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Climate modelling and analysis are facing new demands to enhance projections and climate information. Here we argue that now is the time to push the frontiers of machine learning beyond state-of-the-art approaches, not only by developing machine-learning-based Earth system models with greater fidelity, but also by providing new capabilities through emulators for extreme event projections with large ensembles, enhanced detection and attribution methods for extreme events, and advanced climate model analysis and benchmarking. Utilizing this potential requires key machine learning challenges to be addressed, in particular generalization, uncertainty quantification, explainable artificial intelligence and causality. This interdisciplinary effort requires bringing together machine learning and climate scientists, while also leveraging the private sector, to accelerate progress towards actionable climate science.

Aerosols have been proposed to influence precipitation rates and spatial patterns from scales of individual clouds to the globe. However, large uncertainty remains regarding the underlying mechanisms and importance of multiple effects across spatial and temporal scales. Here we review the evidence and scientific consensus behind these effects, categorized into radiative effects via modification of radiative fluxes and the energy balance, and microphysical effects via modification of cloud droplets and ice crystals. Broad consensus and strong theoretical evidence exist that aerosol radiative effects (aerosol–radiation interactions and aerosol–cloud interactions) act as drivers of precipitation changes because global mean precipitation is constrained by energetics and surface evaporation. Likewise, aerosol radiative effects cause well-documented shifts of large-scale precipitation patterns, such as the intertropical convergence zone. The extent of aerosol effects on precipitation at smaller scales is less clear. Although there is broad consensus and strong evidence that aerosol perturbations microphysically increase cloud droplet numbers and decrease droplet sizes, thereby slowing precipitation droplet formation, the overall aerosol effect on precipitation across scales remains highly uncertain. Global cloud-resolving models provide opportunities to investigate mechanisms that are currently not well represented in global climate models and to robustly connect local effects with larger scales. This will increase our confidence in predicted impacts of climate change.

Prior to the late 1960s, physical education professional preparation programs in the United States were principally concerned with preparing coaches of sport and teachers of physical education. However, in recent decades, the field has spawned a number of alternative career tracks of which none has proven to be more viable than sport management. The field has expanded to 193 institutions that prepare sport managers and administrators on the undergraduate and/or graduate levels in physical education, sport, business, computers, and communications. This digest addresses the history and growth of sport management as a distinct subdiscipline; the rationale for the proliferation of programs; controversies and problems facing sport management; the scope of sport management today; career and employment opportunities; and the future of sport management. (Contains 10 references.) (LL)

Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) is a transmembrane sensor that is part of a trio of sensors responsible for controlling the unfolded protein response within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Upon the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER, IRE1 becomes activated and initiates the cleavage of a 26-nucleotide intron from human X-box-containing protein 1 (XBP1). The cleavage is mediated by the RtcB ligase enzyme, which splices together two exons, resulting in the formation of the spliced isoform XBP1s. The XBP1s isoform activates the transcription of genes involved in ER-associated degradation to maintain cellular homeostasis. The catalytic activity of RtcB is controlled by the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of three tyrosine residues (Y306, Y316, and Y475), which are regulated by the ABL1 tyrosine kinase and PTP1B phosphatase, respectively. This study focuses on investigating the mechanism by which the PTP1B phosphatase activates the RtcB ligase using a range of advanced in silico methods. Protein–protein docking identified key interacting residues between RtcB and PTP1B. Notably, the phosphorylated Tyr306 formed hydrogen bonds and salt bridge interactions with the “gatekeeper” residues Arg47 and Lys120 of the inactive PTP1B. Classical molecular dynamics simulation emphasized the crucial role of Asp181 in the activation of PTP1B, driving the conformational change from an open to a closed state of the WPD-loop. Furthermore, QM/MM-MD simulations provided insights into the free energy landscape of the dephosphorylation reaction mechanism of RtcB, which is mediated by the PTP1B phosphatase.

Ubiquitin ligation is typically executed by hallmark E3 catalytic domains. Two such domains, ‘cullin–RING’ and ‘RBR’, are individually found in several hundred human E3 ligases, and collaborate with E2 enzymes to catalyze ubiquitylation. However, the vertebrate-specific CUL9 complex with RBX1 (also called ROC1), of interest due to its tumor suppressive interaction with TP53, uniquely encompasses both cullin–RING and RBR domains. Here, cryo-EM, biochemistry and cellular assays elucidate a 1.8-MDa hexameric human CUL9–RBX1 assembly. Within one dimeric subcomplex, an E2-bound RBR domain is activated by neddylation of its own cullin domain and positioning from the adjacent CUL9–RBX1 in trans. Our data show CUL9 as unique among RBX1-bound cullins in dependence on the metazoan-specific UBE2F neddylation enzyme, while the RBR domain protects it from deneddylation. Substrates are recruited to various upstream domains, while ubiquitylation relies on both CUL9’s neddylated cullin and RBR domains achieving self-assembled and chimeric cullin–RING/RBR E3 ligase activity.

We report temperature-dependent spectroscopy on the layered (n= 4) two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite (BA)(MA)PbI. Helicity-resolved steady-state photoluminescence (PL) reveals no optical degree of polarization. Time-resolved PL shows a photocarrier lifetime on the order of nanoseconds. From simultaneously recorded time-resolved differential reflectivity (TRΔR) and time-resolved Kerr ellipticity (TRKE), a photocarrier lifetime of a few nanoseconds and a spin relaxation time on the order of picoseconds was found. This stark contrast in lifetimes clearly explains the lack of spin polarization in steady-state PL. While we observe clear temperature-dependent effects on the PL dynamics that can be related to structural dynamics, spin relaxation is nearly T-independent. Our results highlight that spin relaxation in 2D (BA)(MA)PbI occurs at time scales faster than the exciton recombination time, which poses a bottleneck for applications aiming to utilize this degree of freedom.

The increasing role of two-dimensional (2D) devices requires the development of new techniques for ultrafast control of physical properties in 2D van der Waals (vdW) nanolayers. A special feature of heterobilayers assembled from vdW monolayers is femtosecond separation of photoexcited electrons and holes between the neighboring layers, resulting in the formation of Coulomb force. Using laser pulses, we generate a 0.8 THz coherent breathing mode in MoSe2/WSe2heterobilayers, which modulates the thickness of the heterobilayer and should modulate the photogenerated electric field in the vdW gap. While the phonon frequency and decay time are independent of the stacking angle between the MoSe2and WSe2monolayers, the amplitude decreases at intermediate angles, which is explained by a decrease in the photogenerated electric field between the layers. The modulation of the vdW gap by coherent phonons enables a new technology for the generation of THz radiation in 2D nanodevices with vdW heterobilayers.

Infolge der voranschreitenden Digitalisierung von Medienlandschaften sieht sich die Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaft bei der Messung von Mediennutzung mit nie gekannten Herausforderungen konfrontiert. Vor diesem Hintergrund nimmt sich der vorliegende Beitrag der Frage an, inwieweit zwei neue von GESIS betriebene Forschungssoftwares nachhaltig zur Verbesserung der Mediennutzung im digitalen Zeitalter beitragen können: WebTrack (für die Aufzeichnung browserbasierter Onlinekommunikation und deren weitergehende Verknüpfung mit Längsschnitt-Befragungsdaten) und ein AppKit (für Erhebungen von Befragungs- und/oder digitalen Verhaltensdaten auf Basis von Smartphones). Beide Forschungssoftwares eröffnen sowohl für sich genommen als auch im Verbund neue Datenerhebungspotenziale, indem sie Mediennutzung im Internet plattformübergreifend erfassen und deren individuelle Dynamiken besser abbilden können als vorherrschende (Befragungs‑)Designs. Zugleich kann keine Forschungssoftware die Vielschichtigkeit von Onlinemediennutzung vollständig erfassen. Zudem handelt es sich bei der nachhaltigen Entwicklung und Bereitstellung von Forschungssoftware um eine komplexe und ressourcenintensive Daueraufgabe. Wir diskutieren die technischen und organisationalen Begleitmaßnahmen bei GESIS mit Blick auf Zuverlässigkeit, Zugänglichkeit und Langlebigkeit. Die Forschungssoftwares und die resultierenden Datenerhebungspotenziale sollen nachhaltig einem breiteren Kreis von Fachkolleg*innen zugänglich gemacht werden. Hierbei zeigt sich, dass der Betrieb verschiedener Forschungssoftwares im Rahmen einer integrierten Datenerhebungsinfrastruktur zugleich Synergien eröffnet und angepasste Maßnahmen erfordert, um der Diversität von Forschungssoftwares Rechnung tragen zu können.

When brain networks deviate from typical development, this is thought to contribute to varying forms of psychopathology. However, research has been limited by the reliance on discrete diagnostic categories that overlook the potential for psychological comorbidity and the dimensional nature of symptoms.

The increase in global-mean precipitation with global-mean temperature (hydrological sensitivity; η) is constrained by the atmospheric energy budget, but its magnitude remains uncertain. Here we apply warming patch experiments to a climate model to demonstrate that the spatial pattern of sea surface warming can explain a wide range of η. Warming in tropical strongly ascending regions produces ηvalues even larger than suggested by the Clausius–Clapeyron relationship (7% K−1), as the warming and moisture increases can propagate vertically and be transported globally through atmospheric dynamics. Differences in warming patterns are as important as different treatments of atmospheric physics in determining the spread of ηin climate models. By accounting for the pattern effect, the global-mean precipitation over the past decades can be well reconstructed in terms of both magnitude and variability, indicating the vital role of the pattern effect in estimating future intensification of the hydrological cycle.

This review presents the epidemiology, pathophysiology, prevention, and management of sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (HPV) and its associated diseases. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Prevalence varies regionally. Low-risk strains cause anogenital warts, which can be managed with patient- or provider-applied therapies. High-risk strains cause lower anogenital cancers. Primary and secondary prevention strategies include vaccination and screening for precancerous lesions, respectively. Management of abnormal screening results vary by test result, anatomic site, and individual cancer risk. Approaches include close rescreening, high-resolution visualization with biopsy, and—when biopsy-proven precancer is identified—removal or destruction of the lesion.

Members of parliament (MPs) are elected via two different tiers in mixed‐member electoral systems—as winners of a seat in a constituency or as party candidates under proportional rules. While previous research has identified important consequences of this “mandate divide” in parliaments, questions remain how this institutional setup affects MPs' political behavior in other arenas. Analyzing more than one million social media posts, this article investigates regional representation in the online communication of German MPs. The results show that MPs elected under a direct mandate refer approximately twice as often to their constituencies by using regionalized wording and geographic references than MPs elected under the proportional tier. The substantive findings provide new evidence for the benefits of mixed‐member electoral systems for political representation while the methodological approach demonstrates the added value of social media data for analyzing the political behavior of elites.

Objective of the study: In esophageal surgery, anastomotic leak (AL) remains one of the most severe and critical adverse events after oncological esophagectomy. Endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) can be used to treat AL; however, in the current literature, treatment outcomes and reports on how to use this novel technique are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of patients with an AL after IL RAMIE and to determine whether using EVT as an treatment option is safe and feasible. Material and methods: This study includes all patients who developed an Esophagectomy Complications Consensus Group (ECCG) type II AL after IL RAMIE at our center between April 2017 and December 2021. The analysis focuses on time to EVT, duration of EVT, and follow up treatments for these patients. Results: A total of 157 patients underwent an IL RAMIE at our hospital. 21 patients of these (13.4%) developed an ECCG type II AL. One patient died of unrelated Covid-19 pneumonia and was excluded from the study cohort. The mean duration of EVT was 12 days (range 4–28 days), with a mean of two sponge changes (range 0–5 changes). AL was diagnosed at a mean of 8 days post-surgery (range 2–16 days). Closure of the AL with EVT was successful in 15 out of 20 patients (75%). Placement of a SEMS (Self-expandlable metallic stent) after EVT was performed in four patients due to persisting AL. Overall success rate of anastomotic sealing independently of the treatment modality was achieved in 19 out of 20 Patients (95%). No severe EVT-related adverse events occurred. Conclusion: This study shows that EVT can be a safe and effective endoscopic treatment option for ECCG type II AL.

Understanding the chemical and electronic properties of point defects in two-dimensional materials, as well as their generation and passivation, is essential for the development of functional systems, spanning from next-generation optoelectronic devices to advanced catalysis. Here, we use synchrotron-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with submicron spatial resolution to create sulfur vacancies (SVs) in monolayer MoS2and monitor their chemical and electronic properties in situduring the defect creation process. X-ray irradiation leads to the emergence of a distinct Mo 3d spectral feature associated with undercoordinated Mo atoms. Real-time analysis of the evolution of this feature, along with the decrease of S content, reveals predominant monosulfur vacancy generation at low doses and preferential disulfur vacancy generation at high doses. Formation of these defects leads to a shift of the Fermi level toward the valence band (VB) edge, introduction of electronic states within the VB, and formation of lateral pn junctions. These findings are consistent with theoretical predictions that SVs serve as deep acceptors and are not responsible for the ubiquitous n-type conductivity of MoS2. In addition, we find that these defects are metastable upon short-term exposure to ambient air. By contrast, in situoxygen exposure during XPS measurements enables passivation of SVs, resulting in partial elimination of undercoordinated Mo sites and reduction of SV-related states near the VB edge. Correlative Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence measurements confirm our findings of localized SV generation and passivation, thereby demonstrating the connection between chemical, structural, and optoelectronic properties of SVs in MoS2.

Fog and low stratus clouds (FLS) form as a result of complex interactions of multiple factors in the atmosphere and at the land surface and impact both the anthropogenic and natural environments. Here, we analyze the role of synoptic conditions and aerosol loading on FLS occurrence and persistence in the Po valley in northern Italy. By applying k‐means clustering to reanalysis data, we find that FLS formation in the Po valley is either based on radiative processes or moisture advection from the Mediterranean sea. Satellite‐based data on FLS persistence shows longer persistence of radiatively formed FLS events, likely due to air mass stagnation and a temperature inversion. Ground‐based aerosol optical depth observations further reveal that FLS event duration is significantly higher under high aerosol loading. The results underline the combined effect of topography, moisture advection and aerosol loading on the FLS life cycle in the Po valley. Fog and low stratus clouds (FLS) are influenced by various drivers in the atmosphere and near the ground. Here, the impact of the large‐scale weather situation and aerosols is analyzed over the Po valley in northern Italy. Using reanalysis and satellite data we find that FLS events driven by nighttime cooling under stable conditions can persist longer than FLS events formed as a result of moisture transport. Investigating ground‐based observations of aerosols, particles on which moisture can condensate and fog and cloud droplets form, we find that FLS event duration is higher when a higher amount of aerosols is present. These results can help when predicting the duration of FLS events, which is particularly important for traffic safety. Fog and low stratus (FLS) cloud formation in the Po valley is primarily controlled by radiative processes or moisture advectionFLS persistence from the satellite perspective is highest for radiatively formed FLS events likely due to a stable boundary layerFLS persistence is significantly higher under high aerosol loading Fog and low stratus (FLS) cloud formation in the Po valley is primarily controlled by radiative processes or moisture advection FLS persistence from the satellite perspective is highest for radiatively formed FLS events likely due to a stable boundary layer FLS persistence is significantly higher under high aerosol loading

We analyze the importance of cloud top temperature, dust aerosol, sea salt aerosol, and sea ice cover for the thermodynamic phase of low‐level, mid‐level, and mid to low‐level clouds observed by CloudSat/CALIPSO over the Arctic and the Southern Ocean using an explainable machine learning technique. As expected, the cloud top temperature is found to be the most important parameter for determining cloud phase. The results show also a predictive power of sea salt and sea ice on the phase of low‐level clouds, while in mid‐level clouds dust shows predictive power. Over the Southern Ocean, strong zonal winds coincide with the aerosol distribution. While they can produce high mixing ratios of sea spray at lower levels, the strong zonal winds may prevent the pole‐ward transport of dust. Sea ice may prevent the release of sea salt aerosols and marine organic aerosols leading to higher liquid fractions in clouds over sea ice. The cloud phase describes whether a cloud consists of ice particles, liquid droplets, or both. The representation of the cloud phase in climate and weather models is uncertain, leading to radiation biases over the Southern Ocean and the Arctic Ocean. To investigate the impact of four different parameters on the cloud phase, we use an explainable machine learning technique. The parameters studied are the temperature of the cloud top, the sea ice coverage, and the concentration of sea salt aerosols and dust aerosols, both of which can act as ice nucleating particles and contribute to the ice formation in clouds. We find that temperature seems to be the most important factor in determining the cloud phase. Sea salt aerosol seems to be more relevant for low‐level clouds closer to the ocean surface, the source of sea salt aerosol. Sea ice may prevent the release of sea salt aerosol by covering the ocean and our analysis supports this hypothesis. Dust is typically transported over long distances and our analysis shows that dust aerosol is more important for mid‐level clouds, but persistent strong winds surrounding Antarctica may have an influence on the dust concentration and thus on cloud phase. Cloud phase in polar regions can be predicted based on cloud top temperature, sea ice concentration, and sea salt and dust mixing ratiosCloud top temperature has the strongest impact, while sea salt/spray aerosol is relevant for low‐level, and dust for mid‐level cloud phaseSea ice coverage and Southern Ocean westerly winds may influence the aerosol distribution and thereby cloud phase Cloud phase in polar regions can be predicted based on cloud top temperature, sea ice concentration, and sea salt and dust mixing ratios Cloud top temperature has the strongest impact, while sea salt/spray aerosol is relevant for low‐level, and dust for mid‐level cloud phase Sea ice coverage and Southern Ocean westerly winds may influence the aerosol distribution and thereby cloud phase

Clouds are one of the largest sources of uncertainty in climate predictions. Global km‐scale models need to simulate clouds and precipitation accurately to predict future climates. To isolate issues in their representation of clouds, models need to be thoroughly evaluated with observations. Here, we introduce multifractal analysis as a method for evaluating km‐scale simulations. We apply it to outgoing longwave radiation fields to investigate structural differences between observed and simulated anvil clouds. We compute fractal parameters which compactly characterize the scaling behavior of clouds and can be compared across simulations and observations. We use this method to evaluate the nextGEMS ICON simulations via comparison with observations from the geostationary satellite GOES‐16. We find that multifractal scaling exponents in the ICON model are significantly lower than in observations. We conclude that too much variability is contained in the small scales (<100km)$(< 100\ \mathrm{k}\mathrm{m})$leading to less organized convection and smaller, isolated anvils. In this paper, we present a new approach to evaluating state‐of‐the‐art high‐resolution climate models. We use a type of analysis that captures how a field like outgoing radiation varies between two points in space; it is called multifractal analysis. We apply multifractal analysis to snapshots of climate model simulations and satellite observations, and compare the results to evaluate the model. In contrast to traditional evaluation approaches, our method focuses on the evaluation of the spatio‐temporal structure of cloud fields, exploiting previously untapped information content. Hence, it can take into account the fine details in time and space that high‐resolution climate models provide. We use our method to evaluate the ICON atmospheric model. We find that the simulations does not contain enough large clusters of clouds, as found in big thunderstorms, but instead clouds are randomly distributed in space: the simulated clouds are not organized enough. Quantifiable, structural evaluation metrics such as multifractal analysis should be used to evaluate and improve km‐scale modelsMultifractal analysis finds that deep convection in the ICON model is not organized enough leading to smaller fractal parametersThe model's bias toward smaller fractal parameters can be attributed to clouds simulated over the ocean Quantifiable, structural evaluation metrics such as multifractal analysis should be used to evaluate and improve km‐scale models Multifractal analysis finds that deep convection in the ICON model is not organized enough leading to smaller fractal parameters The model's bias toward smaller fractal parameters can be attributed to clouds simulated over the ocean

AbstractThis study examines the growing journalistic practice of embedding full tweets in online political news coverage. Against the background of a hybrid media system, we pursue three research goals. First, we evaluate the scope of the Twitter-in-the-news phenomenon relative to news coverage as a whole. Second, we examine the functions of embedded tweets. Third, we identify characteristics that increase the likelihood that tweets will be selected for publication in a news article. We combine computational methods with a manual content analysis and analyze political news coverage of one month outside election periods in four German online news outlets. Our results show that embedding tweets in the news is not a niche phenomenon but has been established as a routine journalistic practice to a moderate extent. In the majority of news articles, the function of tweets is to illustrate an argument or information provided in the text. Geographical proximity and – with some dependencies – the number of popularity cues increased the likelihood of a tweet to be picked up for reporting. The paper shows how transformation processes currently observed in journalism manifest themselves in reporting.

Cloud reflectivity is sensitive to atmospheric aerosol concentrations because aerosols provide the condensation nuclei on which water condenses1. Increased aerosol concentrations due to human activity affect droplet number concentration, liquid water and cloud fraction2, but these changes are subject to large uncertainties3. Ship tracks, long lines of polluted clouds that are visible in satellite images, are one of the main tools for quantifying aerosol–cloud interactions4. However, only a small fraction of the clouds polluted by shipping show ship tracks5,6. Here we show that even when no ship tracks are visible in satellite images, aerosol emissions change cloud properties substantially. We develop a new method to quantify the effect of shipping on all clouds, showing a cloud droplet number increase and a more positive liquid water response when there are no visible tracks. We directly detect shipping-induced cloud property changes in the trade cumulus regions of the Atlantic, which are known to display almost no visible tracks. Our results indicate that previous studies of ship tracks were suffering from selection biases by focusing only on visible tracks from satellite imagery. The strong liquid water path response we find translates to a larger aerosol cooling effect on the climate, potentially masking a higher climate sensitivity than observed temperature trends would otherwise suggest.

Over the coming decades, it is expected that the spatial pattern of anthropogenic aerosol will change dramatically and the global aerosol composition will become relatively more absorbing. Yet, the climatic impact of this evolving spatial pattern of absorbing aerosol has received relatively little attention, in particular its impact on global-mean effective radiative forcing. Here, using model experiments, we show that the effective radiative forcing from absorbing aerosol varies strongly depending on their location, driven by rapid adjustments of clouds and circulation. Our experiments generate positive effective radiative forcing in response to aerosol absorption throughout the midlatitudes and most of the tropical regions, and a strong ‘hot spot’ of negative effective radiative forcing in response to aerosol absorption over the tropical Western Pacific. Further, these diverse responses can be robustly attributed to changes in atmospheric dynamics and highlight the importance of this ‘aerosol pattern effect’ for transient forcing from regional biomass-burning aerosol.

Introduction: Both laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and duodenojejunal bypass liner (DJBL) have been shown to induce weight loss and dramatically ameliorate type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Since DJBL implantation causes nutrients to pass through the duodenum without contact with the digestive juices and the duodenal mucosa, its mechanisms have been suggested to mimic those of RYGB. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of these two bariatric procedures in terms of glycemic control and BMI in patients with obesity and T2DM. Research design and methods: A retrospective observational cohort propensity score-weighted comparison of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) vs duodenojejunal bypass liner (DJBL) was conducted in patients with obesity and T2DM undergoing either procedure from 05/2014 to 12/2017. Propensity scores were weighted for body weight, body mass index (BMI), and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). The primary outcome was comparative improvement of HbA1c. Secondary comparative effectiveness outcomes were decrease of body weight and BMI. Results: Forty-six patients were included: 21 (10 male, 11 female; mean age 50.6 ± 11.7 years) underwent RYGB, while DJBL was implanted in 25 (10 male, 15 female; 52.5 ± 9.5 years). After twelve months, mean ΔBMI was 11.54 ± 4.47 kg/m2for RYGB vs. 6.23 ± 2.36 kg/m2for DJBL (p&lt; 0.05). Mean total weight loss was 27.93 ± 8.57% for RYGB vs. 15.04 ± 5.73% for DJBL (p&lt; 0.05). Glycemic control after one year improved significantly in both groups but did not differ significantly. Conclusion: RYGB and DJBL seem to be associated with similar remission rates of hyperglycemia after one year. However, RYGB induces more significant weight loss than DJBL.

Negatively charged boron vacancies (VB–) in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) exhibit a broad emission spectrum due to strong electron–phonon coupling and Jahn–Teller mixing of electronic states. As such, the direct measurement of the zero-phonon line (ZPL) of VB–has remained elusive. Here, we measure the room-temperature ZPL wavelength to be 773 ± 2 nm by coupling the hBN layer to the high-Qnanobeam cavity. As the wavelength of cavity mode is tuned, we observe a pronounced intensity resonance, indicating the coupling to VB–. Our observations are consistent with the spatial redistribution of VB–emission. Spatially resolved measurements show a clear Purcell effect maximum at the midpoint of the nanobeam, in accord with the optical field distribution of the cavity mode. Our results are in good agreement with theoretical calculations, opening the way to using VB–as cavity spin–photon interfaces.

Capture-based library preparation for next generation sequencing (NGS) offers a balance between sequencing depth and bioinformatics cost of analysis. Liquid handling automation enhances the reliability of the library preparation process by reducing sample-to-sample variation and substantially enhances throughput, particularly when it can be employed in a 'walk-away' fashion with limited hands-on interaction. This requires complex series of mixing and heating steps like those utilized in capture chemistries to happen on the liquid handler. While developing liquid handling automation for Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT) xGen Exome, Illumina TruSight Oncology 500, and Personal Genome Diagnostics (PGDx) elio Plasma Resolve chemistries on the PerkinElmer Sciclone liquid handler, we found that applying the capture temperatures recommended for manual library preparation results in low yield on automation. To restore the final library yield, we reduced bead binding and/or heated wash temperatures of the Peltier heaters on the liquid handlers by about 10°C. Since this applied across three unique capture-based chemistries, we consider this a generalizable principle of automating capture on the Sciclone. We hypothesize that this is driven by the very different thermodynamic environments represented by a sealed plate on a thermal cycler and a plate with a lid on a Peltier heater. This phenomenon should be considered when automating NGS library preparation on PerkinElmer Sciclone instruments.

Ships brighten low marine clouds from emissions of sulfur and aerosols, resulting in visible “ship tracks”. In 2020, new shipping regulations mandated an ∼80% reduction in the allowed fuel sulfur content. Recent observations indicate that visible ship tracks have decreased. Model simulations indicate that since 2020 shipping regulations have induced a net radiative forcing of +0.12 Wm−2. Analysis of recent temperature anomalies indicates Northern Hemisphere surface temperature anomalies in 2022–2023 are correlated with observed cloud radiative forcing and the cloud radiative forcing is spatially correlated with the simulated radiative forcing from the 2020 shipping emission changes. Shipping emissions changes could be accelerating global warming. To better constrain these estimates, better access to ship position data and understanding of ship aerosol emissions are needed. Understanding the risks and benefits of emissions reductions and the difficultly in robust attribution highlights the large uncertainty in attributing proposed deliberate climate intervention. Ships have a unique climate effect due to brightening of low marine clouds, resulting in visible “ship tracks”. These ship tracks are due to clouds interacting with ship emissions, particularly sulfur. Recently, regulations have drastically reduced allowable ship sulfur emissions. This has resulted in a decrease in observable ship tracks. Modeling and observations indicate that the reduction in ship sulfur emissions could have slightly warmed the planet starting in 2020. These changes are remarkably co‐incident with observed patterns of cloud changes and may have accelerated global warming. Recent regulations on ship sulfur emissions have decreased ship tracks and resulted in +0.12 Wm−2of radiative forcingObserved cloud anomalies are correlated with observed ocean temperature anomalies and shipping radiative forcingReduced ship emissions may have accelerated global warming contributing to recent warm Northern Hemisphere surface temperatures Recent regulations on ship sulfur emissions have decreased ship tracks and resulted in +0.12 Wm−2of radiative forcing Observed cloud anomalies are correlated with observed ocean temperature anomalies and shipping radiative forcing Reduced ship emissions may have accelerated global warming contributing to recent warm Northern Hemisphere surface temperatures

Once a year, penguins undergo a catastrophic moult, replacing their entire plumage during a fasting period on land or on sea-ice during which time individuals can lose 45% of their body mass. In penguins, new feather synthesis precedes the loss of old feathers, leading to an accumulation of two feather layers (double coat) before the old plumage is shed. We hypothesized that the combination of the high metabolism required for new feather synthesis and the potentially high thermal insulation linked to the double coat could lead to a thermal challenge requiring additional peripheral circulation to thermal windows to dissipate the extra heat. To test this hypothesis, we measured the surface temperature of different body regions of captive gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) throughout the moult under constant environmental conditions. The surface temperature of the main body trunk decreased during the initial stages of the moult, suggesting greater thermal insulation. In contrast, the periorbital region, a potential proxy of core temperature in birds, increased during these same early moulting stages. The surface temperature of the bill, flipper and foot (thermal windows) tended to initially increase during the moult, highlighting the likely need for extra heat dissipation in moulting penguins. These results raise questions regarding the thermoregulatory capacities of penguins in the wild during the challenging period of moulting on land in the current context of global warming.

Die Wichtigkeit der Beurteilung des N-Status beim Magenkarzinom, bei Tumoren des gastroösophagealen Übergangs sowie beim Ösophaguskarzinom ist unumstritten. Bis dato gibt es jedoch keine international validierte Methode zum Lymphknoten-Mapping beim Ösophagus- und Magenkarzinom. Nahinfrarot-Fluoreszenz-Bildgebung (NIR) ist eine innovative Technik aus dem Bereich der Schwingungsspektroskopien, welche in Kombination mit dem Fluoreszenz-Farbstoff Indocyaningrün (ICG) die intraoperative Darstellung von Strukturen in Echtzeit erlaubt. Für ICG finden sich im Bereich der onkologischen Chirurgie aktuell 4 Anwendungsgebiete: intraoperative Echtzeit-Angiographie zur Darstellung der Perfusion, Lymphographie zur Darstellung der Lymphgefäße, Darstellung solider Tumoren sowie (Wächter-)Lymphknoten-Mapping. Für die Darstellung des Lymphabflussgebiets und somit der konsekutiven Lymphkoten muss die ICG-Injektion peritumoral erfolgen. Verschiedene Studien haben die Machbarkeit der peritumoralen Injektion von ICG 15?min bis 3 Tage präoperativ mit konsekutiver Darstellung der Lymphknoten intraoperativ bewiesen. Bislang fehlen prospektiv-randomisierte Studien zur Validierung der Methodik. Die Anwendung von ICG zum Lymphknoten-Mapping und Darstellung von Wächterlymphknoten beim Magenkarzinom hingegen ist an großen Kohorten sowie prospektiv-randomisierten Studien erforscht. Bis heute fehlen für die Anwendung des ICG-gesteuerten Lymphknoten-Mappings in der Chirurgie des oberen Gastrointestinaltrakts multizentrische Studien. Methoden der künstlichen Intelligenz (KI) können in Zukunft helfen, diese Techniken automatisiert auszuwerten sowie intraoperative Entscheidungen zu unterstützen und somit die chirurgisch-onkologische Qualität zu verbessern.

One of the key challenges of data management for smart manufacturing is dealing with data originating from both physical processes and virtual digital technologies. As image and sensor‐based production monitoring deliver a wealth of data along the process chain, artificial intelligence (AI) enables enhanced data analysis and new insight regarding relevance of observed process deviations. With constantly increased availability of data from manifold and specific sources, the complexity and heterogeneity of information structures are also growing rapidly. This is especially true for highly variable research, scale‐up, and pilot production, which poses new demands on data acquisition, data management, and data preprocessing. Herein, a unified framework for integrating an ontology and graph‐based data space with data acquisition and data analytics to improve data consistency, documentation of workflows, as well as the reproducibility of observations and results is presented. The framework consists of several open‐source web services that form an ontology‐based data space where physical and virtual process chains are represented by a semantic data fabric built from findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable resource descriptions framework self‐descriptions. The feasibility of the proposed framework is demonstrated for a laboratory‐scale Li‐ion battery cell production facility with AI applied to two data analytics use cases. This work presents an ontology‐driven semantic layer to connect a production line to a distributed data and model space. The data space is segregated in content specific stores centered around a triple store holding all relevant self‐descriptions and expert knowledge. The approach is demonstrated on a lab‐scale production line to achieve artificial intelligence‐supported data analytics and process optimization.

Background:Acute peptic ulcer bleeding is still a major reason for hospital admission. Especially the management of bleeding duodenal ulcers needs a structured therapeutic approach due to the higher morbidity and mortality compared to gastric ulcers. Patient with these bleeding ulcers are often in a high-risk situation, which requires multidisciplinary treatment. Summary:This review provides a structured approach to modern management of bleeding duodenal ulcers and elucidates therapeutic practice in high-risk situations. Initial management including pharmacologic therapy, risk stratification, endoscopy, surgery, and transcatheter arterial embolization are reviewed and their role in the management of bleeding duodenal ulcers is critically discussed. Additionally, a future perspective regarding prophylactic therapeutic approaches is outlined. Key Messages:Beside pharmacotherapeutic and endoscopic advances, bleeding management of high-risk duodenal ulcers is still a challenge. When bleeding persists or rebleeding occurs and the gold standard endoscopy fails, surgical and radiological procedures are indicated to manage ulcer bleeding. Surgical procedures are performed to control hemorrhage, but they are still associated with a higher morbidity and a longer hospital stay. In the meantime, transcatheter arterial embolization is recommended as an alternative to surgery and more often replaces surgery in the management of failed endoscopic hemostasis. Future studies are needed to improve risk stratification and therefore enable a better selection of high-risk ulcers and optimal treatment. Additionally, the promising approach of prophylactic embolization in high-risk duodenal ulcers has to be further investigated to reduce rebleeding and improve outcomes in these patients.

Monolayer semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides are a strongly emergent platform for exploring quantum phenomena in condensed matter, building novel optoelectronic devices with enhanced functionalities. Because of their atomic thickness, their excitonic optical response is highly sensitive to their dielectric environment. In this work, we explore the optical properties of monolayer thick MoSe2straddling domain wall boundaries in periodically poled LiNbO3. Spatially resolved photoluminescence experiments reveal spatial sorting of charge and photogenerated neutral and charged excitons across the boundary. Our results reveal evidence for extremely large in-plane electric fields of ≃4000 kV/cm at the domain wall whose effect is manifested in exciton dissociation and routing of free charges and trions toward oppositely poled domains and a nonintuitive spatial intensity dependence. By modeling our result using drift-diffusion and continuity equations, we obtain excellent qualitative agreement with our observations and have explained the observed spatial luminescence modulation using realistic material parameters.

Hintergrund: Patient*innen mit atraumatischen Bauchschmerzen (aBS) sind in der Notaufnahme (NA) häufig und haben bei einem sehr weiten Spektrum verschiedener ursächlicher Diagnosen eine relativ hohe Krankenhaussterblichkeit. Eine schnelle, zielführende Diagnostik ist in diesem Zusammenhang essenziell. Methode: In einem Delphi-Verfahren mit Vertreter*innen verschiedener Fachrichtungen wurde ein diagnostischer Behandlungspfad entworfen, der als „Abdominal Pain Unit“ (APU) bezeichnet wird. Ergebnis: Der Behandlungspfad wurde als erweiterte Ereignisprozesskette dargestellt und die jeweiligen Entscheidungsfelder mit Dokumenten für ein standardisiertes Vorgehen hinterlegt. Diskussion: Der APU-Behandlungspfad etabliert eine konsistente Versorgungsstruktur für Bauchschmerzpatient*innen. Er hat das Potenzial die Versorgungsqualität zu verbessern und die intrahospitale Mortalität langfristig zu senken.

Sod production has been criticized as being unsustainable because of the soil export that occurs at each harvest. Wastewater treatment residuals (biosolids) disposal is often limited by nutrient or metal accumulation in the soil. Biosolids‐based sod production may be a solution to minimize soil loss and land‐apply wastewater residuals. The objectives of this study were to assess biosolids‐based sod production impact on import and export of nutrients, heavy metals, carbon, and to quantify soil loss from sod harvest with and without biosolids. Anaerobically digested, dewatered sludge (Cake) and Cake mixed with sand and sawdust (MetroMix) were applied at three rates based on estimated plant available nitrogen (PAN). An additional treatment mimicked conventional sod production practices that rely on synthetic fertilizer. All biosolids rates and sources increased Mehlich‐3 extractable phosphorus (P) to > 175 mg kg−1in the harvested sod, which could contribute to P runoff or leaching at the site of establishment. Heavy metal concentrations from both biosolids sources were below EPA loading limits and would require over 200 years of regular application (22 Mg ha−1) to exceed EPA maximum cumulative loading limits. Biosolids at 22 Mg ha−1did little to reduce soil mineral matter loss compared to conventionally grown sod. After two sod production cycles, soil carbon increased by 50% in the surface soil (0–10 cm), but was reduced at a depth of 20–30 cm. While high P concentrations in the biosolids limit repeated applications, moderate use of biosolids may alleviate reliance on synthetic fertilizers for N and P.

Mesotrione (2‐[4‐(methylsulfonyl)‐2‐nitrobenzoyl]‐1,3‐cyclohexanedione) is a proven effective weed control product in agricultural and turf settings but its use within a hydroseeding mixture has not been investigated. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of (1) mesotrione rate and (2) duration of herbicide exposure on turf establishment and weed populations through hydroseeding establishment methodology. The experimental design of both studies was a randomized complete block, incorporating a split‐plot in the second study, with four replications and repeated in two years. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL., variety not stated) was hydroseeded on a silt loam soil (pH 7.0) in summer at 39 g m−2in a slurry delivering 6.1 L m−2. Treatments in the first study were mesotrione rates of 0.000, 0.088, 0.175, and 0.263 kg a.i. ha−1. Treatments in the second study were duration of mixture in tank before applying of 0, 2, and 4 h, with and without mesotrione at 0.175 kg a.i. ha−1. Turfgrass percent cover, turfgrass injury, and weed populations were assessed for both studies. The addition of mesotrione at any rate to the hydroseeding slurry did not reduce desired turf populations; in many cases, the amount of desired turf cover increased. Weed populations were significantly reduced by all mesotrione rates; the effect was most evident at the two highest rates. No treatments caused turf injury. Length of time in the hydroseeding slurry did not reduce herbicide efficacy or desired turf populations, or cause turf injury.

Quantifying the efficacy of different climate forcings is important for understanding the real‐world climate sensitivity. This study presents a systematic multimodel analysis of different climate driver efficacies using simulations from the Precipitation Driver and Response Model Intercomparison Project (PDRMIP). Efficacies calculated from instantaneous radiative forcing deviate considerably from unity across forcing agents and models. Effective radiative forcing (ERF) is a better predictor of global mean near‐surface air temperature (GSAT) change. Efficacies are closest to one when ERF is computed using fixed sea surface temperature experiments and adjusted for land surface temperature changes using radiative kernels. Multimodel mean efficacies based on ERF are close to one for global perturbations of methane, sulfate, black carbon, and insolation, but there is notable intermodel spread. We do not find robust evidence that the geographic location of sulfate aerosol affects its efficacy. GSAT is found to respond more slowly to aerosol forcing than CO2in the early stages of simulations. Despite these differences, we find that there is no evidence for an efficacy effect on historical GSAT trend estimates based on simulations with an impulse response model, nor on the resulting estimates of climate sensitivity derived from the historical period. However, the considerable intermodel spread in the computed efficacies means that we cannot rule out an efficacy‐induced bias of ±0.4 K in equilibrium climate sensitivity to CO2doubling when estimated using the historical GSAT trend. Does the climate respond in the same way to carbon dioxide as it does to methane or aerosol changes? The simple way of thinking about forcing and response in the Earth system assumes that it does, such that, a Watt per square meter forcing from CO2has the same response as an equivalent forcing from aerosols. Recent work has suggested that this might not be true and that differences in how effective different forcings are at increasing surface temperature (their efficacy) may account for a low estimate of climate sensitivity when examining historical change. We show this all depends on how you estimate your Watts per meter squared forcing in the first place. Using the effective radiative forcing concept to estimate forcing strength makes temperature changes far more predictable, and a lot of these issues with efficacy variation are not as pronounced as they were with earlier definitions. Multimodel mean efficacies computed using effective radiative forcing are close to one for major anthropogenic drivers, but there is notable intermodel spreadSurface temperature‐driven radiative feedbacks are generally not constant through time across forcing experimentsPDRMIP results suggest that the efficacy impact on equilibrium climate sensitivity derived from the historical period is limited to ±0.4 °C or better

An algorithm which allows the generation of representative volume elements (RVEs) for complex woven and warp-interlaced fiber-reinforced composite topologies while avoiding unphysical tow intersections is presented. This is achieved by extending an existing RVE generation strategy in two significant ways: (1) the local cross section shape of the tow is adjusted depending on the local tow curvature in a way that preserves the cross sectional area of the tow, and (2) the elementary crimp interval is separated into a planar and a transition region. The modifications facilitate the generation of a wide range of elaborate textile topologies without tow intersections, which are present without the proposed modifications unless complex tow to tow contact models are introduced. The mechanical properties of plain weaves were predicted based on the topology generated with the proposed algorithm as well as based on RVEs which were constructed based on actual micrographs, i.e. a "digital twin" of the actual microstructure. A comparison of the predicted mechanical properties based on finite element and Multiscale Generalized Method of Cells techniques shows close agreement. However, some differences exist with respect to experimentally determined material parameters due to the finite dimensions of the specimens. Lastly, mechanical properties of multilayered weaves are predicted with the finite element method. The considered material systems are carbon fiber in epoxy matrix as well as C/C-SiC. However, the procedure is applicable to a wide range of material systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The absence of an accurate account of rangeland fauna is becoming increasingly limiting due to the threats created by climate change, biodiversity loss, energy extraction, and changing land use in the western United States, all of which pose new challenges for effective rangeland management. To address this lack of information and underscore the importance of rangelands for wildlife biodiversity, we conducted a rigorous, standardized, and comprehensive inventory of vertebrates inhabiting rangeland ecosystems in the western United States. We classified each species as rangeland dependent, rangeland associated, or nonrangeland associated based on their habitat, life history, and food requirements. Additionally, we identified primary habitat type associations, as well as the federal (USA) and international conservation statuses for each species. Our inventory included 1,593 species in the 21 western U.S. states, with 1,066 classified as rangeland species (429 rangeland dependent, 637 rangeland associated). Among rangeland species, 2% are listed as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, and 3% are considered either endangered or critically endangered according to the IUCN Red List. Our baseline inventory can be used in the development of management plans for rangeland ecosystems and to inspire conservation efforts for these critical ecosystems.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of autologous fat grafting in patients with juvenile localized scleroderma with facial involvement.Methods: We retrospectively studied patients with juvenile localized scleroderma who were followed at the Hamburg Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Rheumatology at least 6 months post-operative follow-up and received at least one autologous fat transplantation for a facial lesion. Autologous fat grafting was conducted independent of disease-modifying treatment and/or disease activity. The effectiveness of the intervention was evaluated by assessing the immediate volume enhancement after injection of fat tissue compared with volume retained after 6 months. The volume enhancement was calculated from three-dimensional photo images analyzed in Mirror Medical Imaging Software, Canfield Scientific (New Jersey, USA).Results: Data of 22 juvenile patients were assessed from March 2006 to September 2021. In six patients, the photos could not be evaluated for the study. The median age of the remaining 16 patients at the beginning of the first fat graft was 8 years (range = 2.5–22 years). Patients underwent mean three interventions (range = 1–9). Evaluation of three-dimensional images showed that the volume retention at 6 months post autologous fat grafting is approximately 50%. The Modified Localized Scleroderma Skin Severity Index value did not correlate to volume changes at 6 months. In 4 of 16 patients, a decrease of the Localized Scleroderma Damage Index occurred. In all seven patients with cheek involvement, mean tragus-nose distance difference decreased (mean decrease 1.09 cm). We did not observe any significant clinical side effects.Conclusion: In this first bigger pediatric case series, the mean facial lesion volume increased around 50% after a mean of three interventions at 25 months of follow-up. No flares of the underlying disease were noted. Autologous fat grafting is a promising method to improve the cosmetic appearance of those patients.

Methanol synthesis from syngas (CO/H2mixtures) is one of the largest manmade chemical processes with annual production reaching 100 million tons. The current industrial method proceeds at high temperatures (200–300 °C) and pressures (50–100 atm) using a copper–zinc-based heterogeneous catalyst. In contrast, here, we report a molecularly defined manganese catalyst that allows for low-temperature/low-pressure (120–150 °C, 50 bar) carbon monoxide hydrogenation to methanol. This new approach was evaluated and optimized by quantum mechanical simulations virtual high-throughput screenings. Crucial for this achievement is the use of amine-based promoters, which capture carbon monoxide to give formamide intermediates, which then undergo manganese-catalyzed hydrogenolysis, regenerating the promoter. Following this conceptually new approach, high selectivity toward methanol and catalyst turnover numbers (up to 3170) was achieved. The proposed general catalytic cycle for methanol synthesis is supported by model studies and detailed spectroscopic investigations.

Die Odysseus-Verfügung (OV) ist als besondere Form der Patientenverfügung zumindest in der Literatur hinlänglich bekannt. Die Verwendung des Begriffs und damit sein Gegenstandsbereich sind hingegen noch immer umstritten. Zudem wird oft nicht beachtet, dass es innerhalb dieses Gegenstandsbereichs Varianten von OVs zu differenzieren gilt, die sich auch in ihrer moralischen Rechtfertigung unterscheiden. Nicht zuletzt ist die Grundstrukturstruktur dieser Rechtfertigung(en) umstritten. Vor diesem Hintergrund plädieren wir im Folgenden zunächst für eine Eingrenzung des Begriffs, mit der argumentative und klinisch-praktische Verwirrungen vermieden werden können. Anschließend betrachten wir zwei Varianten von – Zwang legitimierenden – OVs, die sich in der individuellen Kompetenz des Destinatärs unterscheiden. Schließlich zeigen wir, dass deren Rechtfertigung ungeachtet des Umstandes, dass OVs auf Wiedererlangung der Urteils- und Steuerungsfähigkeit des Patienten angelegt sind, weder in einer gemutmaßten noch gar in einer faktischen retrospektiven Billigung von Zwang durch den Patienten liegt. Die primäre Legitimationsgrundlage von OVs besteht vielmehr in der ex anteerfolgenden Autorisierung durch den Betroffenen selbst. Die hier einzuräumende Autorität wiederum basiert auf dem Recht jeder Person auf lebensplanerische Selbstbestimmung. In einem kurzen abschließenden Teil skizzieren wir dann noch die besondere Bedeutung der Odysseus-Vereinbarungals einer Unterform der OV.