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Refractory complex concentrated alloys (RCCAs) have drawn particular attention for their high yield strength and superior softening resistance at high temperatures. However, poor room-temperature ductility and high density remain the main challenges for their processing and applications. Here, using inherent material characteristics as the alloy-design principles, three novel single-phase body-centered cubic structured Ti3Zr1.5Nb(1−x)MoxVAl0.25(x= 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, marked as Mo0.1, Mo0.3, and Mo0.5, respectively) RCCAs with promising tensile ductility and relatively low density below 6 g cm−3were developed by tailoring the Mo concentration. The introduction of Mo elements with high shear modulus promotes lattice distortion, contributing to enhanced lattice friction stress and yield strength. The Mo0.3 and Mo0.5 alloys exhibit tensile yield strengths exceeding 1100 MPa and high fracture elongation of over 15% in the as-cast state. Labusch’s model revealed that solid-solution strengthening induced by atomic size and shear modulus mismatch contributes most significantly to yield strength. Deformation microstructure observations uncovered that the formation of the kink bands, dense-dislocation walls, and Taylor lattices are highly effective in enhancing strain-hardening capacity due to their high density of dislocation boundaries, enabling the alloys to maintain high strength while yet ensuring enough ductility. This study provides new insights into the development of strong and ductile RCCAs with single-phase structures.

ABSTRACTMitophagy that selectively eliminates damaged mitochondria is an essential mitochondrial quality control mechanism. Recently, mitophagy has been shown to be induced in host cells infected by a few animal viruses. Here, we report that southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV), a plant nonenveloped double-stranded RNA virus, can also trigger mitophagy in its planthopper vector to prevent mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and promote persistent viral propagation. We find that the fibrillar structures constructed by the nonstructural protein P7-1 of SRBSDV directly target mitochondria via interaction with the mitophagy receptor BNIP3 (BCL2 interacting protein 3), and these mitochondria are then sequestered within autophagosomes to form mitophagosomes. Moreover, SRBSDV infection or P7-1 expression alone can promote BNIP3 dimerization on the mitochondria, and induce autophagy via the P7-1-ATG8 interaction. Furthermore, SRBSDV infection stimulates the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), resulting in BNIP3 phosphorylation via the AMPKα-BNIP3 interaction. Together, P7-1 induces BNIP3-mediated mitophagy by promoting the formation of phosphorylated BNIP3 dimers on the mitochondria. Silencing of ATG8, BNIP3, or AMPKαsignificantly reduces virus-induced mitophagy and viral propagation in insect vectors. These data suggest that in planthopper, SRBSDV-induced mitophagosomes are modified to accommodate virions and facilitate persistent viral propagation. In summary, our results demonstrate a previously unappreciated role of a viral protein in the induction of BNIP3-mediated mitophagy by bridging autophagosomes and mitochondria and reveal the functional importance of virus-induced mitophagy in maintaining persistent viral infection in insect vectors.Abbreviations:AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG: autophagy related; BNIP3: BCL2 interacting protein 3; CASP3: caspase 3; dsRNA: double strand RNA; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; FITC: fluorescein isothiocyanate; FKBP8: FKBP prolyl isomerase 8; FUNDC1: FUN14 domain containing 1; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GST: glutathione S-transferase; padp: post-first access to diseased plants; Phos-tag: Phosphate-binding tag; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; Sf9: Spodoptera frugiperda; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; SRBSDV: southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus; STK11/LKB1: serine/threonine kinase 11; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; RBSDV: rice black-streaked dwarf virus; TUNEL: terminal deoxynucleotidyl dUTP nick end labeling; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; VDAC1: voltage dependent anion channel 1.

Twin-roll casting (TRC) technique has been proven to be a feasible method for producing metal strips. In this work, a new laboratory-scale twin-roll caster capable of producing long and straight metallic glass composite (MGC) strips was designed and manufactured. The new twin-roll caster generated three types of Ti-based MGC strips (BT30, BT48, and BT60) with varying in situβ-Ti volume fractions at temperatures of 1273 and 1473 K. A series of three-point bending tests were conducted on the Ti-based MGC strips. The results demonstrate that the elements with higher melting temperatures are richer in the middle of the strips rolled at a higher temperature, leading to uneven distributions of composition in the middle and the edge of the strips. The mechanical behavior of MGC strips is greatly influenced by residual stress induced by the thermo-mechanical effect during the TRC process. The large β-Ti crystals with lattice distortion during bending greatly restrict the deformation band, leading to enhanced strength but poor plasticity of the BT48 strip. In comparison, due to the high fraction of crystals with large released crystallization energy, the BT60 strips lead to the severe relaxation of the glassy matrix and cause extreme brittleness. These findings not only provide a new method for preparing MGC strips but also deepen our understanding of the mechanical properties of MGC strips.

Multiple viral infections in insect vectors with synergistic effects are common in nature, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we find that rice gall dwarf reovirus (RGDV) facilitates the transmission of rice stripe mosaic rhabdovirus (RSMV) by co-infected leafhopper vectors. RSMV nucleoprotein (N) alone activates complete anti-viral autophagy, while RGDV nonstructural protein Pns11 alone induces pro-viral incomplete autophagy. In co-infected vectors, RSMV exploits Pns11-induced autophagosomes to assemble enveloped virions via N-Pns11-ATG5 interaction. Furthermore, RSMV could effectively propagate in Sf9 cells. Expression of Pns11 in Sf9 cells or leafhopper vectors causes the recruitment of N from the ER to Pns11-induced autophagosomes and inhibits N-induced complete autophagic flux, finally facilitating RSMV propagation. In summary, these results demonstrate a previously unappreciated role of autophagy in the regulation of the direct synergistic interaction during co-transmission of two distinct arboviruses by insect vectors and reveal the functional importance of virus-induced autophagosomes in rhabdovirus assembly.

Traditional chemical and mechanical descaling methods are expensive, inefficient and environmental pollution for removing scales in coal mine main drainage pipeline. In this study, a water jet is proposed to remove pipe scales, which can solve the inadequacies of traditional methods. Parametric optimization for water jet and descaling nozzle are analyzed. Firstly, the mechanical properties of scale materials are obtained for the first time by uniaxial compressive tests and Brazilian disk splitting tests. Secondly, crushing mechanism and crushing effect of pipe scale subjected to water jet are studied by AUTODYN software. Relationship between the nozzle’s key structure parameters and the axial static pressure and velocity of the fluid field inside the nozzle are analyzed by Fluent software. Moreover, the axial dynamic pressure and velocity of fluid field outside the nozzle are also analyzed. The above numerical simulations indicate that the pressure, flow and target distance of water jet should be 20 MPa, 40L/min and 50 mm, respectively; the outlet diameter, contraction angle and length-diameter ratio of the nozzle should be 2 mm, 13°and 2, respectively. Finally, experiments are conducted for the validation of these parameters. The results provide guidance for the development of the water jet descaling technique of the coal mine drainage pipeline.

Synbiotics are combinations of probiotics and prebiotics. It has been shown to be beneficial to aquatic animals. In this study, Lactobacillus rhamnosuswas cultured with different prebiotics as the sole carbon source, including inulin, acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharide (ASPS), chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), saposhnikovia divaricata polysaccharide (SDP), polysaccharide of atractylodes macrocephala koidz (PAMK), astragalus polysaccharides (APS), Yu-Ping-Feng polysaccharide (YPFP), xylooligosaccharides (XOS) and mannose (MAN). Screening and gradient experiments revealed that the suitable prebiotics and concentrations were: 2 % MAN, 3 % APS, 3 % YPFP, 4 % PAMK, 3 % SDP. L. rhamnosus(108CFU/mL) and suitable prebiotics were inoculated into the media supplemented with the intestinal chyme of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Based on the preliminary screening experiment with the gradients. The in vitrofermentation experiment comprised seven groups: a control group (CT); L. rhamnosusgroup (LGG); L. rhamnosus+ 2 % MAN group (LGG+MAN); L. rhamnosus+ 3 % APS group (LGG+APS); L. rhamnosus+ 3 % YPFP group (LGG+YPFP); L. rhamnosus+ 4 % PAMK group (LGG+PAMK); L. rhamnosus+ 3 % SDP group (LGG+SDP). The in vitrofermentation results revealed that the amylase activity was significantly increased in LGG+PAMK, LGG+SDP and LGG+APS groups than in the CT group (P<0.05). The LGG+MAN group showed the highest protease activity (P<0.05), while the activity of lipase was significantly greater in the LGG and LGG+YPFP groups than in the CT group (P<0.05). Moreover, the acetic acid and valeric acid contents were significantly increased in the LGG+PAMK, LGG+YPFP and LGG+SDP groups than in the CT and LGG groups (P<0.05). Additionally, the LGG+APS, LGG+PAMK, LGG+YPFP and LGG+SDP treatments significantly decreased the abundance of Aeromonas(P<0.05). Lactobacilluswas more abundant in the LGG+YPFP group than in the other groups (P<0.05). In general, based on in vitrofermentation of M. rosenbergiiintestine, the combination of L. rhamnosuswith 3 % YPFP is the optimal synbiotic for the prawn.

Pear ring rot disease, mainly caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea, is widespread in most pear and apple-growing regions. Mycoviruses are used for biocontrol, especially in fruit tree disease. BdCV1 (Botryosphaeria dothideachrysovirus 1) and BdPV1 (Botryosphaeria dothideapartitivirus 1) influence the biological characteristics of B. dothideastrains. BdCV1 is a potential candidate for the control of fungal disease. Therefore, it is vital to explore interactions between B. dothideaand mycovirus to clarify the pathogenic mechanisms of B. dothideaand hypovirulence of B. dothideain pear. A high-quality full-length genome sequence of the B. dothideaLW-Hubei isolate was obtained using Single Molecule Real-Time sequencing. It has high repeat sequence with 9.3% and DNA methylation existence in the genome. The 46.34 Mb genomes contained 14,091 predicted genes, which of 13,135 were annotated. B. dothideawas predicted to express 3833 secreted proteins. In bioinformatics analysis, 351 CAZy members, 552 transporters, 128 kinases, and 1096 proteins associated with plant-host interaction (PHI) were identified. RNA-silencing components including two endoribonuclease Dicer, four argonaute (Ago) and three RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) molecules were identified and expressed in response to mycovirus infection.Horizontal transfer of the LW-C and LW-P strains indicated that BdCV1 induced host gene silencing in LW-C to suppress BdPV1 transmission. To investigate the role of RNA-silencing in B. dothideadefense, we constructed four small RNA libraries and sequenced B. dothideamicro-like RNAs (Bd-milRNAs) produced in response to BdCV1 and BdPV1 infection. Among these, 167 conserved and 68 candidate novel Bd-milRNAs were identified, of which 161 conserved and 20 novel Bd-milRNA were differentially expressed. WEGO analysis revealed involvement of the differentially expressed Bd-milRNA-targeted genes in metabolic process, catalytic activity, cell process and response to stress or stimulus. BdCV1 had a greater effect on the phenotype, virulence, conidiomata, vertical and horizontal transmission ability, and mycelia cellular structure biological characteristics of B. dothideastrains than BdPV1 and virus-free strains. The results obtained in this study indicate that mycovirus regulates biological processes in B. dothideathrough the combined interaction of antiviral defense mediated by RNA-silencing and milRNA-mediated regulation of target gene mRNA expression.

Potyviridaeis the largest family of plant-infecting RNA viruses, encompassing over 30% of known plant viruses. The family is closely related to animal picornaviruses such as enteroviruses and belongs to the picorna-like supergroup. Like all other picorna-like viruses, potyvirids employ polyprotein processing as a gene expression strategy and have single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes, most of which are monopartite with a long open reading frame. The potyvirid polyproteins are highly conserved in the central and carboxy-terminal regions. In contrast, the N-terminal region is hypervariable and contains position-specific mutations resulting from transcriptional slippage during viral replication, leading to translational frameshift to produce additional viral proteins essential for viral infection. Some potyvirids even lack one of the N-terminal proteins P1 or helper component-protease and have a genus-specific or species-specific protein instead. This review summarizes current knowledge about the conserved and divergent features of potyvirid genomes and biological relevance and discusses future research directions.

To prospectively assess the diagnostic accuracy of MRI and transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) as well as the prognostic value of MRI for intrauterine adhesions (IUAs), using hysteroscopy as the reference standard.

Two polyurethanes were prepared through the reaction of 1,6-diisocyanatohexane (HDI) with two kinds of alcoholates. The first alcoholate was synthesized from alcoholized lactide (PLA) and dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFHMA) with the solid super acid (SO42−/ZrO) acting as the catalyst, and the other alcoholate was a mixture of PLA and DFHMA. The composition and structure of these two polyurethanes were investigated by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The mass loss, attachment of bacteria and algae, and the water contact angle were used to evaluate the degradable and antifouling performance of the two polyurethane coatings. The results showed that the maximum contact angle of PLIPFI reached 129°, its mass loss was higher than 10% in 65 days, and after 65 days, the mass loss appeared to be stable, and the antiadhesion performance of the polyurethanes coatings was also enhanced. All of these results indicated that the PU modified with a graft segment may be promising for obtaining antifouling materials that not only can resist the adhesion of microorganisms but also show self-renewal.

OpenStreetMap is a geographic information platform designed to provide real-time updates and user-generated content related to its freely available global map, and it is one of the most widely used examples of volunteered geographic information, a technique associated with so-called neogeography. This paper, based on the data from China’s OpenStreetMap road network in May 2014, taking 340 prefecture-level cities in China as its study area, presents the geometric-related (road density) and attribute-related (type diversity) spatial patterns of the OpenStreetMap road network, and explores their relationship. The results are as follows. (1) The distribution of OpenStreetMap road density in Shenzhen, Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Macao predominantly obeys a “positive skewness distribution”. OpenStreetMap data for eastern China shows a higher overall and circular structure. In central China, there are noticeable discrepancies in the road density, whereas in western China, the road density is low. (2) The OpenStreetMap road diversity shows a normal distribution. The spatial pattern for the so-called “Hu Huanyong line” was broken by the effect of diplomatic and strategic factors, showing a high diversity along the peripheral border, coastal cities, and core inland cites. (3) China’s OpenStreetMap is partitioned into four parts according to road density and diversity: high density and high diversity; low density and low diversity; high density and low diversity; and low density high diversity. (4) The OpenStreetMap geographical information-collection process and mechanism were analyzed, demonstrating that the road density reflects the preponderance of traffic in the real world. OpenStreetMap road diversity reflects the road-related geographic information demand and value, and it also reflects the interests of users toward to OpenStreetMap geographical information.

Objective To assess the conclusiveness of Cochrane reviews in the field of gynaecological cancer.Methods The Cochrane Library was searched for reviews regarding gynaecological cancer published between 1 January 2000 and 1 November 2014. Data were extracted from each paper and the conclusiveness of each review was assessed.Results The study included 66 reviews, 41 (62.1%) of which were conclusive. Of these, 58 included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 37 (63.8%) of which were conclusive. Conclusive reviews of RCTs included significantly more patients than inconclusive reviews, but there was no difference in the number of included studies. Of the eight reviews of nonrandomized studies, four (50.0%) were conclusive. The majority of reviews recognized the need for additional studies.Conclusions In the field of gynaecological cancer, reviews are more likely to be conclusive when they include RCTs, as well as large numbers of patients.

AbstractInformation about nontyphoidal Salmonella(NTS) infection in children is limited in mainland China. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, serotypes, and antibiotic resistance patterns of NTS infection in children in Shanghai. All cases with probable bacterial diarrhea were enrolled from the enteric clinic of a tertiary pediatric hospital between July 2010 and December 2011. Salmonellaisolation, serotyping, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were conducted by the microbiological laboratory. NTS were recovered from 316 (17.2%) of 1833 cases with isolation rate exceeding Campylobacter(7.1%) and Shigella(5.7%). NTS infection was prevalent year-round with a seasonal peak during summer and autumn. The median age of children with NTS gastroenteritis was 18 months. Fever and blood-in-stool were reported in 52.5% and 42.7% of cases, respectively. SalmonellaEnteritidis (38.9%) and SalmonellaTyphimurium (29.7%) were the most common serovars. Antimicrobial susceptibility showed 60.5% of isolates resistant to ≥1 clinically important antibiotics. Resistance to ciprofloxacin and the third-generation cephalosporins was detected in 5.5% and 7.1%–11.7% of isolates, respectively. NTS is a major enteropathogen responsible for bacterial gastroenteritis in children in Shanghai. Resistance to the current first-line antibiotics is of concern. Ongoing surveillance for NTS infection and antibiotic resistance is needed to control this pathogen in Shanghai.

The dynamic tensile deformation and fracture behavior of the Zr-based metallic glass/porous W phase composite were investigated at room temperature by means of the Split Hopkinson Tension Bar (SHTB). It was found that the composite exhibited no appreciable macroscopic plastic deformation prior to catastrophic fracture and the fracture surface was perpendicular to the axial direction. Substantive micro cracks were observed along the interface between W grains or the interface between the metallic glass phase and the W phase. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed that vein-like patterns, dimple-like patterns and substantive ridge-like structures were the typical fracture morphologies on the fracture surface for the metallic glass phase and the morphology of the W phase is a mixture of intergranular and transgranular fracture. Based on those results referred above, the dynamic tensile deformation and fracture mechanism of the Zr-based metallic glass/porous W phase composite were discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nucleotide sequence of the coding regions for the genome-linked virion protein (VPg), protease (Pro), putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Pol), and coat protein (CP) were determined for four tomato ringspot nepovirus isolates and compared with the published sequence of two other isolates. Phylogenetic analysis resulted in grouping of five isolates (from raspberry and peach) in one branch, while a grape isolate with only 80% nucleotide sequence identity to the other isolates was placed in a separate branch. Among the isolates, the deduced amino acid sequence was more conserved than the nucleotide sequence. In particular, the entire VPg sequence and conserved amino acid motifs within the Pro, Pol, and CP domains were identical in all isolates.

The invasion of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) pods and seeds by aflatoxin-forming species of Aspergillus is linked to injury by the lesser cornstalk borer and frequently causes a severe reduction in crop quality. The lesser cornstalk borer is susceptible to the lepidopteran-active Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal protein. We have introduced a codon-modified Bacillus thuringiensis cryIA(c) gene into peanut using microprojectile bombardment. The toxin-coding region of a Bt cryIA(c) gene was reconstructed for expression in plants and the resulting 3.4 kb gene cassette (promoter: 1.8 kb coding: 3′) was directly cloned into the BglII site of plant transformation vectors. The vectors contained the hph gene, conferring resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin. Somatic embryos initiated from immature peanut cotyledons of two cultivars were used as the target for bombardment. DNA from hygromycin-resistant embryogenic cell lines, regenerated plants, and a progeny plant showed the presence and integration of hph and Bt genes by PCR and/or Southern blot analyses. ELISA immunoassay of the CryIA(c) protein from the hygromycin-selected plants showed the expression of CryIA(c) protein up to 0.18% of total soluble protein. Insect feeding bioassay of transformed plants indicated various levels of resistance to the lesser cornstalk borer, from complete larval mortality to a 66% reduction in larval weight. A negative correlation between percent survival or larval weight and the amount of Bt CryIA(c) protein was recorded indicating in general that the higher the protein level the lower the survival or larval weight of the insect. Based on leaf bioassay, transformation of peanut with vectors containing the Bt cryIA(c) gene may be effective in protecting the peanut plants from damage by lepidopteran insect larvae of lesser cornstalk borer

According to the characteristics of the constant deceleration braking system of hoist, a variable step-size fruit fly optimization algorithm–complex Gaussian wavelet support vector data description method is proposed in this article to evaluate the performance of the brake system. This method takes the pressure–time curve of safety braking as the characteristic data and extracts the candidate characteristic parameters from it. After the comprehensive evaluation of the characteristic parameters based on correlation, monotonicity, and predictability, the characteristic parameters are selected to evaluate the overall performance of the brake system. The proposed variable step-size fruit fly optimization algorithm–complex Gaussian wavelet support vector data description model avoids the situation where the classical Drosophila optimization algorithm is easy to fall into the local optimum. The reliability of the proposed method is verified by the simulation data, and the practicability of the proposed method is verified by the test-bed data. The performance evaluation model of variable step-size fruit fly optimization algorithm–complex Gaussian wavelet support vector data description is constructed, which realizes the quantitative evaluation of the brake system health state and provides technical support for the condition-based maintenance and intelligent maintenance of the hoist brake system.