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We sought to report the effectiveness of infliximab and adalimumab over the first 3 years of treatment and to define the factors that predict anti-TNF treatment failure and the strategies that prevent or mitigate loss of response.

Understanding the physical qualities of athletes can lead to improved training prescription, monitoring, and ranking. Consequently, testing and profiling athletes is an important aspect of strength and conditioning. However, results can often be difficult to interpret because of the wide range of available tests and outcome variables, the diverse forms of technology used, and the varying levels of standardization implemented. Furthermore, physical qualities can easily be misrepresented without careful consideration if fundamental scientific principles are not followed. This review discusses how to develop impactful testing batteries so that practitioners can maximize their understanding of athletic development while helping to monitor changes in performance to better individualize and support training. It also provides recommendations on the selection of tests and their outcome measures; considerations for the proper interpretation, setup, and standardization of testing protocols; methods to maximize testing information; and techniques to enhance visualization and interpretation.

The pandemic and cost-of-living crisis has reduced access to outdoor education for many children, not just those from disadvantaged backgrounds. Experts assess the impact and what needs to change

This document provides instructions on how to use Jiffy Peat Pellets for gardening purposes. The instructions include steps such as expanding the pellets with warm water, sowing seeds or plant cuttings, and gradually exposing the tray to sunlight. The author shares their personal experience using the pellets and suggests that they may be better suited for larger seeds. They also mention the convenience of using pellets for growing a few plants at a time. [Extracted from the article]

ABSTRACTThis study explores the differences in children’s playtime engagement facilitating gross motor skill development between nature-based versus traditional manufactured equipment. These skills are foundational to affording children’s ability to engage in moderate to vigorous physical activity. This is vital to establishing positive future health behaviors, and combatting chronic disease in youth and later life. A longitudinal comparison study was undertaken on children’s playtime engagement at a preschool with an annual enrollment of 36 children between the ages of 3 and 4 in the setting for the study. An existing playground layout with traditional equipment was renovated following a nature-based play philosophy to promote ‘green’ exercise. The new design included an earthen mound with boulders and a slide embedded in the hillside and tree stumps for loose object play. Children were observed and videotaped on the same days of the week, and at the same time of day. A grounded theory approach was employed to quantify and assess playtime engagement. Results indicate that an earthen mound can engage children equally in comparison to a manufactured climbing structure. The mound was also found to be more supportive of short and frequent bursts of play that are characteristic of this age group.

Thirty four (hetero)arene derivatives have been tested in catalytic H/D exchange reactions involving their C(sp2)–H bonds and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol-d1(TFE-d1) in the presence of the homogeneous Pt(II) complex 1supported by a sulfonated CNN-pincer ligand at 80 °C. The 18 substrates, including one pharmaceutical (naproxen), that are stable in the presence of 1and are active in the H/D exchange reaction have been characterized by their position-specific extent of deuteration and, in a number of cases, the reaction kinetic selectivity. For the most reactive substrates the extent of deuteration approaches the expected statistical distribution of the exchangeable H and D atoms: e.g., 67–69% for phenol after 23 h and 88% for indole β-CH bonds after 45 min. For a few substrates (N,N-dimethylaniline, indole, nitrobenzene) the H/D exchange is highly position selective. No satisfactory correlation was found between the position-specific (meta, para) H/D exchange rate constants for X-monosubstituted benzenes and Hammett σXconstants. This observation was proposed to be related to the concerted nature of the CH bond activation, the rate-determining CH bond oxidative addition at a Pt(II) center. A novel scale of Hammett σMXconstants was introduced to characterize the reactivity of C(sp2)–H bonds in transition-metal-mediated reactions. The experimentally determined position-specific Gibbs energies of activation of the H/D exchange in substituted benzenes (metaand parapositions) as well as in thiophene (α and β positions) were matched satisfactorily using DFT calculations.

Anti-TNF drugs are effective treatments for the management of Crohn's disease but treatment failure is common. We aimed to identify clinical and pharmacokinetic factors that predict primary non-response at week 14 after starting treatment, non-remission at week 54, and adverse events leading to drug withdrawal.

Aerobic C–H functionalization of benzene and a series of electron-rich and electron-poor arenes has been demonstrated using a Pt(II) aqua complex supported by a sulfonated CNN-chelating pincer ligand in wet 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) solutions at 20 °C and ambient pressure of air or O2. The reaction results in Pt(IV) aryl hydroxo complexes and a Pt(IV) trifluoroethoxo complex as two major products, in a 1:1 molar ratio, along with minor Pt(II) products of the arene and pincer ligand oxidative C–C coupling.

Power supply played a critical role during the COVID-19 pandemic in keeping hospitals and critical medical equipment operating, which was quickly reflected in electricity consumption and new consumption patterns. However, not all countries faced the same challenges. While developed countries could react adequately to changes in hospital electricity consumption patterns, low-income countries faced infrastructure and energy access challenges during the pandemic, which hampered the management of the pandemic in all of its dimensions. This paper reviews the importance of power supply in hospitals through a literature review and divides the discussion into three sections. First, the factors influencing new hospital consumption patterns during the pandemic are discussed. Then, the consequences of the lack of electricity in remote areas on managing the pandemic are reviewed. Finally, the impact of the pandemic on the design of hybrid power generation systems is reviewed, which must not only provide autonomy for similar future scenarios but also be prepared to respond to sudden increases in power consumption due to a greater number of patients or longer working hours, an increase in the number of critical loads, and possible restrictions on access to fuel. Thus, this work provides valuable insights for policymakers, academics, and researchers on the importance of updating hospital power supply standards and contributes to demonstrating the need to electrify remote hospitals.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

ObjectiveEstablish the prevalence of illness symptoms, poor sleep quality, poor mental health symptoms, low energy availability and stress-recovery state in an Olympic cohort late in the 3 months prior to the Summer Olympic Games.MethodsOlympic athletes (n=317) from 11 sports were invited to complete questionnaires administered 3 months before the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. These questionnaires included the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale, Dispositional Resilience Scale, Recovery-Stress Questionnaire (REST-Q-52 item), Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q), Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and custom-made questionnaires on probiotic usage and travel. Multiple illness (case) definitions were applied. ORs and attributable fractions in the population were used. Factor analyses were used to explore the relationships between variables.ResultsThe response rate was of 42% (male, n=47, age 25.8±4.1 years; female, n=85, age 24.3±3.9 years). Low energy availability was associated with sustaining an illness in the previous month (upper respiratory, OR=3.8, 95% CI 1.2 to 12). The main factor relating to illness pertained to a combination of anxiety and stress-recovery states (as measured by the REST-Q-52 item). All participants reported at least one episode of illness in the last month (100% prevalence).ConclusionsAll participants reported at least one illness symptom in the previous month. Low energy availability was a leading variable associated with illness in Olympic-class athletes. The estimates duration of symptoms ranged from 2 to 7 days. Factor analyses show the interdependence of various health domains and support multidisciplinary care.

This article encapsulates selected themes from the Australian Data to Decisions Cooperative Research Centre’s Law and Policy program. It is the result of a discussion on the regulation of Big Data, especially focusing on privacy and data protection strategies. It presents four complementary perspectives stemming from governance, law, ethics, and computer science. Big, Linked, and Open Data constitute complex phenomena whose economic and political dimensions require a plurality of instruments to enhance and protect citizens’ rights. Some conclusions are offered in the end to foster a more general discussion.

•The 92 papers that used ROA in PV projects were classified into 11 categories.•Most papers study adoption times under different market conditions.•Technological progress is one of the main drivers of PV technology adoption.•Greater uncertainty further delays the decision to invest in PV projects.•CO2pricing and subsidies are being widely studied for their impact on PV adoption.

Ibero-America, a region with high levels of pre-existing poverty, has been considerably affected by the pandemic. Several regulatory measures have been implemented to provide additional financial assistance to the population. Due to the significant fiscal expenditure involved in universal subsidies, several countries have decided to target resources to the most vulnerable sectors. However, the literature focused on these targeted subsidies and beneficiary selection mechanisms is scarce. This article presents a descriptive review of the targeted subsidies implemented in eight Ibero-American countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, the targeting mechanisms, and the modifications made to pre-existing subsidies to adapt them to the health crisis. The research was conducted with the support of regulators from the countries studied and demonstrates that the Ibero-American regulatory response is in line with measures implemented internationally. By showing a catalog of regulatory measures implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic, this article is relevant for policymakers to face future health crises and any scenario that forces the population to be confined in their homes, including extreme weather events.

The mu opioid receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor able to signal through the Gαi/oclass of G-protein and β-arrestin pathways, stimulating down-stream effector pathways. Signaling bias occurs when different receptor agonists lead to different signaling outcomes. Traditionally these have been studied using end-point assays. Real-time cellular analysis platforms allow for the analysis of the holistic effects of receptor activation as an integrated output. While this allows for different ligands to be compared rapidly, the cellular mechanisms underlying the signal are not well described. Using an impedance based system, the impedance responses for two opioid ligands, morphine and DAMGO were examined.

New train stock or train services are continually being added to the network in the UK. Their design, in conjunction with European Regulations on train floor and rail height, means there is often a gap between train and platform necessitating at least one physical step. This paper presents the results from a series of experiments testing the time required to board or alight a train across three different gap heights. The experiments were designed to test for the effect of age and luggage type on the time to board or alight. As expected, more steps result in a longer time required to board or alight. More interesting is the effect of age and luggage on time to board and alight with younger people being relatively unaffected by the presence of steps and luggage, whereas both these factors hinder elderly people. The quantification of these effects has implications for accessibility of train services and for train dwell times and can be used by others in the design and planning stages of rail projects.

This study examines the use of safeguards or protective behaviours by young adults to reduce the harm and negative consequences associated with excessive alcohol consumption. Participants were 210 Australian university students. Participants completed an online questionnaire which focused on their alcohol consumption and engagement in protective behaviours. Results indicate that all participants who consumed alcohol engaged in protective behaviours at some level, with females reporting similar levels of these behaviours to males. Protective strategy use was related to less negative consequences of alcohol use. These findings suggest that the promotion of harm reduction strategies is needed to complement prevention programmes which aim to reduce the consumption of alcohol.

Design Observations of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) were conducted in Kibale National Park, Uganda, at the sites of Sebitoli and Ngogo.Results We report the first two cases of cleft lip in wild chimpanzees. Additionally, some other chimpanzees in the Sebitoli community show facial dysplasia and congenital anomalies, such as patches of depigmented hairs and limb defects.Conclusions Cleft lip has been documented in several species of nonhuman primates, but much remains unknown about the occurrence of cleft lip and cleft palate in great apes, probably because such malformations are rare, wild apes are difficult to monitor and observe, and severe cases associated with cleft palates render suckling impossible and lead to early death of infants. The genetic basis of such defects in great apes warrants investigation, as does the possibility that environmental toxins contribute to their etiology in Kibale in ways that could affect humans as well.

With large-scale wind power integrates into power system, the risk brought by the uncertainty of wind power output can no longer be neglected. Under this circumstance, the operation risk due to the uncertainty of wind generation and the contribution of wind power to energy conservation and emission reduction are quantified, and the corresponding quantified operational cost, environmental cost and operation risk are being integrated into the economic dispatching model to establish a multi-objective optimization dispatch model. Non-dual interior point method is used to solve the optimization problem. The method is applied to Hebei Southern power grid, simulated with actual wind power output data of one typical day. Simulation results show the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Borohydride (BH4–) is rapidly attracting attention as an alternative fuel molecule for fuel cells due to its high gravimetric and volumetric energy densities, high power density, and avoidance of the carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning seen in hydrogen (H2) and methanol (MeOH) fuel cells. Here we describe an as-yet unreported poisoning process that occurs during BH4–oxidation at Pt and Au anodes at low potentials (high fuel cell voltages). Though such poisoning can compromise the long-term performance of BH4–fuel cells, we also demonstrate an in situ cleaning procedure for a BH4–fuel cell using a Pt anode.

Objective:To assess mothers' intentions to introduce their adolescent to alcohol and to examine whether their own alcohol use influences their intentions. Methods:Mothers (N = 161) of children aged 12.5 years (SD = 0.8) completed measures of their alcohol use and their intentions and attitudes towards their children beginning to drink alcohol. Results:Overall, 68% of mothers reported that parents should introduce their children to alcohol at home before they reach the age of 18, (in contrast with NHMRC guidelines, which recommend delaying alcohol use until age 18). While there were some statistically significant differences in mothers' intentions and beliefs according to their own alcohol use, these were small or medium effects, and tended to be differences in degree rather than in kind and not likely to be of practical importance. Conclusions and implications:Introducing their children to the use of alcohol is a role mothers see as important, and one they generally felt sufficiently equipped to carry out. Mothers' intentions to initiate their children into alcohol use were remarkably similar despite differences in mothers' own alcohol use. This suggests that approaches to education and guidance for parents are unlikely to need to take mothers' alcohol use into account when planning ways to support parents in this aspect of their role, at least for mothers of early adolescents.

To assess mothers' intentions to introduce their adolescent to alcohol and to examine whether their own alcohol use influences their intentions.

This work was to analyze by Weibull statistics the shear bond strength of a low‐shrink Silorane‐based composite system to bone. The etching abilities of the adhesives were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Results suggest that an effective and reliable bond to bone could be achieved by the Silorane‐based composite system, showing the potential of this system to be used as a bone cement.

The integration of porous ultra low-k (ULK) films, with k = 2.2, into future technology nodes can add risk to yield and reliability. The porosity of the film makes it more susceptible to damage from CMP process. This work investigates the shifts in the dielectric constant (k) and refractive index (RI) that various barrier slurries have induced on ULK films. Post CMP treatment of these films seems to help in recovering the material property shifts caused by these barrier slurries. Chemical characterization of these films helped in identifying the reason for shifts that were induced in these films after exposure to CMP slurries.

This paper outlines yield improvements in the integration of damascene copper in low-k SiCOH intermetal dielectric at 65 nm dimensions. Large defect reductions were seen by RIE, wet cleans and CMP process optimization. RIE improvements led to reductions of thirty three percent for missing pattern defects while wet clean optimization resulted in more than a fifty percent reduction in metal voids. CMP carrier head changes provided a more corrosion resistant process and higher throughput. Additionally, a high performance M1 module that maintained process window for all sectors was developed.

Nanoscience offers new possibilities for dental restorative materials. The aim of this paper was to evaluate a series of experimental resin-composite formulations, with systematically varied nanofiller-size and shape and high volume-fraction. Two main areas of interest in dental restoratives, adhesion and aesthetics, were investigated. The specific properties examined were elastic and bulk moduli and shrinkage-stress that can affect adhesion and roughness and gloss that can affect aesthetics. The trends in each property relating to nanofillers size and shape were identified. Fundamental properties of resin-composites can be improved by nanotechnology.

The vulnerability of marine fish species, particularly those inhabiting coastal waters, is an increasingly important issue in marine conservation. Although the weedy seadragon Phyllopteryx taeniolatus (Lacepede, 1804), a syngnathid fish endemic to southern Australia, is legally protected in New South Wales, there are no studies on population density, habitat use and behaviour to support this protection. We investigated the abundance, sex ratios and distribution of the weedy seadragon at three sites near Sydney, Australia. The distribution, density and sex ratios of seadragons were temporally stable, suggesting no large-scale seasonal migrations. Estimated population densities varied among sites from 10 individuals per ha to 65 individuals per ha, with sex ratios close to 1:1. Survival rates from one encounter to the next (approximately weekly) were high, being slightly lower for males (0.985 0.006, mean se) and females (0.987 0.005) compared with juveniles (1.000 0.000). All size classes and both sexes were most common near the border of kelp and sand except when exhibiting hiding behaviour, when they were more often found in kelp beds. Kelp beds were the least-used habitat when feeding. Pregnant males tended to hide more often than other groups and therefore were more frequently found in kelp and kelp patches. Seadragons tended to be solitary, although pairing and grouping behaviour was also observed. Results of the present study show that weedy seadragons are resident in the same area throughout the year and have a strong affinity with heavily weeded rock and/or sand habitat. It is therefore recommended that the current species-based protection laws be used in concert with habitat-protection zones as a necessary measure to ensure the conservation of weedy seadragon populations.

Presents the short story "Dangerous Story," by David Watts.

The article reports that airmen are breaking new ground at Camp Bucca, Iraq, by performing three of the Army traditional missions including detainee operations, patrolling duties and convoy escort duties in 2005. In another first, the airmen are also helping to provide force protection for an Army camp.

AbstractData mining—the discovery of previously unknown information from a large collection of individual data sources—is becoming increasingly popular for scientific data archives. We describe an approach to data mining that uses spatial, temporal, and type constraints to obtain a broad list of data that are potentially related to a data set of interest. Tree- and spline-based multivariate regression and classification techniques are then used to identify functional relationships between the data. Expert knowledge is used to constrain and guide the model building and evaluation process.We demonstrate the approach by identifying relationships between indicators in a state of the Antarctic environment reporting database. Analyses of the fuel usage of electrical generators and boilers at Australia’s Davis station yielded fuel usage dependencies on air temperature and wind speed that were in good accordance with known physical processes. The phenomenon of periodic haul-outs of large numbers of leopard seals on Macquarie Island was related to anomalies in regional sea ice cover and sea surface temperature.

Presents letters to the editor published in the February 2004 issue of the periodical "Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients" which comments key issues on alternative medicine.

Presents letters to the editor referencing topics and articles discussed in the previous issues. "MS is not Hopeless," which focuses on MS by the various health care disciplines; "Hiatal Hernia/Vagus Nerve Disorder: A Leading Cause of Allergies and Chronic Illness," which deals on related matters concerning the disease; "Clinical Validity of Hair Tissue Mineral Analysis, A Psycho-physiological viewpoint," which emphasizes on the usefulness of stimulant to discussion of several important technical and clinical issues related to the subject.

Summarizes serum micronutrients in relation to diabetes. Serum nutrient studies; Hair tissue mineral analysis patterns in diabetes; Role of diet and weight control in stabilizing glucose; Factors that may contribute to the development of diabetes; Role of emotions in blood sugar regulation.

This is a prospective longitudinal study addressing the issue of predicting violence within two weeks of admission to two psychiatric units. Predictors of violence in 100 consecutive admissions were collected at baseline and tested on an outcome of violence. Risk factors were analyzed using logistic regression models and cross-validated using jack-knifing techniques. Two separate definitions of violence were used, actual assault on another person and aggressive behavior including attempted assault, violence to property and specific threats. Thirty-two patients actually assaulted, 41 behaved aggressively and 27 were completely non-violent. Two models were developed to predict membership according to these definitions. A single model based on a three-category outcome compared unfavorably with the two-model approach. Although the presence of recent pre-admission violence had some predictive value for both models, clinical variables were most predictive. “Non-violence” and “violence” appeared to be two separate states, and did not fit neatly on to a continuum. The two models were statistically robust, but should be tested prospectively on larger samples.

An infinite class of magnetized line-source (wire) metrics are here derived within the 5D GR (‘Kaluza-Klein’) formalism. These metrics are cylindrically-symmetric (thus representing line-sources), and off-diagonal(thereby representing magnetizedwire sources). The off-diagonality of these metrics is significant as all prior cylindrically-symmetric 5D GR metrics have been diagonal. In Kaluza-Klein theory, the vector potentials of EM are incorporated into the extended off-diagonal components of the metric. Thus, examination of such off-diagonal line source (magnetized wire) metrics is a hitherto untapped potential for 5D GR investigation.

New classes of charged-source 5D GR (‘Kaluza-Klein’) metrics are derived here. These metrics, unlike prior Kaluza-Klein metrics, are bothoff-diagonal (representing chargedsolutions), andx5-dependent. The x5-dependence, in particular, is important as modern 5D GR (“Induced Matter”) theory has abandoned the ‘cylindrical’ restriction on the 5th dimension (requiring it be curled up very small), and, thus, allows the metric to have x5-dependence. x5-dependence, therefore, represents a hitherto untapped potential for 5D GR investigation.

Infanticide by males has been recorded in four chimpanzee populations, including that in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Some infanticidal attacks occur during inter-community aggression. The sexual selection hypothesis does not easily explain these attacks because they may not directly increase male mating opportunities. However, females in the attackers’ community may benefit by expanding their foraging ranges and thereby improving their reproductive success; thus infanticide may increase male reproductive success indirectly. We report two new cases of infanticide by male chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park. Like two previous cases, these occurred during a boundary patrol and were almost certainly between-community infanticides. The patrolling males attacked despite the proximity of males from the victims’ presumed community. This probably explains why, unlike the earlier cases, they did not completely cannibalize their victims. Such attacks seem to be relatively common at Ngogo and infanticide may be an important source of infant mortality in neighboring communities. Our observations cannot resolve questions about the sexual selection hypothesis. However, they are consistent with the range expansion hypothesis: the infanticides occurred during a period of frequent encounters between communities associated with a mast fruiting event, and Ngogo community members greatly increased their use of areas near the attack site during another mast fruiting event one year later. Our observations contribute to growing evidence that lethal intergroup aggression is a common characteristic of wild chimpanzee populations.

Researchers have documented infanticide by adult males in four wild chimpanzee populations. Males in three of these have killed infants from outside of their own communities, but most infanticides, including one from Kanyawara, in Kibale National Park, Uganda, took place within communities. Here we report two new cases of infanticide by male chimpanzees at a second Kibale site, Ngogo, where the recently habituated chimpanzee community is the largest yet known. Both infanticides happended during boundary patrols, which occur at a high frequency there. Patrolling males attacked solitary females who were unable to defend their infants successfully. The victims were almost certainly not members of the Ngogo community. Males cannibalized both infants and completely consumed their carcasses. These observations show that infanticide by males is widespread in the Kibale population and that between-community infanticide also happens there. We discuss our observations in the context of the sexual selection hypothesis and other proposed explanations for infanticide by male chimpanzees. The observations support the arguments that infanticide has been an important selective force in chimpanzee social evolution and that females with dependent infants can be at great risk near range boundaries, but why male chimpanzees kill infants is still uncertain.

Purpose:Porcelain veneers are a safe and effective treatment modality for selected teeth that have poor esthetics. However, removal of porcelain veneers that have failed may be time‐consuming and involve considerable removal of sound tooth structure adjacent to the veneer. The aim of this study was to evaluate a novel method of porcelain laminate veneer removal by incorporating a fluorescent dye into the luting cement that allows the practitioner to visualize the cement on the tooth and remove the veneer without causing residual damage to the adjacent tooth substance.

BackgroundExposure to latex is known to cause an array of symptoms, including pruritus, dermatitis, erythema, and urticaria. Workers at elevated risk for latex exposure include health care personnel whose repeated patient contact or surgical work require extensive use of latex gloves. This study evaluated the prevalence of latex allergies in atopic and non‐atopic intensive care workers and sought to determine the impact of risk factors such as frequency of glove use and hand washing on latex sensitization.

Background Exposure to latex is known to cause an array of symptoms, including pruritus, dermatitis, erythema, and urticaria. Workers at elevated risk for latex exposure include health care personnel whose repeated patient contact or surgical work require extensive use of latex gloves. This study evaluated the prevalence of latex allergies in atopic and non-atopic intensive care workers and sought to determine the impact of risk factors such as frequency of glove use and hand washing on latex sensitization. Methods We evaluated the prevalence of latex sensitivity in 122 intensive care unit (ICU) workers using a questionnaire and skin prick test. Atopy and latex sensitivity were determined by skin prick test using a battery of common inhalant allergens and an extract prepared from the gloves used in the ICU. Frequency of glove use and hand washing were determined by questionnaire. Results and Conclusions Forty ICU workers (32.8%) were considered atopic by having at least one positive response to the inhalant allergens. Atopic ICU workers were more likely to have positive latex skin test than non-atopic ICU workers (atopic vs. non-atopic workers: p < 0.001, odds ratio = 14.2). Frequency of current glove use or hand washing frequency were not significant predictors of a positive response to latex; however, a positive history of atopic eczema and family history of allergies, as determined by questionnaire were significant predictors of a positive response to latex antigens. Am. J. Ind. Med. 34:359–363, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.