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Byline: S. Takada (Department of Architecture, Graduate School of Engineering Kobe University, Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan); S. Hokoi (Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto [...]

The multistage treatment of the well in the naturally fractured volcanic rock of Minami-Nagaoka field in Japan is described. The various treatments and there outcomes are explained.

Transporting ensembles of electrons over long distances without losing their spin polarization is an important benchmark for spintronic devices. It usually requires injecting and probing spin-polarized electrons in conduction channels using ferromagnetic contacts or optical excitation. In parallel with this development, important efforts have been dedicated to achieving control of nanocircuits at the single-electron level. The detection and coherent manipulation of the spin of a single electron trapped in a quantum dot are now well established. Combined with the recently demonstrated control of the displacement of individual electrons between two distant quantum dots, these achievements allow the possibility of realizing spintronic protocols at the single-electron level. Here, we demonstrate that spin information carried by one or two electrons can be transferred between two quantum dots separated by a distance of 4 μm with a classical fidelity of 65%. We show that at present it is limited by spin flips occurring during the transfer procedure before and after electron displacement. Being able to encode and control information in the spin degree of freedom of a single electron while it is being transferred over distances of a few micrometres on nanosecond timescales will pave the way towards ‘quantum spintronics’ devices, which could be used to implement large-scale spin-based quantum information processing.

Josephson tunnel junctions are well known as low temperature electronics devices. However, they are also important as very powerful sensors. A novel class of sensors is constituted by radiation detectors based on superconducting tunnel junctions, which could lead in next future to an advanced instrumentation with an interesting applicative future. So far this area is restricted to low-temperature superconductors. Several superconducting materials have been considered. Among them, Niobium is very attractive because of its highest critical temperature Tc. We have measured detailed X-ray detection characteristics for Nb-based tunnel junction made with different fabrication processes. We will discuss the difference in the X-ray response in terms of the relevant junction's parameters, underlying the problems of the niobium as suitable material for this kind of device.

The mechanical properties of conjugated-spun and laser drawn poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers were investigated. The as-spun fibers used for the laser drawing were made by conjugated melt spinning with the copolymer of p-hydroxybenzoicacid and 2-hydroxy-6-naphthoicacid or polystyrene. The PET fibers prepared by conjugated spinning could be laser drawn to higher draw ratios under lower drawing stresses. The drawn fiber could be re-drawn up to a higher total draw ratio. Thus, a PET fiber having a tensile strength of 1.14 N/tex could be produced.

The early detection of Cu sub-surface voids in nano-interconnects has become a main challenge with the reduction of the critical dimensions of the interconnects. A new methodology for full wafer Cu void inspection with high sensitivity and high speed has been developed using a Multi-Purpose SEM (MP-SEM) using high accelerating voltage, high resolution and multi BSE detectors. This inspection methodology has been used to evaluate the Cu metallization quality in nanointerconnects. The effectiveness of this inspection methodology was proven through the evidence of relations between Cu void density, trench widths, pattern density, and surrounding dummy structures.

Electrochemical activities of NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2 and NaCrO2, having the analogous layered structure to LiCoO2, were investigated in 1 mol dm-3 NaClO4 propylene carbonate at room temperature. Almost all sodium ions were extracted from the NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2 and NaCrO2 electrodes by galvanostatic oxidation to 4.5 V accompanied with several phase transitions. Layered NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2 electrode showed a highly reversible capacity of 185 mAh g-1 as positive electrode in Na cell in the potential region between 2.5 and 4.5 V versus Na. A NaCrO2 electrode was hardly electroactive after oxidation up to 4.5 V. When galvanostatic cycling was carried in the limited potential domain between 2 and 3.5 V, both electrodes showed discharge capacities of 100 - 120 mAh g-1 with satisfactory capacity retention. Layered LiCrO2 (R-3m) and NaCrO2 (R-3m) possess the quite similar crystal structures and the same transition metal, nevertheless they were inactive and active in Li and Na cells, respectively.

Conjugate addition of various prochiral nitroalkanes to cyclic α,β-unsaturated ketones was found to be efficiently catalyzed by N-spiro C2-symmetric chiral quaternary ammonium bromide 1b possessing a 3,5-bis(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)phenyl substituent under solid−liquid phase-transfer conditions to afford the corresponding γ-nitro ketones in excellent chemical yields with unprecedented levels of diastereo- and enantiocontrol.

The high-pressure vapor−liquid equilibria for supercritical CO2 + citrus oil component (limonene and linalool) + ethanol systems were measured to study an entrainer effect of ethanol. The measured systems were CO2 + limonene + ethanol at 313.2 K and 6.9 MPa; CO2 + linalool + ethanol at 313.2 K and 6.9 MPa and at 333.2 K and 10.0 MPa; and CO2 + limonene + linalool + ethanol at 313.2 K and 6.9 MPa. The experimental apparatus used was based on a circulation-type method for liquid-phase sampling and a flow-type method for vapor-phase sampling. The mole fractions of limonene and linalool in vapor phase are not affected by the addition of ethanol. However, the mole fraction of linalool in the liquid phase decreases with increasing the concentration of ethanol. As a result, the relative volatilities between limonene and linalool increase by factors of 1.2 to 1.5 with the addition of ethanol. The experimental data were correlated by the SRK equation of state with an exponent-type mixing rule. The correlated results are in good agreement with the experimental data.

We have carried out 99/101Ru-NMR, measurements at zero magnetic field in magnetic superconductors RuEu1.4Ce0.6Sr2Cu2O10−δand RuSr2YCu2O8to investigate charge and magnetic states of Ru ions in its magnetically ordered state. In RuEu1.4Ce0.6Sr2Cu2O10−δ, only one Ru site corresponding to Ru5+ions with S=3/2 high spin state was shown to exist. This contrasts sharply to the case of RuSr2YCu2O8where two kinds of Ru sites of Ru5+(S=3/2) and Ru4+(S=1) were observed. These results indicate the magnetic and charge states of the Ru ions in the RuO2planes are different for both systems.

X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering, and X-ray photoemission of SrBi2Ta2O9 powder sample (the Curie temperature of 310 °C) synthesized from a precursor solution showed that the crystal structure of the SrBi2Ta2O9 unit cell was preserved from bulk to surface, and the surface had never been covered with metallic Bi and/or Bi2O3. The theoretical valence band spectrum, derived from the density of states by full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave computation and the photoionization cross section, reproduced well the experimental valence band spectrum. The computation revealed that the valence band maximum is dominated by the O p states and that the low-energy part of the conduction band is formed from the Bi p and Ta d states hybridizing with the O p states. In the vicinity of the conduction band minimum, the hybridization between Bi p states and Ta d states is weak and the Bi p states have slightly lower energy than the Ta d states.

The Dlk1-Gtl2 domain on mouse chromosome 12 contains reciprocally imprinted genes with the potential to contribute to our understanding of common features involved in imprinting control. We have sequenced this conserved region in the mouse and sheep and included the human sequence in a three species comparison. This analysis resulted in a precise conservation map and identification of highly conserved sequence elements, some of which we have shown previously to be differentially methylated in the mouse. Additionally, this analysis facilitated identification of a CpG-rich tandem repeat array located approximately 13-15 kb upstream of Gtl2. Furthermore, we have identified a third imprinted transcript that overlaps with the last Dlk1 exon in the mouse. This transcript lacks a conserved open reading frame and is probably generated by cleavage of extended Dlk1 transcripts. Because Dlk1 and Gtl2 share many of the imprinting properties of the well-characterized Igf2-H19 domain, it has been proposed that the two regions may be regulated in the same way. Comparative genomic examination of the two domains indicates that although there are similarities, other features are very different, including the location of conserved CTCF-binding sites, and the level of conservation at regulatory regions.

We have prepared a diluted system of Co3O4 nanocrystals dispersed in nonmagnetic SiO2 by heating an MCM-41 molecular sieve soaked in 0.075 mol/L CoCl2 aqueous solution in flowing oxygen at 300 °C for 3 h. Transmission electron microscopy showed that fine particles of about 3 nm exhibiting the (220) and (331) lattice fringes of the Co3O4 crystal distribute randomly in amorphous SiO2. Magnetic measurements using a SQUID magnetometer suggested the presence of quantum resonant spin tunneling of intraparticle superparamagnetic moments below the blocking temperature. The maximum points in the ac susceptibility shifted toward higher temperature from ≈3 to ≈5 K with increasing the frequency from ≈10^-2 to ≈10³ Hz. There were no divergent peaks above 1.7 K in the nonlinear susceptibility. The field dependent magnetization from 0 to ≈20 kG showed a small hysteresis loop at 2 K, whereas there were no hysteresis loops at both 5 and 10 K. The diluted Co3O4 nanocrystals is a new and ideally suitable material for the study of macroscopic magnetic quantum effects.

In higher plants, molecular mechanisms regulating shoot apical meristem (SAM) formation and organ separation are largely unknown. The CUC1 (CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON1) and CUC2 are functionally redundant genes that are involved in these processes. We cloned the CUC1 gene by a map-based approach, and found that it encodes a NAC-domain protein highly homologous to CUC2. CUC1 mRNA was detected in the presumptive SAM during embryogenesis, and at the boundaries between floral organ primordia. Surprisingly, overexpression of CUC1 was sufficient to induce adventitious shoots on the adaxial surface of cotyledons. Expression analyses in the overexpressor and in loss-of-function mutants suggest that CUC1 acts upstream of the SHOOT MERISTEMLESS gene.

Electronic and magnetic properties of RuSr2GdCu2O8have been investigated by resistivity, magnetization and NMR measurements. Magnetic order (TC=133 K) and superconducting transition (TS(onset) ∼52 K) have been confirmed in RuSr2GdCu2O8. We observed two kinds of Ru-NMR signals (the hyperfine fields of 101Ru are 590 kOe and ∼290 kOe), suggesting a possible charge segregation of Ru4+(S=1) and Ru5+(S=3/2) in the RuO2layers. Holes can be inherently doped in the CuO2layers from the (Ru4+, Ru5+)O2layers, and the superconductivity can occur under weak magnetic interactions between Ru and Cu spins in RuSr2GdCu2O8.

Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) plays a critical role in the development of neural crest-derived melanocytes. Here, we show that exogenously added Wnt-3a protein, an intercellular signaling molecule, up-regulates the expression of endogenous melanocyte-specific Mitf (Mitf-M) mRNA in cultured melanocytes. The melanocyte-specific promoter of the human MITF gene (MITF-M promoter) contains a functional LEF-1-binding site, which is bound in vitro by LEF-1 and confers the preferential expression on a reporter gene in melanocytes and melanoma cells, as judged by the transient transfection assays. Moreover, the LEF-1-binding site is required for the transactivation of a reporter gene by LEF-1, beta-catenin, or their combination. Exogenously added Wnt-3a protein also transactivates the MITF-M promoter via the LEF-1-binding site; this activation was abolished when a dominant-negative form of LEF-1 was coexpressed. These results suggest that Wnt-3a signaling recruits beta-catenin and LEF-1 to the LEF-1-binding site of the MITF-M promoter. Therefore, the present study identifies Mitf-M/MITF-M as a direct target of Wnt signaling.

Wnt3a encodes a signal that is expressed in the primitive streak of the gastrulating mouse embryo and is required for paraxial mesoderm development. In its absence cells adopt ectopic neural fates. Embryos lacking the T-box-containing transcription factors, Brachyury or Tbx6, also lack paraxial mesoderm. Here we show that Brachyury is specifically down-regulated in Wnt3a mutants in cells fated to form paraxial mesoderm. Transgenic analysis of the T promoter identifies T (Brachyury) as a direct transcriptional target of the Wnt signaling pathway. Our results suggest that Wnt3a, signaling via Brachyury, modulates a balance between mesodermal and neural cell fates during gastrulation.

Signals originating from tissues surrounding somites are involved in mediolateral and dorsoventral patterning of somites and in the differentiation of the myotome. Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a, which encode members of the Wnt family of cystein-rich secreted signaling molecules, are coexpressed at the dorsal midline of the developing neural tube, an area adjacent to the dorsomedial portion of the somite. Several lines of evidence indicate that Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a have the ability to induce the development of the medial and dorsal portion of somites, as well as to induce myogenesis. To address whether these Wnt signalings are really essential for the development of somites during normal embryogenesis, we investigated the development of somites in mouse embryos lacking both Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a. Here we demonstrate that the medial compartment of the dermomyotome is not formed and the expression of a lateral dermomyotome marker gene, Sim-1, is expanded more medially in the absence of these Wnt signalings. In addition, the expression of a myogenic gene, Myf-5, is decreased at 9.5 days post coitum whereas the level of expression of a number of myogenic genes in the later stage appeared normal. These results indicate that Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a signalings actually regulate the formation of the medial compartment of the dermomyotome and the early part of myogenesis.

Axin forms a complex with glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) and beta-catenin and promotes GSK-3beta-dependent phosphorylation of beta-catenin, thereby stimulating the degradation of beta-catenin. Because GSK-3beta also phosphorylates Axin in the complex, the physiological significance of the phosphorylation of Axin was examined. Treatment of COS cells with LiCl, a GSK-3beta inhibitor, and okadaic acid, a protein phosphatase inhibitor, decreased and increased, respectively, the cellular protein level of Axin. Pulse-chase analyses showed that the phosphorylated form of Axin was more stable than the unphosphorylated form and that an Axin mutant, in which the possible phosphorylation sites for GSK-3beta were mutated, exhibited a shorter half-life than wild type Axin. Dvl-1, which was genetically shown to function upstream of GSK-3beta, inhibited the phosphorylation of Axin by GSK-3beta in vitro. Furthermore, Wnt-3a-containing conditioned medium down-regulated Axin and accumulated beta-catenin in L cells and expression of Dvl-1(DeltaPDZ), in which the PDZ domain was deleted, suppressed this action of Wnt-3a. These results suggest that the phosphorylation of Axin is important for the regulation of its stability and that Wnt down-regulates Axin through Dvl.

Abstract: Objectives: The aim of the present study is to investigate whether lead (Pb) in urine (Pb-U) can be a valid surrogate of lead in blood (Pb-B), the traditional biomarker of exposure to lead in occupational health. Methods: Blood and spot urine samples were collected from 258 workers of both sexes occupationally exposed to lead. The samples were analyzed for lead by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, and the correlation between Pb-B and Pb-U was examined by linear regression analysis before and after logarithmic conversion. Results: The correlation coefficient (0.824; P < 0.01) was largest when the relationship between Pb-B and Pb-U was examined with 214 cases of one sex (i.e., men) after Pb-U was corrected for a specific gravity (1.016) of urine (Pb-Usg) and both Pb-B and Pb-Usg were converted to logarithms. The geometric means (GMs) of Pb-B and Pb-Usg for the 214 men were 489 μg/l and 81 μg/l, respectively. When Pb-Usg was assumed to be 100 μg/l in this set of correlations, the 95% confidence range of Pb-B for the group mean was narrow, i.e., 543–575 μg/l (with GM of 559 μg/l), whereas that for individual Pb-B values was as wide as 355–881 μg/l. Conclusions: The correlation of Pb-U with Pb-B among workers occupationally exposed to Pb was close enough to suggest that Pb-U may be a good alternative to Pb-B on a group basis, but not close enough to allow Pb-U to predict Pb-B on an individual basis.

The ultrastructure of Cryptosporidium muris, which parasitizes the stomach of mice, was studied by transmission electron microscopy. The entire development of the parasite occurred in the microvilli of the surface mucus cells in the gastric glands. The ultrastructural features of the attachment site of C. muris to the host cell differed remarkably from those of C. parvum and its closely related species, which parasitize the intestine of various animals. The size of C. muris was greater at almost every developmental stage than that of C. parvum. These findings confirmed that C. muris and C. parvum are distinct species. The mitochondria, subpellicular microtubules, and Golgi complex were demonstrated in detail. A small invagination in the meront and intravacuolar tubules were found in Cryptosporidium. The wall of each developing oocyst in the parasitophorous vacuole was composed of three layers: the outermost layer was considered to be a true oocyst wall, whereas the middle and innermost layers were assumed to develop into the sporocyst wall. The outermost layer was fragile and disintegrated as the oocyst matured. In excystation in vitro, a suture was seen in a thick layer of the two-layered sporocyst wall of an oocyst (sporocyst wall; see Discussion) that enveloped four sporozoites. The fine structure of the attachment site of the present species to the host cell appears to reveal a unique mode of hostparasite interaction in Cryptosporidium infection.

Radioisotope cisternography with statistical analysis was evaluated in 18 patients with suspected hydrocephalus shown by conventional CT, and 4 control patients. Regions of interest were located at cisterna magna, basal cistern, lateral cistern Sylvii, interhemispheric cistern, and lateral ventricle using three dimensional SPECT images. A value for the constant K was determined for each exponential radioactivity decay curve. On the basis of SPECT-derived K values our patients were grouped into hydrocephalus, nonhydrocephalus, and control patients. Twelve of 14 hydrocephalus patients were treated by shunt operation. Our less-invasive method showed reliable criteria for assessing the cerebrospinal fluid circulation.

The solvent casting effect on the infrared (IR) characteristic absorption bands of stereoregular isotactic poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) film was studied in comparison with those of an atactic sample. The relative intensity of the IR characteristic bands (D1230/D1250) of PAN film was strongly dependent on the kind of dipolar aprotic solvent used in the film preparation. A higher intensity ratio was obtained when a good solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide was used, whereas a lower value was obtained when a poor solvent such as malononitrile was used. A linear relationship between the intensity ratio of the IR bands and the dissolution power of nine different kinds of dipolar organic solvents was found. The IR characteristic bands of stereoregular PAN was dependent on not only configuration but also conformation through the difference of the molecular cohesion state in the solvent-cast film. The effect of configuration and conformation on the IR results was quantitatively studied as a function of the film preparation conditions.

The action of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB) on mossy fiber-induced excitation in CA3 neurons was studied in vitro with thin sections of guinea pig hippocampus. D- and DL-APB suppressed field potentials induced in regio CA3 by granular layer stimulation. Threshold concentration of DL-APB to induce the suppression was 2–5 µM. D-APB was about 10-fold less potent than DL-APB. Field potentials induced by fimbrial stimulation were much less affected. DL-APB was without effect on antidromic activation of granule cells. 2-Amino-phosphonovaleric acid had a similar but less potent action. Gamma-D-glutamylglycine and cis-2,3-piperidine dicarboxylic acid were almost ineffective. DL-APB suppressed excitatory postsynaptic potentials recorded intracellularly from CA3 neurons in response to granular layer stimulation but caused no marked changes in resting potentials, action potentials and membrane conductance. Single cell discharges induced by iontophoretic administration of glutamate (Glu) or aspartate (Asp) were unaffected when mossy fiber-induced excitation was suppressed by D- or DL-APB. DL-APB had no suppressing action on Glu- or Asp-induced depolarizing potentials. These results indicate that APB is a relatively specific blocker of synaptic transmission between mossy fibers and CA3 neurons, and that this action does not result from blockade of receptors for Glu or Asp.

2-Arylimidazo[4,5-c]quinolines and analogous fused imidazopyridines were synthesized and evaluated as benzodiazepine receptor ligands. Affinity to the receptors was greatly affected by the bulkiness of the aryl group at the 2-position, compared to the pyrazoloquinolines such as CGS-9896. Derivatives with an isoxazole moiety at the 2-position showed high binding affinity and in vivo activity. In the imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline series, substitution at the 6-position decreased or abolished activity. Most derivatives with an unsubstituted isoxazolyl group showed antagonist or inverse agonist activity except for the 7-halo analogues, which exhibited agonist activity. On the other hand, 5-methylisoxazol-3-yl or 3-methylisoxazol-5-yl derivatives generally exhibited agonist activity. A similar substitution effect on the isoxazole moiety was observed in the imidazopyridines fused with a nonaromatic ring. From the detailed pharmacological evaluation, S-8510, 2-(3-isoxazolyl)-3,6,7,9-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d]pyrano[4,3-b]pyridine monophosphate, possessing weak inverse agonist activity was selected as a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of some symptoms of senile dementia.

The current state of the art of the seismic risk analysis for the underground lifeline systems, particularly for the water transmission network system, is reviewed. An emphasis in the review is placed on the analysis of major causes of system damages and on the procedures of the seismic design decision analysis unique to the underground lifeline systems. A methodology of the seismic risk analysis is then developed and an example analysis performed for a simplified version of the water transmission system in the City of Los Angeles indicating each step of the analysis and each assumption used therein. The example analysis has been carried through to the point where a sample of physically damaged network systems are simulated by means of a Monte Carlo technique. Eventually, a topological analysis should be applied to such a sample of damaged systems to estimate the probability of the original system becoming unserviceable immediately following an earthquake of a given intensity. Such probability values are vitally needed for the ultimate purpose of design decision analysis.

Embryonic patterning in vertebrates is dependent upon the balance of inductive signals and their specific antagonists. We show that Noggin, which encodes a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist expressed in the node, notochord, and dorsal somite, is required for normal mouse development. Although Noggin has been implicated in neural induction, examination of null mutants in the mouse indicates that Noggin is not essential for this process. However, Noggin is required for subsequent growth and patterning of the neural tube. Early BMP-dependent dorsal cell fates, the roof plate and neural crest, form in the absence of Noggin. However, there is a progressive loss of early, Sonic hedgehog (Shh)-dependent ventral cell fates despite the normal expression of Shh in the notochord. Further, somite differentiation is deficient in both muscle and sclerotomal precursors. Addition of BMP2 or BMP4 to paraxial mesoderm explants blocks Shh-mediated induction of Pax-1, a sclerotomal marker, whereas addition of Noggin is sufficient to induce Pax-1. Noggin and Shh induce Pax-1 synergistically. Use of protein kinase A stimulators blocks Shh-mediated induction of Pax-1, but not induction by Noggin, suggesting that induction is mediated by different pathways. Together these data demonstrate that inhibition of BMP signaling by axially secreted Noggin is an important requirement for normal patterning of the vertebrate neural tube and somite.

Abstract: An experimental method is described for the synthesis of195mPt-radiolabeled (–)-(R)-2-aminomethylpyrrolidine (1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylato)-2-platinum (II) (DWA2114R). An amount of 10 mg of 95% enriched194Pt was irradiated for 75 h in the hydraulic conveyer of the KUR at a thermal neutron flux of approximately 8.1×1013 n.cm–2.sec–1 and the195mPt-radiolabeled DWA2114R was purified using HPLC. The chemical yield is higher than 65%, its chemical purity is greater than 99.2%, the radiochemical purity is nearly 100%, and the specific activity is 6.7 MBq. mg–1 DWA2114R.

The infectivity ofCryptosporidium muris (strain RN 66), originally isolated from the house rat (Iseki 1986), to various laboratory animals was studied by transmission experiments. After oral inoculation with 1×106 oocysts, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, and cats all discharged endogenously produced oocysts in their feces. Among these host species, mice and cats were highly susceptible to the parasite. The prepatent period for six 3-week-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice was 5 days postinoculation (PI), the patent periods varied between 34 and 75 days for each mouse, and the number of oocysts discharged per individual per day (OPD) was 11–46×106 at the maximum on days 16–26 PI. The total number of oocysts discharged per mouse during the patent period was estimated to be 170–560×106. Three inoculated cats (1–2 months old) also discharged a large number of oocysts for a long period. Guinea pigs, rabbits, and dogs showed low susceptibility to this strain; the OPD was extremely small and the patent periods were less than 3 weeks. The entire endogenous development of this parasite occurred in the stomach and not in the small and large intestines of these experimental animals. Because of this lack of host specificity, it is suspected thatC. muris could be infective to humans, especially immunocompromised patients such as those with AIDS.

We have developed and tested a submillimeter waveguide SIS mixer with NbN-MgO-NbN quasiparticle tunnel junctions. The two junction array is integrated in a full NbN printed circuit. The NbN film critical temperature is 15 K and the junction gap voltage is 5 mV. The size of the junctions is 1.4 × 1.4 µm and Josephson critical current density is about 1.5 KA/cm2 resulting in junction RNωC product about 40. The inductive tuning circuit in NbN is integrated with each junction in two junction array. A single non contacting backshort was tuned at each frequency in the mixer block.