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Foldable and deployable structures find extensive applications in space deployment equipment, yet dark fiber composites (DFCs) utilized for crafting these structures still grapple with the trade-offs among resin flow, curing speed, and degree of cure. To address these issues, a novel thermal/photothermal (TPT) system was developed, leveraging two-stage and photo-induced photothermal synergistic techniques. The first stage involves a room-temperature click reaction, producing a gel intermediate state with an impressive fracture elongation rate of up to 123.15 %, allowing for arbitrary flexible folding and deployment. The second stage involves photo-induced photothermal curing, where the heat generated during the curing process (reaching temperatures up to 131.5 °C) can trigger thermal curing. The second-stage sample can achieve a Young's modulus up to 22,000 times that of the first stage. When applied in the fabrication of DFCs, the TPT system significantly enhances the curing degree of the resin on the backside of the DFCs, achieving a rapid soft-to-rigid transformation within 1 min. This represents a significant improvement over thermal curing in terms of speed and energy consumption. The use of DFCs in structural components has demonstrated their capability for flexible folding and rapid soft-to-rigid transformation.

AbstractInterception loss (Ei) in forests has been studied widely. However, Eiparameters and modeling as well as spatial patterns of throughfall (TF) in abandoned Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparisobtusa) plantations remain poorly documented. In this study, gross precipitation (PG), stemflow (SF), and TFwere monitored in an unmanaged 32-year-old Japanese cypress stand throughout the 2011 rainy season. Results indicate that PGpartitioning into TF, SF, and Eiwere, respectively, 64.2 ± 3.6, 10.6 ± 0.6, and 25.2 ± 1.1 % of the 880.8 mm cumulative PGfrom 29 rainfall events. Direct throughfall proportion (p) and drainage from the canopy contributed about 14 ± 7 and 50 ± 21 % of the total TFfor the events, respectively. The mean canopy storage capacity (S) was 2.4 ± 0.7 mm. The coefficient of variability (CV) of TFrate decreased asymptotically with increasing PGamount, ranging from 16 to 56 % with median 26 %. The CV of TFrate was not significantly correlated with canopy cover (r= 0.152, P= 0.521, n= 20) and distance from the nearest trunk (r= 0.196, P= 0.408, n= 20). Based on the revised Gash analytical model, the total simulated Eiwas close to the observed, with a general underestimation magnitude of 5.7 %. The Eicomponents were quantified, and most of the interception loss (62.9 %) evaporated during rainfall, while 26.8 % evaporated after rainfall ceased. Climatic and forest structural parameters required by the model were identified and analyzed by sensitivity analysis, implying that the revised Gash analytical model is robust and reliable enough for abandoned Japanese cypress plantations in a maritime climate.

Interception loss (Ei) in forests has been studied widely. However, Eiparameters and modeling as well as spatial patterns of throughfall (TF) in abandoned Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparisobtusa) plantations remain poorly documented. In this study, gross precipitation (PG), stemflow (SF), and TFwere monitored in an unmanaged 32-year-old Japanese cypress stand throughout the 2011 rainy season. Results indicate that PGpartitioning into TF, SF, and Eiwere, respectively, 64.2 ± 3.6, 10.6 ± 0.6, and 25.2 ± 1.1 % of the 880.8 mm cumulative PGfrom 29 rainfall events. Direct throughfall proportion (p) and drainage from the canopy contributed about 14 ± 7 and 50 ± 21 % of the total TFfor the events, respectively. The mean canopy storage capacity (S) was 2.4 ± 0.7 mm. The coefficient of variability (CV) of TFrate decreased asymptotically with increasing PGamount, ranging from 16 to 56 % with median 26 %. The CV of TFrate was not significantly correlated with canopy cover (r= 0.152, P= 0.521, n= 20) and distance from the nearest trunk (r= 0.196, P= 0.408, n= 20). Based on the revised Gash analytical model, the total simulated Eiwas close to the observed, with a general underestimation magnitude of 5.7 %. The Eicomponents were quantified, and most of the interception loss (62.9 %) evaporated during rainfall, while 26.8 % evaporated after rainfall ceased. Climatic and forest structural parameters required by the model were identified and analyzed by sensitivity analysis, implying that the revised Gash analytical model is robust and reliable enough for abandoned Japanese cypress plantations in a maritime climate.