent width Wr[?] 1.0 A) absorption features in the wavelength range 4000-10000 A. The sole significant feature is a weak doublet that we identify as Mg II ll2796 ( Wr = 0.18 +- 0.02 A), 2803 ( Wr = 0.08 +- 0.01 A) at z = 1.5477 +- 0.0001. The low observed Mg II and inferred H I column densities are typically observed in galactic halos, far away from the bulk of massive star formation. Deep ground-based imaging reveals no host directly underneath the afterglow to a limit of 25.4"/> R > 25.4 mag. Either of the two nearest blue galaxies could host GRB 070125; the large offset ( d [?] 27 kpc) would naturally explain the low column densities. To remain consistent with the large local (i.e., parsec scale) circumburst density inferred from broadband afterglow observations, we speculate that GRB 070125 may have occurred far away from the disk of its host in a compact star-forming cluster. Such distant stellar clusters, typically formed by dynamical galaxy interactions, have been observed in the nearby universe and should be more prevalent at 1"/> z > 1, where galaxy mergers occur more frequently.

ABSTRACTOral health care professionals could drastically improve the quality of life for patients with potentially malignant oral lesions by using a noninvasive test that could be used to detect cancer using saliva. Promoter DNA hypermethylation is a critical step in oral carcinogenesis and has a number of significant advantages over genetic and protein diagnostic markers. Methylight is a recently developed assay that rapidly quantifies promoter hypermethylation and could potentially be applied into a clinical setting.

Although there is strong support for the collapsar engine as the power source of long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), we still do not definitively know the progenitor of these explosions. Here we review the current set of progenitor scenarios for long-duration GRBs and the observational constraints on these scenarios. Examining these models, we find that single stars cannot be the only progenitor for long-duration GRBs. Several binary progenitors can match the solid observational constraints and also have the potential to match the trends that we are currently seeing in the observations. Type Ib/c supernovae are also likely to be produced primarily in binaries; we discuss the relationship between the progenitors of these explosions and those of the long-duration GRBs.

We identify a light echo candidate from Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging of NGC 2441, the host galaxy of the Type Ia supernova 1995E. From the echo's angular size and the estimated distance to the host galaxy, we find a distance of 207 +- 35 pc between the dust and the site of the supernova. If confirmed, this echo brings the total number of observed nonhistorical Type Ia light echoes to three--the others being SN 1991T and SN 1998bu--suggesting that they are not uncommon. We compare the properties of the known Type Ia supernova echoes and test models of light echoes developed by Patat and coworkers. HST photometry of the SN 1991T echo shows a fading, which is consistent with scattering by dust distributed in a sphere or shell around the supernova. Light echoes have the potential to answer questions about the progenitors of Type Ia supernovae, and more effort should be made for their detection, given the importance of Type Ia supernovae to measurements of dark energy.

We have previously demonstrated T cell‐independent antitumor and antimetastatic effects of CD40 ligation that involved natural killer (NK) cells. As CD40 molecules are expressed on the surface of macrophages (Mφ), we hypothesized that Mφ may also serve as antitumor effector cells when activated by CD40 ligation. Progression of subcutaneous NXS2 murine neuroblastomas was delayed significantly by agonistic CD40 monoclonal antibody (anti‐CD40 mAb) therapy in immunocompetent A/J mice, as well as in T and B cell‐deficient severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. Although NK cells can be activated by anti‐CD40 mAb, anti‐CD40 mAb treatment also induced a significant antitumor effect in SCID/beige mice in the absence of T and NK effector cells, even when noncytolytic NK cells and polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) were depleted. Furthermore, in vivo treatment with anti‐CD40 mAb resulted in enhanced expression of cytokines and cell surface activation markers, as well as Mφ‐mediated tumor inhibition in A/J mice, C57BL/6 mice, and SCID/beige mice, as measured in vitro. A role for Mφ was shown by reduction in the antitumor effect of anti‐CD40 mAb when Mφ functions were inhibited in vivo by silica. In addition, activation of peritoneal Mφ by anti‐CD40 mAb resulted in survival benefits in mice bearing intraperitoneal tumors. Taken together, our results show that anti‐CD40 mAb immunotherapy of mice can inhibit tumor growth in the absence of T cells, NK cells, and PMN through the involvement of activated Mφ.

We present observations of the Type Ia supernovae (SNe) 1999M, 1999N, 1999Q, 1999S, and 1999U, at redshift z [?] 0.5. They were discovered in early 1999 with the 4.0 m Blanco telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory by the High-z Supernova Search Team (HZT) and subsequently followed with many ground-based telescopes. SNe 1999Q and 1999U were also observed with the Hubble Space Telescope. We computed luminosity distances to the new SNe using two methods and added them to the high-z Hubble diagram that the HZT has been constructing since 1995. The new distance moduli confirm the results of previous work. At z [?] 0.5, luminosity distances are larger than those expected for an empty universe, implying that a "cosmological constant," or another form of "dark energy," has been increasing the expansion rate of the universe during the last few billion years. Combining these new HZT SNe Ia with our previous results and assuming a LCDM cosmology, we estimate the cosmological parameters that best fit our measurements. For a sample of 75 low-redshift and 47 high-redshift SNe Ia with MLCS2k2 (Jha and coworkers) luminosity calibration we obtain OM = 0.79img1.gif and OL = 1.57img2.gif (1 s uncertainties) if no constraints are imposed, or OM = 0.29img3.gif if OM + OL = 1 is assumed. For a different sample of 58 low-redshift and 48 high-redshift SNe Ia with luminosity calibrations done using the PRES method (a generalization of the Dm15 method), the results are OM = 0.43img4.gif and OL = 1.18img5.gif (1 s uncertainties) if no constraints are imposed, or OM = 0.18img6.gif if OM + OL = 1 is assumed.

To use Type Ia supernovae as standard candles for cosmology, we need accurate broadband magnitudes. In practice the observed magnitude may differ from the ideal magnitude-redshift relationship either through intrinsic inhomogeneities in the Type Ia supernova population, or through observational error. Here we investigate how we can choose filter bandpasses to reduce the error caused by both these effects. We find that bandpasses with large integral fluxes and sloping wings are best able to minimize several sources of observational error, and are also least sensitive to intrinsic differences in Type Ia supernovae. The most important feature of a complete filter set for Type Ia supernova cosmology is that each bandpass be a redshifted copy of the first. We design practical sets of redshifted bandpasses that are matched to typical high-resistivity CCD and HgCdTe infrared detector sensitivities. These are designed to minimize systematic error in well-observed supernovae; final designs for specific missions should also consider signal-to-noise ratio requirements and observing strategy. In addition, we calculate how accurately filters need to be calibrated in order to achieve the required photometric accuracy of future supernova cosmology experiments, such as the Supernova /Acceleration Probe(SNAP), which is one possible realization of the Joint Dark Energy Mission (JDEM). We consider the effect of possible periodic miscalibrations that may arise from the construction of an interference filter.

We observed supernova 1987A (SN 1987A) with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in 1999 September and again with the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) on the HST in 2003 November. Our spectral observations cover ultraviolet (UV) and optical wavelengths from 1140 to 10266 A, and our imaging observations cover UV and optical wavelengths from 2900 to 9650 A. No point source is observed in the remnant. We obtain a limiting flux of Fopt [?] 1.6 x 10-14 ergs s-1 cm-2 in the wavelength range 2900-9650 A for any continuum emitter at the center of the supernova remnant (SNR). This corresponds to an intrinsic luminosity of Lopt [?] 5 x 1033 ergs s-1. It is likely that the SNR contains opaque dust that absorbs UV and optical emission, resulting in an attenuation of ~35% due to dust absorption in the SNR. Correcting for this level of dust absorption would increase our upper limit on the luminosity of a continuum source by a factor of 1.54. Taking into account dust absorption in the remnant, we find a limit of Lopt [?] 8 x 1033 ergs s-1. We compare this upper bound with empirical evidence from point sources in other supernova remnants and with theoretical models for possible compact sources. We show that any survivor of a possible binary system must be no more luminous than an F6 main-sequence star. Bright young pulsars such as Kes 75 or the Crab pulsar are excluded by optical and X-ray limits on SN 1987A. Other nonplerionic X-ray point sources have luminosities similar to the limits on a point source in SN 1987A; RCW 103 and Cas A are slightly brighter than the limits on SN 1987A, while Pup A is slightly fainter. Of the young pulsars known to be associated with SNRs, those with ages [?]5000 yr are all too bright in X-rays to be compatible with the limits on SN 1987A. Examining theoretical models for accretion onto a compact object, we find that spherical accretion onto a neutron star is firmly ruled out and that spherical accretion onto a black hole is possible only if there is a larger amount of dust absorption in the remnant than predicted. In the case of thin-disk accretion, our flux limit requires a small disk, no larger than 1010 cm, with an accretion rate no more than 0.3 times the Eddington accretion rate. Possible ways to hide a surviving compact object include the removal of all surrounding material at early times by a photon-driven wind, a small accretion disk, or very high levels of dust absorption in the remnant. It will not be easy to improve substantially on our optical-UV limit for a point source in SN 1987A, although we can hope that a better understanding of the thermal infrared emission will provide a more complete picture of the possible energy sources at the center of SN 1987A.

Monoclonal antibodies against soybean Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (BBI) have been generated and used to detect and quantify BBI in foods, soybean germplasm, and animal tissues and fluids. The purpose of this study was to determine the recognition sites of two monoclonal antibodies to BBI (mAb 238 and mAb 217) in relation to the protease-inhibitory sites of BBI. The results showed that (1) the binding of mAb 238 can be blocked by trypsin and that of mAb 217 by chymotrypsin; (2) the trypsin or chymotrypsin inhibitory activities of BBI are blocked by mAb 238 or mAb 217, respectively; and (3) mAb 238 failed to recognize a tryptic loop mutant BBI variant and mAb 217 was unable to bind a chymotryptic loop mutant BBI variant. These findings demonstrate that the epitopes recognized by mAb 238 and mAb 217 reside, at least in part, in the tryptic and chymotryptic loops of BBI, respectively.

An increasing incidence of oral carcinoma among young adults has been reported in the U.S. and Europe. Although the association between human papillomavirus infection and tonsillar carcinoma is now well established, to the authors' knowledge little is known about incidence trends in tonsillar carcinoma among younger adults. The objective of the current study was to explore the trends in both oral cavity and pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in younger U.S. populations, in particular tongue and tonsillar SCC.Using the 1973–2001 Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database, we computed age, race, and site‐specific trends of oral and pharyngeal (excluding nasopharynx) carcinoma incidence rates. The percent change (PC) and annual percent change (APC) were computed to explore trends in incidence rates over time.There were 2262 SCC of the oral cavity and 1251 SCC of the pharynx reported to the SEER program from 1973 to 2001 in adults aged 20–44 years. There was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of oral tongue SCC (APC = +2.1; P < 0.001), base of tongue SCC (APC = +1.7; P = 0.04), and palatine tonsil SCC (APC = +3.9; P < 0.001) among younger white individuals, whereas the incidence of SCC in all other oral and pharyngeal sites decreased or remained constant.The increase in tonsil SCC incidence from 1973 to 2001 paralleled the increase in tongue SCC, whereas SCC in all other oral and pharyngeal sites remained constant or decreased. This may suggest similar etiologic factors for SCC affecting the palatine tonsils and tongue in younger populations. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.

We present photometric and spectroscopic observations of 23 high-redshift supernovae (SNe) spanning a range of z = 0.34-1.03, nine of which are unambiguously classified as Type Ia. These SNe were discovered during the IfA Deep Survey, which began in 2001 September and observed a total of 2.5 deg2 to a depth of approximately m [?] 25-26 in RIZ over 9-17 visits, typically every 1-3 weeks for nearly 5 months, with additional observations continuing until 2002 April. We give a brief description of the survey motivations, observational strategy, and reduction process. This sample of 23 high-redshift SNe includes 15 at z [?] 0.7, doubling the published number of objects at these redshifts, and indicates that the evidence for acceleration of the universe is not due to a systematic effect proportional to redshift. In combination with the recent compilation of Tonry et al. (2003), we calculate cosmological parameter density contours that are consistent with the flat universe indicated by the cosmic microwave background (Spergel et al. 2003). Adopting the constraint that Ototal = 1.0, we obtain best-fit values of (Om,OL) = (0.33, 0.67) using 22 SNe from this survey augmented by the literature compilation. We show that using the empty-beam model for gravitational lensing does not eliminate the need for OL > 0. Experience from this survey indicates great potential for similar large-scale surveys while also revealing the limitations of performing surveys for z > 1 SNe from the ground.

The High-z Supernova Search Team has discovered and observed eight new supernovae in the redshift interval z = 0.3-1.2. These independent observations, analyzed by similar but distinct methods, confirm the results of Riess and Perlmutter and coworkers that supernova luminosity distances imply an accelerating universe. More importantly, they extend the redshift range of consistently observed Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) to z [?] 1, where the signature of cosmological effects has the opposite sign of some plausible systematic effects. Consequently, these measurements not only provide another quantitative confirmation of the importance of dark energy, but also constitute a powerful qualitative test for the cosmological origin of cosmic acceleration. We find a rate for SN Ia of (1.4 +- 0.5) x 10-4 h3 Mpc-3 yr-1 at a mean redshift of 0.5. We present distances and host extinctions for 230 SN Ia. These place the following constraints on cosmological quantities: if the equation of state parameter of the dark energy is w = -1, then H0t0 = 0.96 +- 0.04, and OL - 1.4OM = 0.35 +- 0.14. Including the constraint of a flat universe, we find OM = 0.28 +- 0.05, independent of any large-scale structure measurements. Adopting a prior based on the Two Degree Field (2dF) Redshift Survey constraint on OM and assuming a flat universe, we find that the equation of state parameter of the dark energy lies in the range -1.48 < w < -0.72 at 95% confidence. If we further assume that w > -1, we obtain w < -0.73 at 95% confidence. These constraints are similar in precision and in value to recent results reported using the WMAP satellite, also in combination with the 2dF Redshift Survey.

JONATHAN M. HALL. Hellenicity: Between Ethnicity and Culture. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2002. Pp. xx, $50.00(US). Reviewed by Jeremy McInereyWILLIAM V. HARRIS. Restraining Rage: The Ideology of Anger Control in Classical Antiquity.Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2001. Pp. xii, 468. 849–95 (US). Reviewed by Paul J. BurtonDIANA SPENCER. The Roman Alexander: Reading a Cultural Myth.Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2002. Pp. xxiv, 277. £15.99, paper. Reviewed by Erich S. GruenJAMES ROBERT ENTERLINE. Erikson, Eskimos, and Columbus: Medieval European Knowledge of America.Baltimore, MD and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002. Pp. xx, 342. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by John A. AgnewPHILIP BENEDICT. Christ's Churches Purely Reformed: A Social History of Calvinism.New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2002. Pp. xxvi, 670. $40.00 (US). Reviewed by Charles G. Nauert, Jr.DAVID ARMITAGE and MICHAEL J. BRADDICK, eds. The British Atlantic World, 1500–1800.Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2002. Pp. xx, 324. $21.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Trevor BurnardJAMES D. TRACY. Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xvi, 344. $70.00 (US). Reviewed by H. G. KoenigsbergerDAGMAR BECHTLOFF. Madagaskar und die Missionare: technisch-zivilisatorische Transfers in der Früh- und Endphase europäischer Expansionsbestrebungen.Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2002. Pp. 258. €45.00. Reviewed by Eva KellerJOHN WATKINS. Representing Elizabeth in Stuart England: Literature, History, Sovereignty.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xi, 264. $60.00 (US). Reviewed by Mark A. KishlanskyUWAIDAH M. AL-JUHANY. Najd before the Salafi Reform Movement: Social, Political, and Religious Conditions during the Three Centuries Preceding the Rise of the Saudi State.Reading: Ithaca Press, 2002; dist. Portland: ISBS. Pp. x, 213. 849–50 (US). Reviewed by Hala FattahLINDSEY HUGHES. Peter the Great: A Biography.New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2002. Pp. xv, 285. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Max J. OkenfussKATHLEEN WILSON. The Island Race: Englishness, Empire, and Gender in the Eighteenth Century.London and New York: Routledge, 2003. Pp. xiii, 282. $24.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by J. C. D. ClarkEMMA ROTHSCHILD. Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the Enlightenment.Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2002. Pp. ix, 353. $18.95 (US), paper Reviewed by Monika StreisslerMUNRO PRICE. The Road from Versailles: Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, and the Fall of the French Monarchy.New York: St Martin's Press, 2002. Pp. xix, 425. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Michael HochedlingerMARK HULLIUNG. Citizens and Citoyens: Republicans and Liberals in America and France.Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2002. Pp. xiv, 250. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Hugh BroganALAN FORREST. Napoleon's Men: The Soldiers of the Revolution and Empire.London and New York: Hambledon & London, 2002; dist. New York: New York University Press. Pp. xix, 248. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Owen ConnellyDAVID ALVAREZ. Spies in the Vatican: Espionage and Intrigue from Napoleon to the Holocaust.Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002. Pp. 341. $34.95 (US). Reviewed by Frank J. CoppaBRIAN GALLIGAN, WINSOME ROBERTS, and GABRIELLA TRIFILETTI. Australians and Globalisation: The Experience of Two Centuries.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. vi, 217. S65.00 (US), cloth; $25.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Geoffrey BoltonGISELLE BYRNES. Boundary Markers: Land Surveying and the Colonisation of New Zealand.Wellington: Bridget Williams Books, 2001; dist. Chicago: Paul & Company. Pp. x, 158. $32.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Judith BassettMARTINE VAN WOERKENS. The Strangled Traveler: Colonial Imaginings and the Thugs of India, trans. Catherine Tihanyi.Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2002. Pp. xv. 360. $24.00 (US), paper Reviewed by Michael H. FisherJEFFREY COX. Imperial Fault Lines: Christianity and Colonial Power in India, 1818–1940.Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002. Pp. ix, 357. $55.00 (US) Reviewed by Penny CarsonCASSANDRA PYBUS and HAMISH MAXWELL-STEWART. American Citizens, British Slaves: Yankee Political Prisoners in an Australian Penal Colony, 1839–1850.Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2002; dist. Chicago: Paul & Company. Pp. XV, 270. $34.95 (AUS). Reviewed by Alan AtkinsonCHRISTOPHER KOBRAK. National Cultures and International Competition: The Experience of Schering AG, 1851–1950.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xvii, 394. $50.00 (US). Reviewed by Stephan H. LindnerTHOMAS L. WHIGHAM. The Paraguayan War: I: Causes and Early Conduct.Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2002. Pp. xvii, 520. $75.00 (US). Reviewed by Eduardo Posada-CarbóLARA PUTNAM. The Company They Keep: Migrants and the Politics of Gender in Caribbean Costa Rica, 1870–1960.Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2002. Pp. xii, 303. $19.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Steven PalmerHOLGER AFFLERBACH. Der Dreibund: Europäische Groβsmacht- und Allianzpolitik vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg.Vienna: Böhlau, 2002. Pp. 983. €95.00. Reviewed by Lothar HöbeltFRANK DIKÖTTER. Crime, Punishment, and the Prison in Modern China.London: Hurst & Company, 2002. Pp. xvi, 441. £35.00 Reviewed by Pitman B. PotterP. J. CAIN. Hobson and Imperialism: Radicalism, New Liberalism, and Finance, 1887–1938.New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. Pp. ix, 320. $135.00 (CDN). Reviewed by E. H. H. GreenSHAWN C. SMALLMAN. Fear and Memory in the Brazilian Army and Society, 1889–1954.Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2002; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. x, 265. $32.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Peter M. BeattieSTEVEN T. ROSS. American War Plans, 1890–1939.London and Portland: Frank Cass, 2002. Pp. xii, 212. $26.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by James Edward MillerDENIS JUDD and KEITH SURRIDGE. The Boer War.London: John Murray, 2002. Pp. xvi, 352. £25.00.Reviewed by Bill NassonROBERT T. FOLEY, trans, and ed. Alfred von Schlieffen's Military Writings.London and Portland: Frank Cass, 2003. Pp. xxix, 280. $54.50 (US); ROBERT M. CITINO. Quest for Decisive Victory: From Stalemate to Blitzkrieg in Europe, 1899–1940.Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002. Pp. xix, 372. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Hew StrachanANDRE SCHMID. Korea between Empires, 1895–1919.New York: Columbia University Press, 2002. Pp. xi, 372. $22.50 (US), paper; MICHAEL FINCH. Min Yóng-Hwan: A Political Biography.Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press and Center for Korean Studies, 2002. Pp. xii, 256. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Soon-Won ParkV. R. RAUSCH and D. L. BALDWIN, eds. The Yukon Relief Expedition and the Journal of Carl Johan Sakariassen, original journal trans, by James P. Nelson. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2002. Pp. xvi, 261. $26.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Jonathan SwaingerDAVID GOLDSWORTHY, ed. Facing North: A Century of Australian Engagement with Asia: I: 1901 to the 1970s.Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2002. Pp. xx, 523. $39.95 (AUS), paper Reviewed by David DayLESLIE MCLOUGHLIN. In a Sea of Knowledge: British Arabists in the Twentieth Century.Reading: Ithaca Press, 2002. Pp. x, 288. £29.95. Reviewed by Derek HopwoodCHRISTOPHER P. ATWOOD. Young Mongols and Vigilantes in Inner Mongolia's Interregnum Decades, 1911–1931: I. Pp. xxii, 499; II. Pp. 503-I,168. Leiden: Brill, 2002. €150.00 for both volumes. Reviewed by Bruce A. EllemanMICHAEL HOWARD. The First World War.New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. Pp. xix, 154. S31.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Jay WinterEDWARD B. WESTERMANN. Flak: German Anti-Aircraft Defenses, 1914–1945.Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001. Pp. xiv, 394. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Kenneth P. WerrellLAURENT MARTIN. Le Canard enchainé ou les Fortunes de la vertu: Histoire d'un journal satirique 1915–2000.Paris: Flammarion, 2001. Pp. 726. €22.71; ALLEN DOUGLAS. War, Memory, and the Politics of Humor: The Canard Enchainé and World War I.Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. Pp. xiv, 331. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Kenneth MouréCHRISTOPHER READ. The Making and Breaking of the Soviet System: An Interpretation.Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2001. Pp. x, 259. $22.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Edwin BaconJOANNE MOONEY EICHACKER. Irish Republican Women in America: Lecture Tours, 1916–1925.Dublin and Portland: Irish Academic Press, 2003. Pp. xxii, 329. $26.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by Donald Harman AkensonLLOYD E. AMBROSIUS. Wilsonianism: Woodrow Wilson and His Legacy in American Foreign Relations.New York: Palgrave, 2002. Pp. 233. $24.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Joseph A. FryYUNG-CHEN CHIANG. Social Engineering and the Social Sciences in China, 1919–1949.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xiv, 299. &59.95 (US). Reviewed by Bettina GransowJONATHAN WRIGHT. Gustav Stresemann: Weimar's Greatest Statesman.New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. Pp. xvii, 569. $79.50 (CDN). Reviewed by Henry A. Turner, Jr.HAROLD JAMES, ed., in collaboration with ELISABETH MÜLLER-LUCKNER. The Interwar Depression in an International Context.Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2002. Pp. xv, 192. €44.80; RANDALL E. PARKER. Reflections on the Great Depression.Cheltenham and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2002. Pp. xii, 230. $85.00 (US). Reviewed by Christopher M. MeissnerKLAUS DODDS. Pink Ice: Britain and the South Atlantic Empire.London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2002; dist. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave. Pp. xxiii, 229. $16.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Peter CalvertPATRICK J. HEARDEN. Architects of Globalism: Building a New World Order during World War II.Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2002. Pp. xv, 418. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Thomas W. ZeilerDOUGLAS C. PEIFER. The Three German Navies: Dissolution, Transition, and New Beginnings, 1945–1960.Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. xx, 250. $90.75 (CDN).Reviewed by Sigurd HessR. J. CRAMPTON. The Balkans since the Second World War.London and New York: Longman, 2002. Pp. xxxiv, 374. £16.99, paper. Reviewed by John R. LampeLOUISE OLSSON and TORUNN L. TRYGGESTAD, eds. Women and International Peacekeeping.London and Portland: Frank Cass, 2001. Pp. 145. $24.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by Frances EarlyKENNETH CONBOY and JAMES MORRISON. The CIA's Secret War in Tibet.Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002. Pp. x, 301. $34.95 (US). Reviewed by Scott LucasGREG DONAGHY, ed. Canada: Documents on Canadian External Relations: XXIII: 1956–1957, Part II.Ottawa: Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 2002. Pp. lxii, 1,578. $119.95 (CDN). Reviewed by B. W. MuirheadNETA C. CRAWFORD. Argument and Change in World Politics: Ethics, Decolonization, and Humanitarian Intervention.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xv, 466. $30.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Stephen A. GarrettDAVID L. ANDERSON. The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War.New York: Columbia University Press, 2002. Pp. xiv, 308. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Mark BradleyHENNER FURTIG. Iran's Rivalry with Saudi Arabia between the Gulf Wars.Reading: Ithaca Press, 2002; dist. Portland: ISBS. Pp. xviii, 288. $49.50 (US). Reviewed by Fred H. LawsonANNA M. GRZYMALA-BUSSE. Redeeming the Communist Past: The Regeneration of Communist Parties in East Central Europe.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xviii, 341. $60.00 (US). Reviewed by David M. OlsonMORRIS MORLEY and CHRIS MCGILLION. Unfinished Business: America and Cuba after the Cold War, 1989–2001.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. ix, 253. $18.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Joaquin RoyMICHAEL BRENNER and GUILLAUME PARMENTIER. Reconcilable Differences: US-French Relations in the New Era.Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2002. Pp. x, 154. $17.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Chiarella EspositoROBERT K. BARNEY, STEPHEN R. WENN, and SCOTT G. MARTYN. Selling the Five Rings: The International Olympic Committee and the Rise of Olympic Commercialism.Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2002; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Books Services. Pp. xvi, 384. $57.75 (CDN). Reviewed by Wray VamplewDONLEY T. STUDLAR. Tobacco Control: Comparative Politics in the United States and Canada.Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2002. Pp. 327. $29.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Kenneth KyleEDWARD J. CHAMBERS and PETER H. SMITH, eds. NAFTA in the New Millennium.Edmonton: University of Alberta Press; and La Jolla: Center for US-Mexican Studies, 2002. Pp. xv, 504. $34.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Alfred E. EckesJOHN LEECH. Asymmetries of Conflict: War without Death.London and Portland: Frank Cass, 2002. Pp. xix, 220. $24.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by Christopher CokerELISABETH GLASER and HERMANN WELLENREUTHER, eds. Bridging the Atlantic: The Question of American Exceptionalism in Perspective.New York: Cambridge University Press; Washington, DC: German Historical Institute, 2002. Pp. ix, 310. $50.00 (US). Reviewed by Peter BergmannPATRICK JAMES. International Relations and Scientific Progress: Structural Realism Reconsidered.Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2002. Pp. x, 299. $24.95 (US). Reviewed by Brian C. SchmidtJOHN J. MEARSHEIMER. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics.New York: W. W. Norton, 2001. Pp. xvi, 555. $27.95 (US). Reviewed by Charles A. Kupchan

We present two-dimensional line profiles of high-velocity (~+-12,000 km s-1) Lya and Ha emission from supernova remnant 1987A obtained with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph between 1997 September and 2001 September (days 3869-5327 after the explosion). This emission comes from hydrogen in the debris that is excited and ionized as it passes through the remnant's reverse shock. We use these profiles to measure the geometry and development of the reverse-shock surface. The observed emission is confined within ~+-30deg about the remnant's equatorial plane. At the equator, the reverse shock has a radius of ~75% of the distance to the equatorial ring. We detect marginal differences (6% +- 3%) between the location of the reverse-shock front in the northeast and southwest parts of the remnant. The radius of the reverse shock surface increases for latitudes above the equator, a geometry consistent with a model in which the supernova debris expands into a bipolar nebula. Assuming that the outer supernova debris has a power-law density distribution, we can infer from the reverse-shock emission light curve an expansion rate (in the northeast part of the remnant) of 3700 +- 900 km s-1, consistent with the expansion velocities determined from observations in radio (Manchester et al.) and X-ray (Park et al.; Michael et al.) wavelengths. However, our most recent observation (at day 5327) suggests that the rate of increase of mass flux across the northeast sector of the reverse shock has accelerated, perhaps because of deceleration of the reverse shock caused by the arrival of a reflected shock created when the blast wave struck the inner ring. Resonant scattering within the supernova debris causes Lya photons created at the reverse shock to be directed preferentially outward, resulting in a factor of ~5 difference in the observed brightness of the reverse shock in Lya between the near and far sides of the remnant. Accounting for this effect, we compare the observed reverse-shock Lya and Ha fluxes to infer the amount of interstellar extinction by dust as E(B - V) = 0.17 +- 0.01 mag. We also notice extinction by dust in the equatorial ring with E(B - V) [?] 0.02-0.08 mag, which implies dust-to-gas ratios similar to that of the LMC. Since Ha photons are optically thin to scattering, the observed asymmetry in brightness of Ha from the near and far sides of the remnant represents a real asymmetry in the mass flux through the reverse shock of ~30%. We discuss future observational strategies that will permit us to further investigate the reverse-shock dynamics and resonant scattering of the Lya line and to constrain better the extinction by dust within and in front of the remnant.