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The future of women executives in UK organizations is discussed.

The leadership and team challenges presented during the BT Global Challenge Round the World Yacht Race 2000/1 are discussed. A total of 12 yachts took part in this race.

Stress at work can become quite counterproductive to a company. Job-related stress can lead to mental, emotional, behavioral and leadership impairments. These are manifested in poor physical condition, absenteeism, irritability, increased smoking and alcohol intake, accidents, and decreased productivity. Some employees may even resort to litigation when they think that they are being exposed to excessive stress. Because all these will ultimately take their toll on the bottom line, organizations would do well to address stress variables in the workplace before it causes irreparable damage to the company. An examination and a revision of the corporate culture, policies and procedures are a positive step toward removing extreme stress in the workplace. Organizations that are already addressing stress include Unipart, Flaxo, Grand Metropolitan, Marks and Spencer and Sainsbury's.

Objectives, Purposes, or Aim: To identify design strategies utilized in airborne infection isolation and biocontainment patient rooms that improve infection control potential in an alternative care environment.Background: As SARS-CoV-2 spreads and health care facilities near or exceed capacity, facilities may implement alternative care sites (ACSs). With COVID-19 surges predicted, developing additional capacity in alternative facilities, including hotels and convention centers, into patient care environments requires early careful consideration of the existing space constraints, infrastructure, and modifications needed for patient care and infection control. Design-based strategies utilizing engineering solutions have the greatest impact, followed by medical and operational strategies.Methods: This article evaluates infection control and environmental strategies in inpatient units and proposes system modifications to ACS surge facilities to reduce infection risk and improve care environments.Results: Although adequate for an acute infectious disease outbreak, existing capacity in U.S. biocontainment units and airborne infection isolation rooms is not sufficient for widespread infection control and isolation during a pandemic. To improve patients’ outcomes and decrease infection transmission risk in the alternative care facility, hospital planners, administrators, and clinicians can take cues from evidence-based strategies implemented in biocontainment units and standard inpatient rooms.Conclusions: Innovative technologies, including optimized air-handling systems with ultraviolet and particle filters, can be an essential part of an infection control strategy. For flexible surge capacity in future ACS and hospital projects, interdisciplinary design and management teams should apply strategies optimizing the treatment of both infectious patients and minimizing the risk to health care workers.

A recent research has shown, forty per cent results, on the first screen, are real editorial data bases. When the entire first web page is concerned, sixty-seven per cent results are sponsored results. The purpose of the research is to find out how much per cent age editorial and sponsored web pages will be displayed on the search engines.

For medical residents, global health outreach is the first experience of learning how to develop partnerships with foreign medical systems. The overall objective of this project was to develop an overview of global health programs in U.S. ophthalmology residencies. The investigation focused on characterizing the goals and services offered, the didactics taught to residents, and the program director's understanding of systems-based practice gained in the host country.

•Hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients undergo extensive post-transplantation testing.•This testing may incidentally identify genetic mutations of potential donor origin.•This should be discussed with donors during predonation consent.•Transplant centers should report potential donor genetic findings to registries.•Variants considered pathogenic or likely pathogenic should be actioned by registries.

The profiles of polar metabolites were determined in wholemeal flours of grain from the Broadbalk wheat experiment and from plants grown under organic and low-input systems to study the effects of nutrition on composition. The Broadbalk samples showed increased amino acids, acetate, and choline and decreased fructose and succinate with increasing nitrogen fertilization. Samples receiving farm yard manure had similar grain nitrogen to those receiving 96 kg of N/ha but had higher contents of amino acids, sugars, and organic acids. A comparison of the profiles of grain from organic and low-input systems showed only partial separation, with clear effects of climate and agronomy. However, supervised multivariate analysis showed that the low-input samples had higher contents of many amino acids, raffinose, glucose, organic acids, and choline and lower sucrose, fructose, and glycine. Consequently, although differences between organic and conventional grain occur, these cannot be used to confirm sample identity.

It was with great joy that I read about Debbie McDonald in the August issue ('Secrets to World-Class Success'). I live in rural northeast Nevada and had the opportunity to [...]

We report the history of military humanitarian medical operations, define the current science of process and outcome evaluation, and propose a set of generic metrics for monitoring and evaluation in military humanitarian operations.

The article discusses the highlights of United Nations' conference on climate change held in Copenhagen, Denmark. Jane Ward addressed the role of education in times of climate change. Delegates from various countries debated on the concept, principles and purposes of lifelong learning. Youth group delegations organised and took part in activities and debates on the issue of climate change. INSET: Not so wonderful Copenhagen.

This article builds on examinations of whiteness in organizations by considering how white normativity—or the often unconscious and invisible ideas and practices that make whiteness appear natural and right—is sustained even in organizations that are attentive to structural factors. Based on two years of ethnographic fieldwork, this article critically examines the racial identity and culture of the Center, a Los Angeles lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) organization with a national reputation for multiculturalism, a visible presence of people of color in leadership, and a staff of more than 50 percent people of color. Despite these indicators of racial diversity, the organization also maintained a local reputation among queer people of color as the white LGBT organization in Los Angeles. The author demonstrates that the Center's formal and public attempts to build and proclaim a racially diverse collective identity, along with its reliance on mainstream diversity frames available in the broader environment, became the very practices that employees of color identified as evidence of the white normative culture of the organization.

Abstract: Plant metabolomics has matured over the past 8 years. Plant biologists routinely use comprehensive analyses of plant metabolites to discover new responses to genetic or environmental perturbation, or to validate initial hypotheses on the function and in vivo action of gene products. The wealth of scientific findings has increasingly provoked interest to share and review raw or processed data from plant metabolomics reports. We here suggest a minimum of parameters to be reported in order to define details of experimental study designs in plant metabolomics studies.

Moyer, Burkhardt, and Gordon found in 2002 that some individuals could fake PTSD on the MMPI-2. In light of these results, a follow-up study was conducted to assess whether attributes such as empathy, intelligence, subjectivity, or insightfulness influenced ability to fake a PTSD profile on the MMPI-2. 35 subjects from the previous study were divided into two groups, successful fakers and unsuccessful fakers. Analysis indicated no significant differences between groups on the measures of empathy or intelligence. However, a significant difference was found between groups on the Schizophrenia and Cynicism scales and falling just short of significance on the Hypochondriasis scale. These results suggested that individuals able to fake PTSD are more insightful and less subjective, which makes them better at role-playing.

The objective of this study was to report the evolution of the U.S. Air Force Mobile Ophthalmic Surgical Team (MOST).

This paper reports the development and piloting of an Overdose Prevention Programme (OPP) targeted at educating drug users themselves and based on a multi-agency approach utilizing the expertise of specialist agencies and services. In the initial phase of the study, indepth, semi-structured interviews were carried out with a small number of drug users to determine commonly recurring themes and to identify myths and gaps in drug users' knowledge in respect of overdose. From information gathered, an overdose prevention questionnaire (OPQ) was designed and a survey carried out with 111 participants to gather data to determine the incidence of overdose and the accuracy of users' knowledge regarding overdose. A five-session OPP was subsequently designed to educate drug users about overdose (including risks, recognition and response) and to teach them how to pass on information to other drug users as peer educators. At completion of the pilot phase of this study, 28 drug users had enrolled for the programme, with 22 participants completing all five sessions. Initial evaluation indicates that users completing the programme significantly increased their level of knowledge relating to recognition of overdose and their ability to respond appropriately when faced with an overdose situation.

Despite the considerable interest in the possibility that ATP may function as a peripheral pain mediator, there has been little quantitative study of the pain-producing effects of ATP in humans. Here we have used iontophoresis to deliver ATP to the forearm skin of volunteers who rated the magnitude of the evoked pain on a visual analogue scale. ATP consistently produced a modest burning pain, which began within 20 s of starting iontophoresis and was maintained for several minutes. Persistent iontophoresis of ATP led to desensitization within 12 min but recovery from this was almost complete 1 h later. Different doses of ATP were delivered using different iontophoretic driving currents. Iontophoresis of ATP produced a higher pain rating than saline, indicating that the pain was specifically caused by ATP. The average pain rating for ATP, but not saline, increased with increasing current. Using an 0.8 mA current, subjects reported pain averaging 27.7 ± 2.8 (maximum possible = 100). Iontophoresis of ATP caused an increase in blood flow, as assessed using a laser Doppler flow meter. The increase in blood flow was significantly greater using ATP than saline in both the iontophoresed skin (P < 0.01) and in the surrounding skin, 3 mm outside the iontophoresed area (P < 0.05). The pain produced by ATP was dependent on capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons, since in skin treated repeatedly with topical capsaicin pain was reduced to less than 25% of that elicited on normal skin (2.1 ± 0.4 compared with 9.3 ± 1.5 on normal skin). Conversely, the pain-producing effects of ATP were greatly potentiated in several models of hyperalgesia. Thus, with acute capsaicin treatment when subjects exhibited touch-evoked hyperalgesia but no ongoing pain, there was a threefold increase in the average pain rating during ATP iontophoresis (22.7 ± 3.1) compared with pre-capsaicin treatment (7.8 ± 2.6). Moreover, ATP iontophoresed into skin 24 h after solar simulated radiation (2 × minimal erythymic dose) resulted in double the pain rating of normal skin, increasing from 15.3 ± 4.1 to 32.7 ± 4.1. The pain response to saline was not significantly altered after UV irradiation at any time-point studied. We conclude that ATP produces pain by activating capsaicin-sensitive nociceptive afferents when applied to skin. The possibility that ATP activates nociceptors indirectly via its degradation products cannot be ruled out. The effects of ATP are dose-dependent and responses desensitize only slowly. In inflammatory conditions, ATP may be a potent activator of nociceptors and an endogenous mediator of pain.

1Respiratory, heart rate and hindlimb vascular responses were studied in response to increasing levels of stimulation of the carotid body chemoreceptors, together with an examination of the modulation of their effects by distension of the urinary bladder in the dog anaesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and urethane.2The vascularly isolated carotid bifurcation regions were perfused with blood, stimulation of the carotid bodies being carried out by three different levels of hypoxic isocapnic blood (PO2approximately 58, 40 and 22 mmHg) obtained from a donor animal. A vascularly isolated hindlimb was autoperfused at constant blood flow through its femoral artery.3In spontaneously breathing animals, increasingly intense hypoxic stimulation of the carotid bodies caused a progressive augmentation of respiratory minute volume. Superimposition of distension of the bladder increased ventilation further, by the same amount during hypoxic as during normoxic blood perfusion of the chemoreceptors.4Prevention of the effects of lung stretch afferent stimulation by artificial ventilation modified the heart rate and hindlimb vascular responses to excitation of the carotid bodies by revealing or accentuating the primary cardiovascular responses, bradycardia and vasoconstriction. In contrast, no such respiratory modulation was apparent in the cardiovascular responses to bladder distension.5When, under conditions of artificial ventilation and in the absence of changes in the arterial baroreceptor input, the primary cardio‐inhibitory and vasoconstrictor responses to carotid chemoreceptor stimulation predominated, the heart slowed progressively as the stimulus was increased. At the same time the cardio‐accelerator effects of bladder distension progressively diminished, indicating an interaction between the cardiac reflex responses evoked by the two inputs. In contrast, the reflex vascular responses resulting from stimulation of the two inputs were additive, at least for PO2levels of carotid body perfusate down to approximately 40 mmHg.6In conclusion these experiments demonstrate the differential nature of the integration of respiratory and cardiovascular responses evoked by stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors and bladder distension.

We tested whether vasodilator and vasoconstrictor responses of the hindquarter vasculature in conscious rabbits were altered 1 day, 2 weeks, and 6 months after bilateral superficial femoral artery ligation (SFAL). With pharmacological autonomic blockade, hindquarter flow (Doppler flowmeter) was restored to 84 of control values 1 day postligation (n = 5). Responses to aortic balloon inflation (5–80 s), and intraaortic infusion of nor-epinephrine, angiotensin II, serotonin, acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside, and adenosine were similar to pre-SFAL responses. Two weeks post-SFAL, acrylic casts showed an extensive collateral network originating from branches of internal iliac and deep femoral arteries. Acetylcholine-induced dilatation was attenuated postligation (n = 7) relative to controls (n = 13). Serotonin caused constriction in two rabbits postligation but dilatation in all others; however responses to all other agents tested were similar to controls. Reactive hyperemia and vascular reactivity were similar in rabbits 6 months post-SFAL (n = 5) and controls (n = 5). Thus, despite extensive vascular remodeling after SFAL, global hyperemic flow responses of the rabbit hindquarter vasculature appeared normal. We found only minimal changes in vascular reactivity to constrictor and dilator stimuli. This model of peripheral vascular disease does not reflect the clinical syndrome.

Purpose:To demonstrate dynamic, reversible abnormalities in ophthalmic artery blood flow velocity identified with color Doppler imaging (CDI) in patients with clinical findings of ocular ischemia with and without carotid artery stenosis.

A respiratory chamber was used to investigate physiological responses of hedgehogs to predator and nonpredator odour cues, introduced by passing air through different faecal suspensions. Five recently caught hedgehogs showed a significant increase in oxygen consumption (29% ± 18% at 95% c.i.) when treated with badger (predator) faecal suspension, and 10 hedgehogs held in captivity for ca. 2 years showed no significant response. The responses of recently caught hedgehogs to odour from badger (predator) and roe deer (non-predator) faecal suspensions were then investigated, over a range of concentrations spanning 3 orders of magnitude. Five hedgehogs were tested with badger odour; of these, 3 were also tested with roe deer odour. The mean rise in oxygen consumption was significantly greater in response to badger than to roe deer faecal suspension, but there was no significant variation in strength of response over the range of concentrations tested, and increased oxygen consumption was not associated with any increase in levels of visible activity. The responses are interpreted as an increase in arousal in response to a potential predatory threat. Lack of response in the captive-held animals raises questions about the welfare of such animals following release. Energy costs and foraging inefficiency associated with arousal may be significant factors of foraging decisions involving predation risk, but more naturalistic measurements would be required for any quantitative analysis.

Purpose:Adjustable suture techniques have become increasingly popular over the last decade and may reduce the re-operation rate after strabismus surgery. The adjustment usually is made in the hospital or office 5 to 24 hours after surgery, when the patient has fully recovered from general anesthesia. The ability to perform suture adjustment in the operating room, immediately after completion of surgery, would be an attractive alternative with respect to patient monitoring, sterility, comfort, and timing. The purpose of this study is to compare the alignment of patients in the operating room adjusted immediately after surgery with their alignment the morning after surgery.

Acute and chronic effects of Nw-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, were examined on the hindquarter hemodynamics of conscious rabbits. After pharmacological autonomic reflex blockade on four experimental days (days 0, 1,2, and 7), responses to aortic occlusion (balloon cuff, 5–80 s inflation), intra-aortic infusion of acetylcholine, adenosine, and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were measured before and after vehicle (day 0) or L-NNA (16 mg/kg/h i.v., days 1,2, and 7). On day 1, L-NNA raised the mean arterial pressure (MAP), and lowered the heart rate (HR) and hindquarter vascular conductance (HVC = abdominal aortic Doppler blood flow/MAP). On days 2 and 7, L-NNA only slowly raised the MAP. The dilator response to acetylcholine was inhibited by L-NNA on day 1 and before and after L-NNA on days 2 and 7. The responses to aortic occlusion, adenosine, or SNP infusion were unaffected by L-NNA treatment on any day. Thus, if nitric oxide synthase inhibition by L-NNA abolishes NO release, then (i) reactive hyperaemia is independent of NO, (ii) basal NO release normalises the arterial pressure in the short term but other factors become important in the long term, and (iii) the blockade by L-NNA of receptor-stimulated NO release by acetylcholine is only very slowly reversible.

Jasmonic acid (JA) is an ubiquitously occurring plant growth regulator which functions as a signal of developmentally or environmentally regulated expression of various genes thereby contributing to the defense status of plants [1–5]. The formation of jasmonates in a lipid‐based signalling pathway via octadecanoids seems to be a common principle for many plant species to express wound‐ and stressinduced genes [4, 5].There are various octadecanoid‐derived signals [3]. Among them, jasmonic acid and its amino acid conjugates are most active in barley, supporting arguments that β‐oxidation is an essential step in lipid‐based JA mediated responses. Furthermore, among derivatives of 12‐oxophytodienoic acid (PDA) carrying varying length of the carboxylic acid side‐chain, only those with a straight number of carbon atoms are able to induce JA responsive genes in barley leaves after treatment with these compounds. Barley leaves stressed by treatment with sorbitol solutions exhibit mainly an endogenous rise of JA and JA amino acid conjugates suggesting that both of them are stress signals. Data on organ‐ and tissue‐specific JA‐responsive gene expression will be presented and discussed in terms of “JA as a master switch” among various lipid‐derived signals.

Glycerol kinase and glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activities have been measured in perinatal rat liver. Hydrocortisone stimulates the activity of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and thyroxine and hydrocortisone stimulate glycerol kinase activity in the fetal liver. The postnatal increase in the activity of both enzymes is prevented by starvation and can be restored by injection of glycerol. Glycerol is also effective in increasing the fetal liver activity of glycerol kinase. The role of glycerol in the natural development of these enzymesis discussed.

The article focuses on Cultural Infusion, developed by Peter Mousaferiadis in 2003, which served as a vehicle to form intercultural contact for a positive change. Cultural Infusion is a national not-for-profit group that works across education youth, communities, and the arts. It aims to promote cultural harmony and well-being for a more cohesive society. It was mentioned that Sound Infusion application offers general classroom activities and music lesson plans.

The article presents information on Dare to Dream: Learning Journeys of Bangladeshi, Pakistani and Somali Women, a research carried out by the National Institute of Adult Continuing Education (NIACE) which examined the low rates of participation of these women in organised learning. The research recognises that the position of women from the same groups can differ dramatically and articulates a gap between women's aspirations and the opportunities open to them.

The article highlights the World Social Forum held in Nairobi, Kenya. It is said that the event helped non-Africans to extend the understanding of the African context. The possibility of another world through adult learning is discussed. It is said that the World Social Forum is a source of hope and inspiration.

The article reports on the final report of the National Institute of Adult Continuing Education's committee of inquiry, which deals with policy development and planning of the delivery of English for Speakers of Other Language (ESOL). The authors recommend a series of actions to ensure that there is more ESOL provision effectively targeted on the world of work.

Presents the outcome of a study on the relationship between confidence and education. Working definition of self-esteem and confidence; Difference between self-esteem and confidence; Learning approaches used in the development of confidence.