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Camels are important domestic adaptable mammal native to dry and semi-arid climates. It not only provides transportation to individuals living in arid climates, but also milk and meat. Parasites from all three major parasite categories, protozoa, helminths, and arthropods, can infect camels. Some of them are frequently linked to disease and have thus been thoroughly investigated in this study. The helminths; nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Onchocercasp., and Microfilaria), trematodes (Fasciolasp.), and cestodes (Cystic echinococcosis) and arthropods; ticks (Hyalomma dromedarii), mites (Sarcoptic mange), and flies (Cephalopina titillator) (Nasal myiasis) are affect and endanger camels, which may result in significant economic losses due to decreased productivity and performance, as well as mortality in serious situations. Camels carry infections that they can transfer to humans and animals as a zoonosis, and tick-borne diseases are serious health and economic problems. Macroscopic and microscopical diagnosis of parasitic helminths and arthropods are usually dependent on the detection of the parasites in fecal examination to primary detection of eggs or segments of helminths or attached animal body as in ticks or sarcoptic mites. Histopathology and various serological assays based on antibody–antigen reactions can also be used. Furthermore, molecular diagnostic techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequencing, then phylogenetic analysis are employed to accurately identify parasite species. This review article discussed the different diagnostic procedures of parasitic helminths and arthropods in camels. Also included are descriptions of various control and management techniques for camels to limit the danger of theses parasite infection.

Background: This study was conducted to detect the presence of T. gondiiin milk and blood samples using three different assays: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay (LAMP). Whole blood, serum, and milk samples were collected from goats (n= 156), sheep (n= 261), and camels (n= 108) in different governorates in Egypt from December 2019 to February 2021 and screened by ELISA for anti-ToxoplasmaIgG antibodies before DNA extraction. The target T. gondiiDNA gene was detected and evaluated using the LAMP assay compared to PCR. Results: T. gondiiantibodies were found in milk and serum samples at the rates of (29.26%) and (36.58%) in camels, (34.18%) and (35.89%) in sheep, and (33.7%) and (36.36%) in goats, respectively. Similar to PCR, the percentages of LAMP tests for the detection of the T. gondiiDNA gene in milk and blood samples of camels, sheep, and goats were (4.8, 14.63), (6.83, 7.69), and (7.79, 9.09), respectively. LAMP's sensitivity for detecting T. gondiiin milk and blood samples, which was identical to that of PCR, was 100%. Conclusions: The findings clearly demonstrated that there were no variations in T. gondiidetection capabilities in milk and blood samples from various animals using both PCR and LAMP tests. It provides a quick, precise, and sensitive method of detecting T. gondiiin a variety of samples that may be used both in the field and in laboratory diagnosis.

This study utilized infectivity bioassays in cats and mice to assess the efficacy of inactivation of Toxoplasma gondiicysts in experimentally infected sheep meat and tissues subjected to chilling, freezing, heating, microwave cooking, and gamma ray irradiation. Heating at 60°C or 100°C for 10 minutes, freezing at either −10°C for 3 days or −20°C for 2 days, or irradiation at doses of 75 or 100 krad was sufficient to kill tissue cysts. Meanwhile, neither cooking in a microwave nor chilling at 5°C for 5 days was sufficient to kill tissue cysts.