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The purpose of this investigation was to compare different rest period lengths between consecutive one maximum repetition bench press attempts on performance and ratings of perceived exertion.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different intervals between static stretching for hip adductor, quadriceps and hamstring muscles and resistance training in repetition performance.

Epoxy resin networks modified with different functionalized liquid polybutadiene were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and dielectric thermal analysis techniques. Different morphologies were observed for these different systems, which were attributed to different interaction degrees between the components. Hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) and carboxyl‐ terminated polybutadiene (CTPB) resulted in epoxy networks with two‐phase morphology that differed in rubber particle size. The use of isocyanate‐terminated polybutadiene (NCOTPB) resulted in transparent thermoset material, whose rubber domains were in the nanoscale dimension, only detected by the AFM technique. The different morphological aspects in these epoxy systems also affected the dielectric properties. The epoxy–HTPB network exhibited two low temperature relaxation peaks corresponding to two different phases present in the system, whereas the epoxy–CTPB or epoxy–NCOTPB systems, whose rubber particles are well adhered to the epoxy matrix by chemical bonds, displayed only one single low temperature relaxation peak. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4053–4062, 2004

Abstract In order to obtain further information on the structural organization of the cuticle of nematodes, this structure was isolated from adult forms of the filariid Litomosoides chagasfilhoi. The purity of the fraction was determined by light and transmission electron microscopy, deep-etching, high resolution scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, immunocytochemistry, gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blot. The epicuticle presented a rugous surface with parallel rows and several globular particles that could be involved in the absorption of nutrients and secretion of products. Analysis by SDS-PAGE of purified cuticles revealed five major polypeptides corresponding to 151, 41, 28, 13 and 11 kDa. A polyclonal antibody against a synthetic 18 amino-acid peptide that corresponds to the sequence of domain E of the Haemonchus contortus 3A3 collagen gene recognized several protein bands on the Western blot of purified cuticle, and labeled all cuticular layers, as shown by immunocytochemistry.

A sample of α chitin was obtained from shells of the shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri by demineralization and deproteinization processes. This sample of native α chitin (NC) was dissolved in concentrated phosphoric acid and recovered by precipitation in an alkaline aqueous solution, giving rise to a sample named PC. Solid-state carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C-NMR), X-ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques were used to compare both samples and to investigate structural changes in α chitin under the action of phosphoric acid. ¹³C-NMR experiments and X-ray diffraction results revealed a high crystalline order in both samples. Structural differences were due to the higher distance between adjacent chains along the b axis and the consequent decrease in the number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the sample recovered from solution. While remarkable supramolecular differences could be observed in the fibrillar crystals of the NC sample, the PC sample was characterized by only one type of morphology. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 151–159, 2002

Abstract: Aspergillus tamarii produced extracellular xylanase and intracellular β-xylosidase inductively in washed glucose-grown mycelia incubated with xylan and methyl β-d-xyloside, a synthetic glycoside. Methyl β-d-xyloside was a more effective inducer than xylan at the same concentration for both enzymes. Glucose and cycloheximide were found to inhibit xylanase production by methyl β-d-xyloside. Methyl β-d-xyloside was hydrolyzed to xylose by mycelial extract in vitro.

Background and aims: Few studies have assessed cell-mediated immunity in preterm infants. This study aimed to compare cellular immune responses to vaccination against measles, varicella-zoster and tetanus in preterm and term infants.Methods: Two prospective cohorts of infants (Group 1: 61 infants; BW: 1184±214g; GA: 30±2.2wks); Group 2, 53 infants, BW: 3245±285g; GA: 39±1wk) aged 12-18 months were vaccinated with measles vaccine at 12mo and tetanus booster and varicella-zoster at 15mo. Response to measles, varicella-zoster and tetanus was evaluated by IFN-gamma production by CD4 and CD8 T cells by flow cytometry. Cell percentages were compared by t-test after logarithmic transformation; p< 0.05 was considered significant.Results: Preterm and full-term infants had similar IFN-gamma production by CD4 and CD8 T cells after measles, varicella-zoster and tetanus vaccination. Reactivity to phyto-hemagglutinin by CD4 and CD8 T cells increased significantly from 12-15mo and 12-18mo of age in Group 1, but not in Group 2.TableConclusions: Except by phyto-hemagglutinin activation, term and preterm infants had similar cellular immune response after vaccination.Supported by FAPESP, Brazil

Background and aims: Antibody response may be lower in preterm infants. This study aimed to compare the immune response to vaccination against measles, varicella and tetanus in preterm and term infants and to analyze factors associated with antibody level.Methods: Two prospective cohorts of infants aged 12-18 months; Group 1: Very low birth-weight preterm infants; Group 2: Term infants. Antibodies were measured before and after vaccination against measles at 12mo and tetanus booster and varicella at 15mo. Comparisons were performed by t-test or x2. Factors associated with antibody levels were analyzed by linear regression, considering p< 0.05 significant.Results: Group 1, 65 infants (BW: 1184±214g; GA: 30±2.2wks) and Group 2, 56 (BW: 3245±285g; GA: 39±1wks) were similar regarding proportion of infants with protective antibody levels against measles (>0.12IU/mL), varicella (=0.1 IU/mL) and tetanus (=0.1 IU/mL). Antibody levels before and after vaccination were similar in both groups for measles (0.026 vs. 0.027; 2.394 vs. 2.412), varicella (0.044 vs. 0.05; 0.353 vs. 0.317) and tetanus (0.147 vs. 0.205; 1.997 vs. 1.740). By linear regression, being premature decreased tetanus antibody titers in -0.106 (p=0.023) and an increase in 1wk in GA raised tetanus antibody titers in 0.012 at 15mo (p=0.032). Regarding to varicella, an increase in 1wk in GA raised antibody titers in 0.015 at 15mo (p=0.030).Conclusions: Humoral immune responses were similar in both groups. Greater GA was associated with increased antibody levels against tetanus and varicella.Supported by FAPESP, Brazil