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Use of intraoperative ultrasonography during biliary tract surgery offers several advantages. It is highly reliable in detecting and localizing pathology in the common bile duct and papillary area, it provides important information with regard to the anatomy and has a potential for wide application. The use of intraoperative ultrasonography is costeffective and with proper equipment and training the method can be easily learned and performed reliably. It is a valuable diagnostic tool, supporting the surgeon in operative decision making and worth to be recommended as an alternative and even a substitute for intraoperative radiography.

The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of causing radiofrequency wave current generated arterial lesions.

We have previously described echogenicity of unclotted blood during high resolution B-mode ultrasonic scanning. This occured during stasis and was less evident after agitation or in flowing blood. To determine more precisely the factors associated with echogenicity, a series of in-vitro experiments were performed using blood from normal subjects and patients with multiple myeloma. Whole blood and combinations of red cells with fibrinogen, gelatin, saline and serum were examined with real-time B-mode and A-mode ultrasound using 7.5 or 10 MHz transducers at temperatures of 0°, 25° and 37°C.