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Accurate classification of tumor cells is of importance for cancer diagnosis and further therapy. In this study, we develop multimolecular marker-activated transmembrane DNA computing systems (MTD). Employing the cell membrane as a native gate, the MTD system enables direct signal output following simple spatial events of “transmembrane” and “in-cell target encounter”, bypassing the need of multistep signal conversion. The MTD system comprises two intelligent nanorobots capable of independently sensing three molecular markers (MUC1, EpCAM, and miR-21), resulting in comprehensive analysis. Our AND–AND logic-gated system (MTDAND–AND) demonstrates exceptional specificity, allowing targeted release of drug–DNA specifically in MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, the transformed OR–AND logic-gated system (MTDOR–AND) exhibits broader adaptability, facilitating the release of drug–DNA in three positive cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HeLa, and HepG2). Importantly, MTDAND–ANDand MTDOR–AND, while possessing distinct personalized therapeutic potential, share the ability of outputting three imaging signals without any intermediate conversion steps. This feature ensures precise classification cross diverse cells (MCF-7, HeLa, HepG2, and MCF-10A), even in mixed populations. This study provides a straightforward yet effective solution to augment the versatility and precision of DNA computing systems, advancing their potential applications in biomedical diagnostic and therapeutic research.

Inflammation is considered to be the main target of the development of new stroke therapies. There are three key issues in the treatment of stroke inflammation: the first one is how to overcome the blood–brain barrier (BBB) to achieve drug delivery, the second one is how to select drugs to treat stroke inflammation, and the third one is how to achieve targeted drug delivery. In this study, we constructed hydrocortisone-phosphatidylserine microbubbles and combined them with ultrasound (US)-targeted microbubble destruction technology to successfully open the BBB to achieve targeted drug delivery. Phosphatidylserine on the microbubbles was used for its “eat me” effect to increase the targeting of the microvesicles. In addition, we found that hydrocortisone can accelerate the closure of the BBB, achieving efficient drug delivery while reducing the entry of peripheral toxins into the brain. In the treatment of stroke inflammation, it was found that hydrocortisone itself has anti-inflammatory effects and can also change the polarization of microglia from the harmful pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to the beneficial anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, thus achieving dual anti-inflammatory effects and enhancing the anti-inflammatory effects in ischemic areas after stroke, well reducing the cerebellar infarction volume by inhibiting the inflammatory response after cerebral ischemia. A confocal microendoscope was used to directly observe the polarization of microglial cells in living animal models for dynamic microscopic visualization detection showing the advantage of being closer to clinical work. Taken together, this study constructed a multifunctional targeted US contrast agent with the function of “one-stone-two-birds”, which can not only “on–off” the BBB but also have “two” anti-inflammatory functions, providing a new strategy of integrated anti-inflammatory targeted delivery and imaging monitoring for ischemic stroke treatment.

Photocatalytic CH4coupling into high-valued C2H6is highly attractive, whereas the photosynthetic rate, especially under oxygen-free system, is still unsatisfying. Here, we designed the negatively charged metal supported on metal oxide nanosheets to activate the inert C–H bond in CH4and hence accelerate CH4coupling performance. As an example, the synthetic Au/ZnO porous nanosheets exhibit the C2H6photosynthetic rate of 1,121.6 µmol gcat−1h−1and the CH4conversion rate of 2,374.6 µmol gcat−1h−1under oxygen-free system, 2 orders of magnitude higher than those of previously reported photocatalysts. By virtue of several in situspectroscopic techniques, it is established that the generated Auδ−and O−species together polarized the C–H bond, while the Auδ−and O−species jointly stabilized the CH3intermediates, which favored the coupling of CH3intermediate to photosynthesize C2H6instead of overoxidation into COx. Thus, the design of dual active species is beneficial for achieving high-efficient CH4-to-C2H6photoconversion.

This article explores the requirements for filing a consumer public interest litigation (CPIL) in China. The legal provisions surrounding consumer public interest litigation were reviewed to understand how these requirements are applied and understood differently and how they lead to different consequences for cases before the courts. Therefore, this study's main research question is, to what extent would the scope and interpretation of the conditions for applying for CPIL in China affect the court's filing and acceptance? China has enacted a clear and effective law that may be a bit restrictive for interpretation and theoretical advice by the courts. Moreover, the concept of 'public interest' is relatively large. Clarifying the requirements for consumers to file lawsuits in the public interest can help claimants make the right arguments and protect consumers' interests as much as possible.

Purpose: To explore modified parameters of the American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) for evaluating contralateral nodules based on preoperative ultrasound features of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in the suspected lobe, thus guiding the management of bilateral PTC. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 389 consecutive patients with PTC (272 in training set, 117 in validation set) who underwent total thyroidectomy from March 2020 to March 2022. According to their postoperative pathological data, the patients were divided into unilateral and bilateral PTC groups. The clinicopathological features and sonographic characteristics of suspected nodules were compared between the groups, and further ultrasonic characteristics of TI-RADS grade (TR grade)-underestimated nodules were analyzed. Results: Patients with a body mass index of ≥25 kg/m2(P< 0.001), multifocality in the suspected lobe (P< 0.001), and TR > 3 isthmus nodules (P= 0.003) tended to have bilateral PTC. After modifying the TI-RADS classification for contralateral nodules using these three parameters, the area under the curve for diagnosing contralateral lesions increased from 0.79 (95% confidence interval, 0.74–0.84) to 0.83 (0.78–0.87) in the training set. The missed diagnosis rate of contralateral PTC decreased in both the training set [21.1% (28/133) to 4.5% (6/133)] and validation set [11.4% (8/70) to 2.9% (2/70)]. Preoperative ultrasound tended to underestimate the contralateral nodules with the presence of cystic components [100% (6/6)] and halo sign [73.3% (11/15)]. Conclusion: The modified TI-RADS classification based on the suspected lobe may facilitate effective preoperative malignant risk stratification of contralateral nodules in bilateral PTC.

Eldecalcitol is a novel active vitamin D31,25(OH)2D3derivative used in the treatment of osteoporosis. To investigate and compare the pharmacokinetic and bioequivalent profiles of two eldecalcitol soft capsule formulations at a single dose of 0.75 µg in healthy Chinese volunteers, we conducted a randomized single‐dose, open‐label, two‐period crossover study under fasting and fed conditions. Eligible subjects were randomly assigned to receive reference eldecalcitol soft capsules or test capsules in the first treatment period and to receive another formulation in the second period. Serial blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis. Adverse events were recorded. In total, 28 healthy subjects were enrolled in the fasting trial and 30 subjects were enrolled in the fed trial. The geometric mean ratios of the test formulation to the reference formulation for Cmax, AUC0‐t, and AUC0‐∞were 94.2%, 94.0%, and 103.3%, respectively, under fasting conditions and 100.1%, 97.3%, and 96.0%, respectively, under fed conditions. No severe adverse events were observed. The results showed that the test and reference eldecalcitol formulations were bioequivalent and well tolerated in healthy Chinese subjects under fasting and fed conditions.

Linezolid, an oxazolidinone antibacterial agent with several formulations, has been widely used for over 20 years. This study aimed to compare the bioequivalence, pharmacokinetics, and safety of test and reference linezolid tablets after a single oral dose under fasting/fed conditions. In this open‐label, randomized, two‐period, crossover, bioequivalence study, 48 healthy volunteers were enrolled equally to fasting or fed groups to receive one 600‐mg test or reference linezolid tablet in each period. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental methods. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded to assess safety. The geometric mean terminal half‐lives of test and reference formulations were 3.8 and 3.6 hours, respectively, under both fasting and fed conditions. The median time to reach the maximum observed concentration was 1.0 hour (both formulations) in the fasting group, and 2.0 hours (test formulation) and 2.5 hours (reference formulation) in the fed group. No substantial differences were observed in the area under plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) from time 0 to the last sampling time (AUC0‐t) and the maximum observed concentration (Cmax) between formulations. Geometric least square mean ratios for Cmax, AUC0‐t, and AUC from time 0 to infinity were approximately 100%, and the corresponding 90% confidence intervals for bioequivalence were within 80%–125%. Ten participants reported 11 AEs; AEs were mild, except for one pregnancy event with an outcome of induced absorption. Bioequivalence between the two linezolid formulations was demonstrated under fasting and fed conditions, and a similar safety profile was observed among healthy Chinese volunteers.

Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 derivative that has been used to treat duodenal and gastric ulcers, and to prevent ulcers caused by nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in many countries. Misoprostol can also be used for medical abortion. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic profiles of misoprostol tablets (test product) by comparing them with Cytotec (200 μg) (reference product). To assess the bioequivalence between test and reference products, a two‐sequence, two‐period crossover study was conducted with 48 healthy Chinese subjects enrolled under fasting conditions. A validated liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) assay was used to determine the concentration of misoprostol acid in plasma. A mixed model analysis of variance was used to calculate the bioequivalence of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. The point estimate of geometric mean ratios with 90% confidence intervals for the maximum observed concentration (Cmax) and the area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC0‐t) for misoprostol acid in reference and test products were 107.8% and 106.5%, respectively (range 80%–125%). Additionally, none of the secondary PK parameters presented significant differences. No severe or more than moderate adverse events were detected in the 48 subjects. However, one subject discontinued the treatment due to drug‐related gastrointestinal reactions. All adverse events were mild with rates of 19.2% and 22.9% after the administration test and reference products, respectively. Overall, the bioequivalence between the two misoprostol products was demonstrated in fasting conditions, and all subjects tolerated both treatments.

The huge challenge for CH4photooxidation into CH3OH lies in the activation of the inert C–H bond and the inhibition of CH3OH overoxidation. Herein, we design two-dimensional in-plane Z-scheme heterostructures composed of two different metal oxides, with efforts to polarize the symmetrical CH4molecules and strengthen the O–H bond in CH3OH. As a prototype, we first fabricate ZnO/Fe2O3porous nanosheets, where high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and in situX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy affirm their in-plane Z-scheme heterostructure. In situFourier transform infrared spectra and in situelectron paramagnetic resonance spectra demonstrate their higher amount of ·CH3radicals relative to the pristine ZnO porous nanosheets, in which density functional theory calculations validate that the high local charge accumulation on Fe sites lowers the CH4adsorption energy from 0.14 to 0.06 eV. Moreover, the charge-accumulated Fe sites strengthen the polarity of the O–H bond in CH3OH through transferring electrons to the O atoms, confirmed by the increased barrier from 0.30 to 2.63 eV for *CH3O formation, which inhibits the homolytic O–H bond cleavage and thus suppresses CH3OH overoxidation. Accordingly, the CH3OH selectivity over ZnO/Fe2O3porous nanosheets reaches up to nearly 100% with an activity of 178.3 μmol–1gcat–1, outperforming previously reported photocatalysts without adding any oxidants under room temperature and ambient pressure.

CO2electroreduction to high-energy-density C2+products is highly attractive, whereas the C2+selectivity under industrial current densities is still unsatisfying. Here, an anti-swelling anion exchange ionomer (AEI) was first proposed to optimize the local environment for promoting industrial-current-density CO2-to-C2+electroreduction. Taking the anti-swelling AEI-modified oxide-derived Cu nanosheets as an example, in situRaman spectroscopy and contact angle measurements revealed that the OH–-accumulated -N(CH3)3+groups and anti-swelling backbone of AEI could synergistically regulate the local pH level and water content. In situFourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and theoretical calculations demonstrated that the higher local pH value could lower the energy barrier for the rate-limiting COCO* hydrogenated to COCOH* from 0.08 to 0.04 eV, thereby boosting the generation of C2+products. Owing to the anti-swelling backbone, the optimized water content of 3.5% could suppress the competing H2evolution and hence facilitate the proton-electron transfer step for C2+production. As a result, the anti-swelling AEI-modified oxide-derived Cu nanosheets achieved a C2+Faradaic efficiency of 85.1% at a current density up to 800 mA cm–2with a half-cell power conversion efficiency exceeding 50%, outperforming most reported powder catalysts.

In this study, potassium-intercalated manganese sulfide (K2MnS2) is prepared on nickel foam (NF) using the electrochemical deposition method successfully by directly introducing potassium ions into manganese sulfide (MnS2). The electrochemical behavior of K2MnS2involving the release and insertion of potassium-ion during charging and charging in 1 M KOH electrolyte, differs substantially from the reaction mechanism of MnS2. Comparative analysis of the electrochemical performance of K2MnS2/NF and MnS2/NF electrode materials is conducted in 1 M LiOH, 1 M NaOH and 1 M KOH electrolytes. The results indicate that K2MnS2/NF exhibits a higher mass specific capacitance than MnS2/NF in 1 M KOH electrolyte, confirming the effectiveness of potassium ion-embedding and disembedding. Furthermore, an asymmetric aqueous supercapacitor is assembled using K2MnS2/NF as the positive electrode and graphene (G)/NF as the negative electrode. The aqueous supercapacitor demonstrates a notable energy density of 22.0 Wh kg−1at a power density of 2.7 kW kg−1, coupled with excellent cycling performance (159.3 % over 5, 000 cycles). The synthesis of K2MnS2holds significant implications for the development of potassium-ion supercapacitors with enhanced energy densities.

OVERVIEW One of the biggest challenges faced by the industry today is the integration of low-k and ultra-low-k materials with copper interconnect. This is further complicated by the shrinks at […]

In the tumor microenvironment, macrophages predominately exhibit M2-type functionalities which promote malignant progression and cancer metastasis, thus posing a big hurdle for current anticancer strategies. Different approaches have been exploited to reverse the macrophages towards the M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype; however, it is hard to achieve tumor regression with this macrophage modulation alone. Herein we synthesized photothermal magnetic nanoclusters (MNCs) to test their capability for reprograming M2 macrophages towards the M1 phenotype. We demonstrated that these photothermal MNCs themselves can effectively trigger this desired macrophage repolarization, increase the phagocytosis of macrophages at the tumor site, and cause subsequent T cell activation with enhanced systemic cytokine release, leading to cancer cell killing both in vitroand in vivo. More interestingly, it was found that the photothermal effect can further facilitate this immune activation to a greater extent, inducing much higher level of macrophage repolarization and T cell infiltration into the tumor site as well as eliciting a much more efficient antitumor effect compared with MNCs alone. Our findings demonstrate that MNCs combined with their photothermal effect can reverse the local suppressive environment of the tumor by macrophage and T cell modulation, providing an effective approach to trigger systemic immune responses that contribute to an enhanced overall anticancer outcome and the suppression of cancer metastasis.

Natural bio-enzyme catalysts usually exhibit unexpected performances for many significant reactions, which are worthy of reference. Here we report artificial metal-sulfur-carbon (M-S-C) mimic-enzyme catalysts based on bionic design. The catalysts combine metal centers and functional ligands, which realize the universal fabrication of phase and adjustable dimension. The synthesized catalysts inherit the highly active and selective feature of bio-enzyme catalysts. When directly used for carbon dioxide electroreduction reaction, the Sn-S-C catalyst exhibits high selectivity for formate (Faradaic efficiency >95%), as well as a continuous stability over 120 h at a high current density of 740 mA cm−2, greatly outperforming the reported catalysts for formate formation. The catalytic sites and pathways are probed with in-situFourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, in-situRaman spectra and synchrotron-radiation X-ray photoelectron spectra. These results break the inherent conundrum that it is impossible to simultaneously realize activity and durability under high selectivity. Our findings offer a versatile strategy to inherit from nature and integrate different components, thus designing efficient catalysts for various challenging reactions and energy conversions viaa natural sustainable way.

Selective partial photooxidation of CH4into value-added chemicals under mild conditions still remains a huge bottleneck. Herein, we design positively charged metal clusters anchored on a three-dimensional porous carbon aerogel. With 0.75FeCA800-4 as an example, X-ray photoelectron spectra and Raman spectra disclose that the iron sites are positively charged. In situelectron paramagnetic resonance spectra show that the Feδ+sites could donate electrons to activate CH4into CH4–by virtue of the excited-state carbon atoms; meanwhile, they could convert H2O2into •OH radicals under irradiation. In addition, in situdiffuse Fourier-transform infrared spectra suggest the CH3OOH obtained is derived from CH4oxidation by the hydroxylation of *CH3and *CH3O intermediates. Consequently, 0.75FeCA800-4 displays a CH3OOH selectivity of near 100% and a CH3OOH evolution rate of 13.2 mmol gFe–1h–1, higher than those of most previously reported supported catalysts under similar conditions.

Hypoxia in a solid tumor microenvironment (TME) can lead to the overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which correlates to tumor metastasis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced tumor cell apoptosis is becoming a promising method in tumor treatment. Currently, the ROS generating systems, e.g., photodynamic treatment and sonodynamic treatment, highly depend on oxygen (O2) in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the level of O2in TME is too low to produce enough ROS. Herein, we developed an ultrasmall DSPE-PEG2000coated barium titanate nanoparticle (P-BTO) for tumor treatment based on ultrasound triggered piezocatalysis and water splitting. Interestingly, irradiated by ultrasound, the surface of ultasmall P-BTO nanoparticles produced imbalance charges, which induced a cascade of redox reaction processes to simultaneously generate ROS and O2, the latter one was hardly generated in large-sized barium titanate nanoparticles. The as-synthesized P-BTO reached the highest accumulation in the tumor site at 4 h after intravenous injection. The results showed that the produced O2significantly alleviated the hypoxia of TME to down-regulate the expression of HIF-1α, and the produced ROS can efficiently kill tumor cells. Moreover, the tumor metastasis was also inhibited, providing a different way to treat triple-negative breast cancer, which was easily metastatic and lacked effective treatments in the clinic.

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) is an important food legume. However, drought influences its entire growth and development process and can cause yield losses. The influence of drought stress is the most severe in the bud stage. The major objective of our study was to identify a series of loci involved in drought stress response in the bud stage using association analysis. In this study, 361 common bean germplasms were used to investigate germination vigor (GV) and germination rate (GR) under distilled water and drought stress conditions. The common bean showed large variations in GV and GR, with GV ranging from 6.67 to 100% and 0 to 73.33% and GR ranging from 66.67 to 100% and 0 to 100% in distilled water and under drought stress, respectively. A genome‐wide association study (GWAS) of 361 accessions was conducted using 3,724,159 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and revealed 2 and 11 candidate SNPs associated with relative germination rate (RGR) and relative germination vigor (RGV), respectively. Three loci were collocated with loci previously reported as being related to drought tolerance. A total of 180 candidate genes were identified, many of which were related to ion transport and oxidation‐reduction reactions. A major haplotype for RGV was identified on chromosome 6. These results provide new insight into the genetic basis of drought tolerance in common bean at the bud stage and provide candidate SNPs and genes that can be used to accelerate the drought tolerance improvement of common bean. Genome‐wide association study for relative germination rate and relative germination vigor under different control.Eleven candidate sincle nucleotide polymorphisms and 180 candidate genes were identified under drought stressOur results provide candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms and genes for improvement of drought tolerance.

In this study, Au nanoparticles coating Ni3S2-ZnS/carbon-coated TiN nanotube arrays (Au@Ni3S2-ZnS/C-TiN NTAs) were fabricated through the controlled electrodeposition of vertical ZnS nanosheets and an ultra-thin Ni3S2nanosheet layer onto the C-TiN NTAs of 3-dimensional bracket structure of C-TiN NTAs. Subsequently, Au nanoparticles were sputtered onto this structure. This careful structure design endowed the Au@Ni3S2-ZnS/C-TiN NTAs composite materials with additional active sites and improved capacitance and cycling stability properties. The Au nanoparticle coating led to an increase in sulfur vacancies, enhancing the accessibility and adsorption of OH−ions, thus improving ions and electrons transport properties and consequently enhancing capacitive properties of the material. The cyclic stability of the Ni3S2-ZnS/C-TiN NTAs was substantially improved through performing Au-ion beam sputtering on its surface. Additionally, an aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor was assembled using an Au@Ni3S2-ZnS/C-TiN NTAs as the negative electrode and Au-coated ZnS/NF (nickel foam) as the positive electrode. The aqueous supercapacitor device exhibited a wide potential window voltage of 1.8 V, coupled with high energy density and cycling stability. As indicated by experimental results, the as-prepared Au@Ni3S2-ZnS/C-TiN NTAs present as a promising negative electrode material for asymmetric supercapacitors.

As an alternative to photodynamic therapy (PDT), ultrasound-triggered tumor sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has garnered significant attention, owing to its high tissue penetration, few side effects, and reliable patient compliance. A sonosensitizer is the most important component in SDT, and high-quantum-yield safe sonosensitizers are crucial for SDT. Existing sonosensitizers mainly include organic sonosensitizers and inorganic sonosensitizers. Organic sonosensitizers, mainly some small dye molecules, have been widely studied. However, organic sonosensitizers have limited utility owing to their poor stability, rapid blood clearance, and potential phototoxicity. In contrast, inorganic sonosensitizers have stable chemical properties, long circulation time in the blood and can effectively reduce phototoxicity. In addition to their utilization as sonosensitizers, some inorganic nanoparticles can also operate as carriers for delivering organic sonosensitizers, effectively overcoming the inherent shortcomings of organic small-molecule sonosensitizers. This review mainly focuses on inorganic nanomaterial-based SDT, the possible mechanisms of SDT, and newly developed inorganic sonosensitizers, as well as the challenges and possible solutions associated with their clinical translation are introduced.

Excessive use of fossil fuels has not only led to energy shortage but also caused serious environmental pollution problems due to the massive emissions of industrial waste gas. As the main component of industrial waste gas, CO2molecules can also be utilized as an important raw material for renewable fuels. Thus, the effective capture and conversion of CO2has been considered one of the best potential strategies to mitigate the energy crisis and lower the greenhouse effect simultaneously.

Coal is the dominant energy source in China, and coal-fired power accounts for about half of coal consumption. However, air pollutant emissions from coal-fired power plants cause severe ecological and environmental problems. This paper focuses on near-zero emission technologies and applications for clean coal-fired power. The long-term operation states of near-zero emission units were evaluated, and synergistic and special mercury (Hg) control technologies were researched. The results show that the principle technical route of near-zero emission, which was applied to 101 of China’s coal-fired units, has good adaptability to coal properties. The emission concentrations of particulate matter (PM), SO2, and NOxwere below the emission limits of gas-fired power plants and the compliance rates of the hourly average emission concentrations reaching near-zero emission in long-term operation exceeded 99%. With the application of near-zero emission technologies, the generating costs increased by about 0.01 CNY∙(kW∙h)–1. However, the total emissions of air pollutants decreased by about 90%, resulting in effective improvement of the ambient air quality. Furthermore, while the Hg emission concentrations of the near-zero emission units ranged from 0.51 to 2.89 μg∙m−3, after the modified fly ash (MFA) special Hg removal system was applied, Hg emission concentration reached as low as 0.29 μg∙m−3. The operating cost of this system was only 10%–15% of the cost of mainstream Hg removal technology using activated carbon injection. Based on experimental studies carried out in a 50 000 m3∙h−1coal-fired flue gas pollutant control pilot platform, the interaction relationships of multi-pollutant removal were obtained and solutions were developed for emissions reaching different limits. A combined demonstration application for clean coal-fired power, with the new “1123” eco-friendly emission limits of 1, 10, 20 mg∙m−3, and 3 μg∙m−3, respectively, for PM, SO2, NOx, and Hg from near-zero emission coal-fired power were put forward and realized, providing engineering and technical support for the national enhanced pollution emission standards.

Within the human lung, mast cells typically reside adjacent to the conducting airway and assume a mucosal phenotype (MCT). In rare pathologic conditions, connective tissue phenotype mast cells (MCTCs) can be found in the lung parenchyma. MCTCs accumulate in the lungs of infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, a chronic lung disease associated with preterm birth, which is characterized by pulmonary vascular dysmorphia. The human mast cell line (LUVA) was used to model MCTCs or MCTs. The ability of MCTCs to affect vascular organization during fetal lung development was tested in mouse lung explant cultures. The effect of MCTCs on in vitrotube formation and barrier function was studied using primary fetal human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. The mechanistic role of MCTCproteases was tested using inhibitors. MCTCLUVA but not MCTLUVA was associated with vascular dysmorphia in lung explants. In vitro, the addition of MCTCLUVA potentiated fetal human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell interactions, inhibited tube stability, and disrupted endothelial cell junctions. Protease inhibitors ameliorated the ability of MCTCLUVA to alter endothelial cell angiogenic activities in vitroand ex vivo. These data indicate that MCTCs may directly contribute to disrupted angiogenesis in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. A better understanding of factors that regulate mast cell subtype and their different effector functions is essential.

CO2conversion to chemical fuels through photoreduction, electroreduction, or thermoreduction is considered as one of the most effective methods to solve environmental pollution and energy shortage problems. However, recent studies show that the involved catalysts may undergo continuous reconstruction under realistic working conditions, which unfortunately causes controversial results concerning the active sites and reaction mechanism of CO2reduction. Thus, it is necessary, while challenging, to monitor in real time the dynamic evolution of the catalysts and reaction intermediates by in situ techniques under experimental conditions. In this Perspective, we start with the working principle and detection modes of various in situ characterization techniques. Subsequently, we systematically summarize the recent developments of in situ studies on probing the catalyst evolution during the CO2reduction process. We further focus on the progress of in situ studies in monitoring the reaction intermediates and catalytic products, in which we also highlight how the theoretical calculations are combined to reveal the reaction mechanism in detail. Finally, based on the achievements in the representative studies, we present some prospects and suggestions for in situ studies of CO2reduction in the future.

GeSn offers a reduced bandgap than Ge and has been utilized in Si-based infrared photodetectors with an extended cutoff wavelength. However, the traditional GeSn/Ge heterostructure usually consists of defects like misfit dislocations due to the lattice mismatch issue. The defects with the large feature size of a photodetector fabricated on bulk GeSn/Ge heterostructures induce a considerable dark current. Here, we demonstrate a flexible GeSn/Ge dual-nanowire (NW) structure, in which the strain relaxation is achieved by the elastic deformation without introducing defects, and the feature dimension is naturally at the nanoscale. A photodetector with a low dark current can be built on a GeSn/Ge dual-NW, which exhibits an extended detection wavelength beyond 2 μm and enhanced responsivity compared to the Ge NW. Moreover, the dark current can be further suppressed by the depletion effect from the ferroelectric polymer side gate. Our work suggests the flexible GeSn/Ge dual-NW may open an avenue for Si-compatible optoelectronic circuits operating in the short-wavelength infrared range.

Fused heterocyclic energetic cation was rarely reported despite the development of energetic cation has attracted increasing attention in recent years. In this work, a new 1H-imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine-2,4,7-triamine was synthesized in a one-step reaction, which was used as a cation to prepare 1H-imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine-2,4,7-triamine perchlorate. Interestingly, when the synthesis was accomplished in different conditions, two crystal forms of perchlorate α-4and β-4were obtained, which were further confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction, X-ray powder diffractograms, infrared and multinuclear NMR spectra. These salts showed high density (1.88–1.93 g cm–3at 293(2) K), moderate detonation performance (D, 8128–8437 m s–1; P, 29.4–32.86 GPa) and good thermal stability (Td: 272–274 °C). Compared with those known energetic perchlorates, the density and sensitivity (IS, 14–20 J; FS, 144–168 J) of 4were also significantly improved. Through theoretical calculations and experiment results, the explanations for the differences in physicochemical properties of these two crystal forms were illustrated. Density overlap indicator (DORI) analysis was also employed to perform the necessary visualization and quantification of covalent and noncovalent interactions. It is evident that ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and π–π interactions are responsible for the high density and excellent performance of 1H-imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine-2,4,7-triamine perchlorate, indicating that as-synthesized new material is a very promising cation in the construction of low-sensitivity high-energy compounds.

We conducted a large-scale genome-wide association study evaluation of 683 common bean accessions, including landraces and breeding lines, grown over 3 years and in four environments across China, ranging in latitude from 18.23° to 45.75° N, with different planting dates and abiotic or biotic stresses. A total of 505 loci were associated with yield components, of which seed size, flowering time and harvest maturity traits were stable across years and environments. Some loci aligned with candidate genes controlling these traits. Yield components were observed to have strong associations with a gene-rich region on the long arm of chromosome 1. Manipulation of seed size, through selection of seed length versus seed width and height, was deemed possible, providing a genome-based means to select for important yield components. This study shows that evaluation of large germplasm collections across north–south geographic clines is useful in the detection of marker associations that determine grain yield in pulses.

Typically, explosive formulations are processed in large anchor melt-cast kettles heated by hot water or steam under low shear conditions. Hence, it is difficult to use some melt-cast carrier explosives with high melting points (close to or even higher than the steam temperature), such as 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), 1,3,3-trinitroazetidine (TNAZ), and 3,4-bis(3-nitrofurazan-4-yl)furoxan (DNTF), for realizing applications with the continued operation of existing melt-cast facilities and without major plant modifications. To address this need, two novel melt-cast-able energetic cocrystals based on DNAN, namely, (1) DNAN/NA (2-nitroaniline) 1:1 and (2) DNAN/DNB (1,3-dinitrobenzene) 1:1, were obtained. The melting point of cocrystals 1 (67.5 °C) and 2 (48.0 °C) was distinctly lower than that of their coformers, namely, DNAN (95.0 °C), NA (71.5 °C), and DNB (89.5 °C). Moreover, they also exhibited better safety and thermostability compared with traditional melt-cast carrier explosives such as DNAN and trinitrotoluene (TNT). Thus, these novel DNAN cocrystals can provide new insights into the future design and modification of novel melt-cast carrier explosives.

To develop aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides with a novel structure and improved activity, a total of 39 aryloxyphenoxypropionate/amide derivatives containing quinazolinone moiety were synthesized and further bioevaluated. The bioassay results in the greenhouse showed that most of the target compounds had good herbicidal activity under postemergence conditions, of which, QPP-I-6displayed excellent herbicidal activity against Echinochloa crusgalli, Digitaria sanguinalis, Spartina alterniflora, Eleusine indica,and Pennisetum alopecuroideswith inhibition rates >90% at a dosage of 187.5 g ha–1. More importantly, QPP-I-6displayed higher crop safety to Gossypium hirsutum, Glycine max, and Arachis hypogaeathan the commercial herbicide quizalofop-p-ethyl. Studying the molecular mode of action by phenotypic observation, membrane permeability evaluation, transcriptomic analysis, and in vivo ACCase activity evaluation reveals that QPP-I-6is a novel ACCase inhibitor. The present work demonstrates that QPP-I-6can serve as a lead compound for further developing novel ACCase-inhibiting herbicides.

Related to ABI3 and VP1 (RAV) transcription factors belong to the AP2 and B3 superfamily. RAVsgenes have been reported to be involved in plant growth and development regulation. This study screened three RAV genes from Medicago truncatulaand named one of them MtRAV1. The MtRAV1overexpressing plants exhibits traits such as plant dwarfing, delayed flowering, reduced leaf and floral organs, increased branching, and reduced pods and seeds. Gene expression analysis results showed that overexpression of MtRAV1inhibited the expression of Flowering Locus T(MtFTa1), Suppressor of Overexpression of CO 1(MtSOC1), GA3-oxidase1(MtGA3OX1), DWARF14(MtD14) and Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase 7(MtCCD7).To further investigate the regulation pathway involved by MtRAV1, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and DNA affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq) analysis were conducted. RNA-seq results indicated that MtRAV1might affect plant growth and development by regulating some genes in photosynthesis, circadian rhythm and plant hormone signaling pathways, especially the auxin signaling pathway. Conjoint analysis of DAP-seq and RNA-seq revealed that MtRAV1might inhibit the expression of Ferredoxin(MtFd-l3), Light-harvesting Chlorophyll a/b Binding Protein 1(MtLhcb-l2) and Small Auxin Up-regulated RNA(MtSAUR-l),which related to photosystem II and auxin signaling pathway. Summarily, MtRAV1was preliminarily proven to be a key growth inhibitory factor in M. truncatula.