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PHILIP E. TETLOCK, RICHARD NED LEBOW, and GEOFFREY PARKER, eds. Unmaking the West: ‘What-If?’ Scenarios that Rewrite World History.Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2006. Pp. x, 415. $33.00 (US). Reviewed by Jeremy BlackGETZEL M. COHEN. The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa.Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 2006. Pp. xiv, 477. $85.00 (US). Reviewed by Frank L. HoltJOEL ALLEN. Hostages and Hostage-Taking in the Roman Empire.New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. xiv, 291. $93.95 (US). Reviewed by Susan MatternROXANNE L. EUBEN. Journeys to the Other Shore: Muslim and Western Travelers in Search of Knowledge.Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006. Pp. xii, 313. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Donald Malcolm ReidJOAN MUELLER. The Privilege of Poverty: Clare of Assisi, Agnes of Prague, and the Struggle for a Franciscan Rule for Women.University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006. Pp. x, 182. $40.00 (US). Reviewed by Constance Hoffman BermanRONALD S. LOVE. Maritime Exploration in the Age of Discovery, 1415–1800.Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2006. Pp. xxix, 195. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Glyndwr WilliamsNICHOLAS P. CUSHNER. Why Have You Come Here? The Jesuits and the First Evangelization of Native America.New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp. x, 255. $29.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Jeffrey Klaiber, SJKEN MACMILLAN. Sovereignty and Possession in the English New World: The Legal Foundations of Empire, 1576-1640.New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. xiii, 235. $90.00 (US). Reviewed by Daniel WoolfJOANNA WALEY-COHEN. The Culture of War in China: Empire and the Military under the Qing Dynasty.London and New York, NY: I. B. Tauris, 2006. Pp. xiii, 160. $74.95 (US). Reviewed by Edward A. McCordR.J. W. EVANS. Austria, Hungary, and the Habsburgs: Essays on Central Europe, c. 1683–1867.New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp. xvii, 337. $99.00 (US). Reviewed by Franz A. J. SzaboH. V. BOWEN. The Business of Empire: The East India Company and Imperial Britain, 1756–1833.New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. xiv, 304. $90.00 (US). Reviewed by Douglas M. PeersF. R. BRIDGE and ROGER BULLEN. The Great Powers and the European States System, 1814–1914,2nd ed. London and New York, NY: Pearson Longman, 2005. Pp. viii, 365. £32.99, paper. Reviewed by Geoffrey WawroAVIEL ROSHWALD. The Endurance of Nationalism: Ancient Roots and Modern Dilemmas.New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. xii, 349. $29.99 (US), paper. Reviewed by Anthony D. SmithEDWARD M. SPIERS. The Scottish Soldier and Empire, 1854–1902.Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006; dist. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Pp. xii, 244. $42.50 (US). Reviewed by John M. MacKenzieANASTASIOS MYRODIS TAMIS. The Greeks in Australia.New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. x, 205. $27.99 (US), paper. Reviewed by Nina MistilisDAG BLANCK. The Creation of an Ethnic Identity: Being Swedish American in the Augustana Synod, 1860–1917.Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2006; dist. Toronto, ON: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. x, 256. $79.75 (CDN). Reviewed by Odd S. LovollNICHOLAS ONUF and PETER ONUF. Nations, Markets, and War: Modern History and the American Civil War.Charlottesville, VA and London: University Press of Virginia, 2006. Pp. xii, 362. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Brian Holden ReidPIETER M. JUDSON. Guardians of the Nation: Activists on the Language Frontiers of Imperial Austria.Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2006. Pp. xii, 313. $49-95 (US). Reviewed by István DeákMICHÈLE MARTIN. Images at War: Illustrated Periodicals and Constructed Nations.Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press, 2006. Pp. viii, 302. $60.00 (CDN). Reviewed by John NeroneDANIEL S. MARGOLIES. Henry Watterson and the New South: The Politics of Empire, Free Trade, and Globalization.Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2006; dist. Toronto, ON: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. xii, 340. $72.50 (CDN). Reviewed by Robert E. MayJUDITH M. BROWN. Global South Asians: Introducing the Modern Diaspora.New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. xiv, 197. $26.99 (US), paper. Reviewed by Pieter EmmerWARWICK ANDERSON. Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines.Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2006. Pp. ix,355. $23.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Linda BryderSADAO ASADA. From Mahan to Pearl Harbor: The Imperial Japanese Navy and the United States.Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2006. Pp. xii, 385. $32.95 (US). Reviewed by Michael A. BarnhartJAMES O'NEILL. Garrison Tales from Tonquin: An American's Stories of the French Foreign Legion in Vietnam in the l890s,ed. with intro. Charles Royster. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2006. Pp. lxii, 119. $30.00 (US). Reviewed by Van Nguyen-MarshaliLEELA GANDHI. Affective Communities: Anticolonial Thought, Fin-de-Siècle Radicalism, and the Politics of Friendship.Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2006. Pp. x, 254. $21.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Seth KovenHIROSHI MOTOMURA. Americans in Waiting: The Lost Story of Immigration and Citizenship in the United States.New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp. viii, 254. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Mark J. MillerXIAOYUAN Liu. Reins of Liberation: An Entangled History of Mongolian Independence, Chinese Territoriality, and Great Power Hegemony, 1911–1950.Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center; dist. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006. Pp. xxvii, 474. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Douglas HowlandBERNADETTE WHELAN. United States Foreign Policy and Ireland: From Empire to Independence, 1913–29.Dublin and Portland, OR: Four Courts Press, 2006. Pp. 607. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by David HarknessMARCUS FUNCK and ROGER CHICKERING, eds. Endangered Cities: Military Power and Urban Societies in the Era of the World Wars.Boston, MA and Leiden: Brill, 2004. Pp. viii, 198. $120.00 (US). Reviewed by M. B. B. BiskupskiERIC W. OSBORNE. The Battle of Heligoland Bight.Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 2006. Pp. ix, 141. $27.95 (US). Reviewed by John BeelerIAN F. W. BECKETT. Home Front, 1914–1918: How Britain Survived the Great War.Kew: The National Archives, 2006; dist. Dulles, VA: International Publishers Marketing. Pp. 224. $36.00 (US); HELEN B. MCCARTNEY. Citizen Soldiers: The Liverpool Territorials in the First World War.New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xv, 275. $90.00 (US). Reviewed by Deborah ThomSABRINA P. RAMET. The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005.Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 2006. Pp. xxvi, 817. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Robert M. HaydenSCOTT W. PALMER. Dictatorship of the Air: Aviation Culture and the Fate of Modern Russia.New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. xx, 307. $40.00 (US). Reviewed by Evan MawdsleyCOLIN DUECK. Reluctant Crusaders: Power, Culture, and Change in American Grand Strategy.Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006. Pp. 224. $29.95(US). Reviewed by Peter TrubowitzDAVID EDGERTON. Warfare State: Britain, 1920-1970.New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. xv, 364. $32.99 (US), paper. Reviewed by John R. FerrisGABRIELE RANZATO. El eclipse de la democracia: La Guerra Civil española y sus orígenes, 1931–1939,trans. Fernando Borrajo. Madrid: Siglo XXI de España Editores, 2006. Pp. xxv. 691. €24.00. Reviewed by Michael SeidmanDAVID D. ROBERTS. The Totalitarian Experiment in Twentieth-Century Europe: Understanding the Poverty of Great Politics.New York, NY and London: Routledge, 2006. Pp. xii, 579. $43.00 (US). Reviewed by Giuseppe FinaldiDAVIDE RODOGNO. Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation during the Second World War,trans. Adrian Belton. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. xxi, 504. $99.00 (US); ALESSANDRO ROSELLI. Italy and Albania: Financial Relations in the Fascist Period.London and New York, NY: I. B. Tauris, 2006. Pp. xxvii, 209. $74.95 (US). Reviewed by Alexander De GrandCHRISTOPHER LAYNE. The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the Present.Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2006. Pp. xi, 290. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Charles A. KupchanHUGH SEBAG-MONTEFIORE. Dunkirk: Fight to the Last Man.Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2006. Pp. xvii, 701. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Martin KitchenRAFFAEL SCHECK. Hitler's African Victims: The German Army Massacres of Black French Soldiers in 1940.New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. xiii, 202. $65.00 (US); GREGORY MANN. Native Sons: West African Veterans and France in the Twentieth Century.Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2006. Pp. ix,333. $23.95 (US), paper. James E. GenovaRUTH BETTINA BIRN. Die Sicherheitspolizei in Estland, 1941–1944: Eine Studie zur Kollaboration im Osten.Paderborn: Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 2006. Pp. 286. €34.90. Reviewed by Andres KasekampPETER EDWARDS. Arthur Tange: Last of the Mandarins.Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 2006. Pp. xii, 339. $49.95 (AUS). Reviewed by David LoweR. B. SMITH. Changing Visions of East Asia, 1943–93: Transformations and Continuities,ed. Chad J. Mitcham. London and New York, NY: Routledge, 2007. Pp. xv, 260. $120.00 (US). Reviewed by Peter LoweSTANLEY WOLPERT. Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India.New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp. xii, 238. $28.00 (US). Ian TalbotDEREK S. ZUMBRO. Battle for the Ruhr: The German Army's Final Defeat in the West.Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2006. Pp. viii, 447. $34.95 (US). Reviewed by Robert CitinoMICHAEL GEHLER. Vom Marshall-Plan bis zur EU: Österreich und die europüische Integration von 1945 bis zur Gegenwart.Innsbruck: StudienVerlag, 2006. Pp. 506. €53.00. Reviewed by William Glenn GrayPETER J. BECK. Using History, Making British Policy: The Treasury and the Foreign Office, 1950–76.Basingstoke and New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006; dist. Bolton, ON: H. B. Fenn. Pp. xii, 310. $93.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Richard S. GraysonCHRIS TUDDA. The Truth Is Our Weapon: The Rhetorical Diplomacy of Dwight D. Eisenhower and John Foster Dulles.Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2006. Pp. ix, 224. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Ira ChernusMARK MOYAR. Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965.New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. xxvi, 512. $32.00 (US). Reviewed by Lawrence W. SerewiczLAWRENCE W. SEREWICZ. America at the Brink of Empire: Rusk, Kissinger, and the Vietnam War.Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2007. Pp. x, 233. $66.00 (US). Reviewed by Richard C. ThorntonGAWDAT BAHGAT. Israel and the Persian Gulf: Retrospect and Prospect.Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2006; dist. Toronto, ON: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. viii, 187. $101.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Frederick F. AnscombeDALE R. HERSPRING. The Kremlin and the High Command: Presidential Impact on the Russian Military from Gorbachev to Putin.Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2006. Pp. xiv, 242. $34.95 (US). Reviewed by Alexander HillTIM ALLEN. Trial Justice: The International Criminal Court and the Lord's Resistance Army.London and New York, NY: Zed Books, 2006; dist. Black Point, NS: Fernwood Publishing. Pp. xvi, 230. $24.95 (CDN) paper. Reviewed by Manisuli SsenyonjoHERMAN LEBOVICS. Imperialism and the Corruption of Democracies.Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2006. Pp. xx, 172. $21.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Dane KennedyJEFFREY RUOFF, ed. Virtual Voyages: Cinema and Travel.Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2006. Pp. xiv, 298. $22.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Catherine RussellANDREA KATHRYN TALENTINO. Military Intervention after the Cold War: The Evolution of Theory and Practice.Athens, OH: Center for International Studies, Ohio University, 2005. Pp. xvi, 364. $26.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by David ChandlerVIVIEN A. SCHMIDT. Democracy in Europe: The EU and National Polities.New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp. xv, 317. $27.95 (US), paper; JAN ZIELONKA. Europe as Empire: The Nature of the Enlarged European Union.New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp. ix, 293. $74.00 (US). Reviewed by John GillinghamA. JAMES GREGOR. The Search for Neofascism: The Use and Abuse of Social Science.New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. xii, 306. $23.99 (US), paper. Reviewed by R. J. B. BosworthDAVID KENNEDY. Of War and Law.Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006. Pp. xi, 191. $18.95 (US). Reviewed by Colin S. GrayFRED CHARLES IKLÉ. Annihilation from Within: The Ultimate Threat to Nations.New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2006. Pp. xiii, 142. $24.50 (US). Reviewed by Wesley T. WooleyHAROLD JAMES. The Roman Predicament: How the Rules of International Order Create the Politics of Empire.Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006. Pp. vii, 166. $24.95 (US). Reviewed by George ModelskiJONAS PONTUSSON. Inequality and Prosperity: Social Europe vs. Liberal America.Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2006. Pp. xiv, 242. $19.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Jeffrey M. StonecashGEORGE H. QUESTER. Nuclear First Strike: Consequences of a Broken Taboo.Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. Pp. 159. $22.95 (US) paper. Reviewed by Martha Smith-NorrisEVELIN LINDNER. Making Enemies: Humiliation and International Conflict.Westport, CT: Praeger, 2006. Pp. xix, 224. $49.95 (US). Reviewed by Paul F. Diehl

Income has the potential to divide people politically. Most attempts to assess the impact of income focus on individual-level analyses. Representatives, however, are elected in districts, which have varying compositions of constituents. To assess the connection between income and party in congressional elections, we need to focus on income composition of districts and how partisan outcomes are related to these variations. This analysis assesses that relationship and how it has changed in recent decades. The focus is on U.S. House districts from 1962 to 1996. The relationship of district income and party outcomes is then examined by region. Since 1962, income has emerged as a significant source of political divisions in the South and North, whereas the remainder of the country has not developed a relationship. Finally, we analyze the 1994 and 1996 Congressional elections, and find that the relationship of income to party continues to be significant, but the 1994 election attenuated the relationship.

The condition of state party organizations is unclear. Some argue they are declining, whereas others argue they are making a comeback. Some of the ambiguity stems from incomplete information, but some of it stems from changes in the organization of the "state party." New organizations have emerged and our organizational assessments have not incorporated the changing reality. The traditional state party committees have been joined by legislative party campaign committees, and party resources have become more dispersed. The state party organization is no longer defined by just the traditional state party organization. This article presents a comprehensive case study of these changes. It examines the condition and growth of allstate party organizations in New York across three election cycles. The legislative party committees are better financed than the traditional state party committees, and they play a major role in financing state legislative candidates. The focus, it appears, should be as much on the legislative party campaign committees as on the traditional state party committees when trying to understand the condition of state party organizations.

For Better or Worse: How Political Consultants Are Changing Elections in the United States. By David A. Dulio. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004. 289p. $71.50 cloth, $23.95 paper.This analysis addresses two important developments in American political campaigns: the increase in the presence of political consultants and their effect on campaigns. In pursuing this analysis, David Dulio focuses on the central questions of whether consultants are changing the nature of campaigns and whether their presence has displaced the role of political parties. The analysis draws heavily on a survey conducted in 1999 among 505 political consultants by American University staff.