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TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 262 I. PUBLIC HEALTH AND IMMIGRATION LAW 267 A. Health Based Exclusions 267 B. Origin of Federal Quarantine Power 270 C. Application of Federal Quarantine Power [...], We are presently in the midst of a crisis at the U.S.-Mexico border as courts and the Biden administration struggle to manage thousands of immigrants waiting to seek legal protection, typically asylum, in the midst of a global pandemic. Beginning in March of 2020, against the advice of public health experts, the U.S. government closed the southern U.S.-Mexico border, disproportionately impacting would-be asylum seekers from Central America, who are now immediately expelled from the United States under a process known as "Title 42" should they reach the border. Not only do these expulsions lack a legitimate public health rationale, but they also violate our domestic and international legal obligations to protect immigrants at risk of persecution or torture. This Article begins by exploring the historic intersections of public health and immigration law and the origins of federal quarantine and exclusion power. Woven into the Article are first-hand accounts of advocates on both sides of the border who have witnessed the devastating impact of COVID-19 era immigrant expulsions. Ultimately, this Article argues that we must seek alternatives--including ending Title 42 expulsions, deferring to public health experts, dispatching additional resources to the border and ending our reliance on immigration detention.

In the past 10 years, wildfires have burned an average of 6.8 million acres per year and this is expected to increase with climate change. Wildfire burn patient outcomes have not been previously well characterized. Wildfire burn patients from the Tubbs or Camp wildfires and non-wildfire burn-matched controls were identified from the burn center database and outcomes were compared. The primary outcome was mortality. Secondary outcomes included length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) LOS, readmission, and development of wound infections. Time of presentation and operating room use after wildfires was evaluated. Sixteen wildfire burn patients were identified and matched with 32 controls. Wildfire burn patients trended toward higher mortality (19% wildfire vs 9% non-wildfire, P= .386), longer LOS (18 days wildfire vs 15 days non-wildfire, P= .406), longer ICU LOS (17 days wildfire vs 11 days non-wildfire, P= .991), increased readmission (19% wildfire vs 3% non-wildfire, P= .080), and higher rates of wound infection (31% wildfire vs 19% non-wildfire, P= .468). The majority of wildfire patients (88%) presented within 24 hours of the wildfire reaching a residential area. Operating room time within the first week was 13 hours 44 minutes for the Tubbs Fire and 19 hours 1 minute for the Camp Fire. Patients who sustain burns in wildfires are potentially at increased risk of mortality, prolonged LOS, wound infection, and readmission.

BackgroundSurgeons frequently care for children who have sustained gunshot wounds (GSWs). However, firearm safety education is not a focus in general surgery training. We hypothesised that firearm safety discussions do not routinely take place when children present to a trauma centre with a GSW.MethodA retrospective review of patients <18 years presenting with GSWs to a level 1 paediatric trauma centre from 2009 to 2019 was performed. The primary outcome was discussion of firearm safety with the patient or family. The secondary outcome was notification of child protective services (CPS).ResultsA total of 226 patients with GSWs were identified, 22% were unintentional and 63% were assault. Firearm safety discussions took place in 10 cases (4.4%). Firearm safety discussions were more likely to occur after unintentional injuries compared with other mechanisms (16.0% vs 1.3%, p<0.001). CPS was contacted in 29 cases (13%). CPS notification was more likely for unintentional injuries compared with other mechanisms (40% vs 3.9%, p<0.001) and for younger patients (7 years vs 15 years, p<0.001).ConclusionAt a paediatric trauma centre, firearm safety discussions occurred in 4.4% of cases of children presenting with a GSW. There is a significant room for improvement in providing safety education interventions.

Walmer school in Kent, UK, has found that teaching single sex classes is proving a success. The academic performance has improved dramatically for both boys and girls, although the girls continue to outperform boys.

Epithelium of the colon and intestine are renewed every 3 days. In the intestine there are at least two principal stem cell pools. The first contains rapid cycling crypt-based columnar (CBC) Lgr5+cells, and the second is composed of slower cycling Bmi1-expressing cells at the +4 position above the crypt base. In the colon, however, the identification of Lgr5−stem cell pools has proven more challenging. Here, we demonstrate that the intermediate filament keratin-19 (Krt19) marks long-lived, radiation-resistant cells above the crypt base that generate Lgr5+CBCs in the colon and intestine. In colorectal cancer models, Krt19+cancer-initiating cells are also radioresistant, while Lgr5+stem cells are radiosensitive. Moreover, Lgr5+stem cells are dispensable in both the normal and neoplastic colonic epithelium, as ablation of Lgr5+stem cells results in their regeneration from Krt19-expressing cells. Thus, Krt19+stem cells are a discrete target relevant for cancer therapy.

The growing use of explosives by terrorists and criminals creates a need for instrumentation which can rapidly analyze these energetic compounds, preferably on site. Direct analysis in real time (DART) is a promising technology for surface analysis with little or no sample preparation. Therefore, DART ionization is evaluated for use in detecting explosives on solid substrates and in liquid matrices. Fifteen explosives were chosen as a consequence of their common usage. Five surfaces were chosen to represent a wide range of physical properties such as composition, porosity, surface morphology, and thermal and electrical conductivity. Additionally these surfaces are commonly found in everyday surroundings. All 75 compound‐surface combinations produced a clear, easily identifiable, mass spectra characteristic of the targeted analyte. Simultaneous detection of five explosives is demonstrated on these same surfaces. Lastly, rapid detection of trace contamination in common fluids is also explored.

The fungus Botrytis cinereahas been widely accepted as the species responsible for causing gray mold decay of apple, although a second species causing apple decay, B. mali, was reported in 1931. Botrytis maliwas validly published in 1931, nevertheless it has always been considered a doubtful species. To study the relationship of Botrytisisolates causing gray mold on apple, DNA sequence analysis was employed. Twenty-eight Botrytisisolates consisting of 10 species were sampled, including two B. maliherbarium specimens from apple originally deposited in 1932. The DNA sequence analysis of the β-tubulin and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) genes placed the isolates into groupings with defined species boundaries that generally reflected the morphologically based model for Botrytisclassification. The B. cinereaisolates from apple and other host plants were placed in a single clade. The B. maliherbarium specimens however always fell well outside that clade. The DNA sequence analysis reported in this study support the initial work by Ruehle (1931) describing the apple pathogen B. malias a unique species.

We report the photoelectron spectrum of the thymine–glycine anionic complex (TG−) recorded with low energy photons (2.540 eV). The spectrum reveals a broad feature with a maximum between 1.6–1.9 eV. The measured electron vertical detachment energy is too large to be attributed to a complex in which an anion of intact thymine is solvated by glycine, or vice versa. The experimental data are paralleled by electronic structure calculations carried out at the density functional theory level with 6-31++G** basis sets and the B3LYP and MPW1K exchange–correlation functionals. The critical structures are further examined at the second order Møller–Plesset level of theory. The results of calculations indicate that the excess electron attachment to the complex induces an intermolecular barrier-free proton transfer from the carboxylic group of glycine to the O8 atom of thymine. As a result, the four most stable structures of the thymine–glycine anionic complex can be characterized as a neutral radical of hydrogenated thymine solvated by an anion of deprotonated glycine. The calculated vertical electron detachment energies for the four most stable anionic complexes lie in a range 1.6–1.9 eV, in excellent agreement with the maximum of the photoelectron peak.

We report the photoelectron spectrum of the thymine–glycine anionic complex TG− recorded with low energy photons 2.540 eV. The spectrum reveals a broad feature with a maximum between 1.6–1.9 eV. The measured electron vertical detachment energy is too large to be attributed to a complex in which an anion of intact thymine is solvated by glycine, or vice versa. The experimental data are paralleled by electronic structure calculations carried out at the density functional theory level with 6-31G basis sets and the B3LYP and MPW1K exchange–correlation functionals. The critical structures are further examined at the second order Møller–Plesset level of theory. The results of calculations indicate that the excess electron attachment to the complex induces an intermolecular barrier-free proton transfer from the carboxylic group of glycine to the O8 atom of thymine. As a result, the four most stable structures of the thymine–glycine anionic complex can be characterized as a neutral radical of hydrogenated thymine solvated by an anion of deprotonated glycine. The calculated vertical electron detachment energies for the four most stable anionic complexes lie in a range 1.6–1.9 eV, in excellent agreement with the maximum of the photoelectron peak.

Wilms tumor is the most common primary renal tumor in children. Wilms tumor has infrequently been reported to present associated with dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. In prior case reports of Wilms tumor presenting with congestive heart failure, surgical intervention has taken place after stabilization of heart failure. Here we present the first reported case of a child with Wilms tumor associated with congestive heart failure, requiring emergent operative intervention due to tumor rupture and hemorrhage.

Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma is a rare subtype of non-small cell lung cancer typically seen in elderly male patients, accounting for 0.1–0.4% of all lung cancers [1]. We present a case report of a 3-month old boy diagnosed with pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma after presenting to the emergency department with respiratory distress. This is the first reported case of pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma presenting in an infant.

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