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The mechanism by which mammalian liver cell responses are coordinated during tissue homeostasis and perturbation is poorly understood, representing a major obstacle in our understanding of many diseases. This knowledge gap is caused by the difficulty involved with studying multiple cell types in different states and locations, particularly when these are transient. We have combined Stereo-seq (spatiotemporal enhanced resolution omics-sequencing) with single-cell transcriptomic profiling of 473,290 cells to generate a high-definition spatiotemporal atlas of mouse liver homeostasis and regeneration at the whole-lobe scale. Our integrative study dissects in detail the molecular gradients controlling liver cell function, systematically defining how gene networks are dynamically modulated through intercellular communication to promote regeneration. Among other important regulators, we identified the transcriptional cofactor TBL1XR1 as a rheostat linking inflammation to Wnt/β-catenin signaling for facilitating hepatocyte proliferation. Our data and analytical pipelines lay the foundation for future high-definition tissue-scale atlases of organ physiology and malfunction.

This study proposes a research method for examining the technology of smart campus construction under the constraint of energy consumption limit. Firstly, a research model for examining the technology of smart campus construction under the constraint of energy consumption limit is constructed, and then its performance is analysed. The research results show that the GM (1,1) improved BP neural network model (GM-BP) combination algorithm used in the model has better accuracy and extremely high stability compared with a single algorithm. Compared with other algorithms, its RMSE remains at a good level of 0.985, and the algorithm achieves the predetermined error of 104through 24 training sessions, which achieves the predetermined target. Therefore, the performance of this energy consumption limit constrained smart campus construction scrutiny technology research model is reliable and can accurately predict the campus electricity consumption.

Flexible transparent hydrophobic coating films with excellent scratch resistance have important applications in many fields, especially for optical materials. Herein, a hydrophobic composite coating film was prepared and used as a polymer film protective material by combining 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS)-modified Si-doped carbonized polymer dots (Si-CPDs) with mono-trimethoxysilyl-terminated poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS). The Si-CPDs derived from tetramethyl disiloxane propylamine tetraacetic acid and multi-amino oligosiloxanes were successfully prepared via one-step hydrothermal method and then grafted by GPTMS to obtain modified Si-CPDs (mSi-CPDs). Among them, mSi-CPDs act as a matrix layer, and PDMS acts as a low-surface energy layer. Cross-linking the Si–O–Si network of the coating film was formed through sol–gel chemistry. Driven by the hydrophilic–hydrophobic effect, PDMS trends to aggregate at the film surface, thus avoiding the phase separation which can affect transparency. The highly cross-linked network and the presence of hard silica core provide a high hardness to stand the steel–wool scratch. Flexible polymer chains impart the coating film an outstanding bendability. Introduction of PDMS makes the coating film possess hydrophobicity and anti-graffiti function.

Organic acids are major determinants of fruit flavor and a primary focus of fruit crop breeding. The accumulation of organic acids is determined by their synthesis, degradation, and transport, all of which are manipulated by sophisticated genetic mechanisms. Constant exploration of the genetic basis of organic acid accumulation, especially through linkage analysis, association analysis, and evolutionary analysis, have identified numerous loci in recent decades. In this review, the genetic loci and genes responsible for malate and citrate contents in fruits are discussed from the genetic perspective. Technologies such as gene transformation and genome editing as well as efficient breeding using marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS) are expected to break the bottleneck of traditional fruit crop breeding and promote fruit quality improvement.

Spatial transcriptomics enables a single-cell resolution view of gene expression patterns in tissues, providing insight into their biological functions. However, applying this approach to the skin presents inherent challenges. Here, we present a protocol for preparing mammalian skin samples encompassing hair follicles for spatial transcriptomics. We describe steps for sample preparation, embedding, acquisition of frozen slices, RNA quality control, tissue mounting, fixation, staining, and imaging. We then detail procedures for permeabilization, reverse transcription, and cDNA collection.

Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have emerged as leading‐edge research in the field of photocatalysis due to outstanding photocatalytic performance, maximum atomic utilization efficiency, and well‐defined catalytic active sites. However, the singular functionality of active sites in SACs restricts their applications in complex redox reactions involving multiple intermediates and reaction pathways. To circumvent this limitation, a second site comprising single atoms (SA), alloys, clusters, or nanoparticles is proposed to establish SA‐based dual‐site photocatalysts (SA DSPs). While maintaining 100% atomic utilization, the second site and site–site collaboration endow SA DSPs with superior photocatalytic activities to surpass those of SACs. In this review, the latest investigations on SA DSPs featuring diverse compositions, electronic and geometric configurations, site–site collaboration, and metal–support interactions are summarized. Thereafter, the mechanisms underlying enhanced photocatalytic activities are elucidated regarding the roles of the dual sites in charge‐carrier dynamics and surface reactivity. Furthermore, the state‐of‐the‐art applications in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, CO2reduction, and methane oxidation, etc., over SA DSPs are discussed. It is anticipated that this review will offer insights into precise control and design of dual sites in photocatalysts, thereby advancing photocatalysis toward commercial viability. In this review, the recent advances on SA DSPs with a focus on structure‐activity relationship are summarized. Based on the roles of the dual sites in charge‐carrier dynamics and surface reactions, parallel enhancement, reinforcing enhancement, synergistic enhancement and integrated enhancement are identified for enhanced activities over SA DSPs in various applications.

After fertilization, the quiescent zygote experiences a burst of genome activation that initiates a short-lived totipotent state. Understanding the process of totipotency in human cells would have broad applications. However, in contrast to in mice1,2, demonstration of the time of zygotic genome activation or the eight-cell (8C) stage in in vitro cultured human cells has not yet been reported, and the study of embryos is limited by ethical and practical considerations. Here we describe a transgene-free, rapid and controllable method for producing 8C-like cells (8CLCs) from human pluripotent stem cells. Single-cell analysis identified key molecular events and gene networks associated with this conversion. Loss-of-function experiments identified fundamental roles for DPPA3, a master regulator of DNA methylation in oocytes3, and TPRX1, a eutherian totipotent cell homeobox (ETCHbox) family transcription factor that is absent in mice4. DPPA3 induces DNA demethylation throughout the 8CLC conversion process, whereas TPRX1 is a key executor of 8CLC gene networks. We further demonstrate that 8CLCs can produce embryonic and extraembryonic lineages in vitro or in vivo in the form of blastoids5and complex teratomas. Our approach provides a resource to uncover the molecular process of early human embryogenesis.

Cobalt sulfides materials, such as CoS2, have been widely used in molten-state high temperature batteries (MHLBs) due to their high specific capacity. However, the disadvantages of CoS2such as large structural variation, limited conductivity and poor cyclability at high temperatures hinder its practical applications. Herein, a novel nanotube structure composed of highly conductive Co4S3has been designed and synthesized through a two-step hydrothermal method, which is assembled by nanospheres with the diameter of about 70 nm. The unique nanotube structure can facilitate the ion transfer while the hollow space inside can buffer the volume variation along cycling. Importantly, the as-synthesized Co4S3nanotube shows an excellent thermal stability even at 500 °C and a higher electrical conductivity (12.08 S/m) than CoS2(11.48 S/m), making it a kind of promising cathode materials for MHLBs. When applied in MHLBs, Co4S3nanotubes demonstrate an excellent rate capability with a cut-off voltage of 1.5 V (240.63 mAh/g at 0.25 A/g and 119.64 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g). During the first discharging, they undergo Li ion intercalation process to form LixCoyS at the first voltage plateau of 2.13 V, and then gradually converted to the Co and S phase with continuous Li-ion uptake at the second voltage plateau of 1.82 V. Specially, the discharged material possesses a core-shell structure, with LixCoyS and Li2S in the core and Co and S in the shell, respectively. After charging, crystallized Co4S3can be generated upon delithiation while metallic Co is still detected in the final product. Nevertheless, when the cut-off voltage is set to 1.87 V, Co4S3nanotubes show an impressive cycling stability with an average Coulombic efficiency higher than 90 % due to the reversible Li ion intercalation/deintercalation, making MHLBs possible to be cycled.

Studying tissue composition and function in non-human primates (NHPs) is crucial to understand the nature of our own species. Here we present a large-scale cell transcriptomic atlas that encompasses over 1 million cells from 45 tissues of the adult NHP Macaca fascicularis. This dataset provides a vast annotated resource to study a species phylogenetically close to humans. To demonstrate the utility of the atlas, we have reconstructed the cell–cell interaction networks that drive Wnt signalling across the body, mapped the distribution of receptors and co-receptors for viruses causing human infectious diseases, and intersected our data with human genetic disease orthologues to establish potential clinical associations. Our M. fasciculariscell atlas constitutes an essential reference for future studies in humans and NHPs.

BackgroundSquamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and includes cancers arising from the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx. Genome-wide association studies have found several genetic variants related to the risk of SCCHN; however, they could only explain a small fraction of the heritability. Thus, more susceptibility loci associated with SCCHN need to be identified.MethodsAn association study was conducted by genotyping 555 patients with SCCHN and 1367 controls in a Chinese population. Single-variant association analysis was conducted on 63 373 SNPs, and the promising variants were then confirmed by a two-stage validation with 1875 SCCHN cases and 4637 controls. Bioinformatics analysis and functional assays were applied to uncover the potential pathogenic mechanism of the promising variants and genes associated with SCCHN.ResultsWe first identified three novel genetic variants significantly associated with the risk of SCCHN (p=7.45×10−7for rs2517611 at 6p22.1, p=1.76×10−9for rs2524182 at 6p21.33 and p=2.17×10−10for rs3131018 at 6p21.33). Further analysis and biochemical assays showed that rs3094187, which was in a region in high linkage disequilibrium with rs3131018, could modify TCF19expression by regulating the binding affinity of the transcription factor SREBF1to the promoter of TCF19. In addition, experiments revealed that the inhibition of TCF19may affect several important pathways involved in tumourigenesis and attenuate the cell proliferation and migration of SCCHN.ConclusionThese findings offer important evidence that functional genetic variants could contribute to development of SCCHN and that TCF19may function as a putative susceptibility gene for SCCHN.

The key to develop high specific energy rechargeable batteries is development of new electrode materials. The existing electrode materials still have many problems: the shuttle effect and poor conductivity of the sulfur cathode, the inevitable volume expansion of the silicon anode and the lithium dendrite of the lithium metal anode that cause short circuits, etc. Nanofibers, as active electrical materials, conductive additives and electrode bodies, can play multiple roles in electrode design. More interestingly, nanofibers can be functionalized to obtain better controllable properties (i.e., electrolyte affinity, pore size distribution and surface electronic structure), thereby further enhancing electrochemical performance. In this article, the latest research progress in electrode design based on nanofibers is reviewed, including processing methods, structure, morphology and electrochemical performance. The key problems affecting the electrochemical performance of the electrode are also discussed, such as the preparation process, atomic structure, electrical conductivity, surface area and pore distribution of nanofibers, to provide reference points for nanofibers in excellent electrode design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cardiac MRI findings of Danon disease cardiomyopathy included symmetric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype and atypical subendocardial late gadolinium enhancement in nonischemic cardiomyopathy, especially with midbasal septum sparing and apex and free-wall involvement.

Spatial transcriptomics analysis allows the examination of the biological characteristics and spatial distribution of individual lung cells at a single-cell resolution. However, due to the presence of cavities in the alveoli of the lungs, it is challenging to section them for spatial transcriptomics experiments. Here, we present a protocol for acquiring high-quality fresh mouse lung spatial transcriptomics data. We describe steps for lung perfusion, acquiring frozen slices, collecting cDNA from lung sections, and data analysis.

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a powerful tool for studying transcriptomics. Here, we present an optimized protocol for dissociating human scalp tissue and acquiring high-quality single-cell suspension for scRNA-seq to study transcriptomics of human hair follicles. We describe steps for human scalp tissue cleaning, subcutaneous fat removal, mechanical mincing, and enzymatic digestion. We then detail procedures for cleaning, resuspending, a cell viability assay, and library construction.

To address the limitations of the BWR (Benedict-Webb-Rubin) model in predicting the trend of the real gas pressure in the accumulator under the medium and high frequency domain, sinusoidal excitation experiments with different frequencies are conducted for the bladder type accumulator. Based on the delay phenomenon of the accumulator found in the experiment, the M-BWR model considering the delay time is proposed. To verify the accuracy of the model, the predicted results of the M-BWR model and the BWR model are compared with the experimental results. The results of the comparative analysis show that the average error between the prediction results of the M-BWR model and the experimental results at different frequencies is less than 8%, which meets the requirements of engineering applications.

As a result of their short activation time, high power density, and long storage life, thermal batteries have been widely used in various military applications. Important thermal battery characteristics, such as operation voltage, specific capacity, and power density, are determined by the properties of the electrode materials, especially the cathode materials. Therefore, one of the major challenges in advancing thermal batteries is the seeking of desirable cathode materials. Generally, cathodes used in thermal batteries are broadly classified into three main categories: metal oxides, metal sulfides, and metal halides. This review will introduce the current synthetic preparation methods, electrochemical performance, and working mechanisms of thermal battery cathode materials at home and abroad. For the metal oxide part, vanadium oxide, copper oxide, and some other metal oxide materials will be reviewed. Metal sulfides for thermal batteries discussed include iron sulfide, cobalt sulfide, nickel sulfide, and some other novel metal sulfide materials. Metal halides, especially fluorides and chlorides, will also be intensively discussed. We hope that this review will provide clear strategies and prospectives for future experimental studies and insight for theoretical studies on the development of thermal battery cathode materials.

We here present a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based and environment-sensitive fluorescent probe VG-1for vicinal-dithiol-containing proteins (VDPs). VG-1uniquely contains two sites sensitive to the protein environment (SPE), thus it shows weak fluorescence in both blue and green channels (a low FRET efficiency) in solution. After specifically binding with VDPs, its fluorescence in the green channel increases, while that in the blue channel disappears, achieving the specific detection of VDPs. The obvious signal changes in fluorescence may be attributed to that the increased rigidity of the molecular skeletons causes the enhanced FRET efficiency. The probe also achieved the cell super-resolution imaging of VDPs and the confocal imaging of VDPs in zebrafish.

The interleukin 6 (IL6) signaling pathway plays pleiotropic roles in regulating the inflammatory milieu that contributes to arthritis development. Here, we show that activation of IL6 trans-signaling induces phenotypic transitions in tissue-resident cells toward an inflammatory state. The establishment of arthritis increases the serum number of extracellular vesicles (EVs), while these EVs express more IL6 signal transducer (IL6ST, also known as gp130) on their surface. Transferring these EVs can block IL6 trans-signaling in vitroby acting as decoys that trap hyper IL6 and prevent inflammatory amplification in recipient arthritic mice. By genetically fusing EV-sorting domains with extracellular domains of receptors, we engineered EVs that harbor a higher quantity of signaling-incompetent decoy receptors. These exogenous decoy EVs exhibit significant potential in eliciting efficient anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. Our findings suggest an inherent resistance of decoy EVs against inflammation, highlighting the therapeutic potential of efficient decoy EVs in treating inflammatory diseases.

The 2019 arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) risk model has proved insufficient in the capability of predicting ventricular arrhythmia (VA) risk in non-classical arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM). Furthermore, the prognostic value of ringlike late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) of the left ventricle in non-classical ACM remains unknown. We aimed to assess the incremental value of ringlike LGE over the 2019 ARVC risk model in predicting sustained VA in patients with non-classical ACM.

The BBIBP-CorV severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) inactivated vaccine has been authorized for emergency use and widely distributed. We used single-cell transcriptome sequencing to characterize the dynamics of immune responses to the BBIBP-CorV inactivated vaccine. In addition to the expected induction of humoral immunity, we found that the inactivated vaccine induced multiple, comprehensive immune responses, including significantly increased proportions of CD16+monocytes and activation of monocyte antigen presentation pathways; T cell activation pathway upregulation in CD8+T cells, along with increased activation of CD4+T cells; significant enhancement of cell-cell communications between innate and adaptive immunity; and the induction of regulatory CD4+T cells and co-inhibitory interactions to maintain immune homeostasis after vaccination. Additionally, comparative analysis revealed higher neutralizing antibody levels, distinct expansion of naive T cells, a shared increased proportion of regulatory CD4+T cells, and upregulated expression of functional genes in booster dose recipients with a longer interval after the second vaccination. Our research will support a comprehensive understanding of the systemic immune responses elicited by the BBIBP-CorV inactivated vaccine, which will facilitate the formulation of better vaccination strategies and the design of new vaccines.

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the effect of co-trimoxazole (CTX) prophylaxis on mortality reduction among HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Henan Province, China. Design: We conducted a retrospective study. Methods: All individuals aged 15 years and older who initiated ART between 2008 and 2010 in Henan Province with completed CTX prophylaxis treatment information were included. The effect of CTX prophylaxis was estimated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and multivariate Cox proportional hazard modeling for mortality at 3-months and 12- months after ART initiation. Results: Overall mortality among patients receiving both ART and CTX was nearly double at 3-months after ART initiation compared with that at 12-months (12.4 per 100 PY vs 6.3 per 100 PY, p<0.01). After adjusting for gender, age, TB history, year of ART initiation and CD4 count at ART initiation, CTX was associated with a significant reduction in 12-month mortality (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) = 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.44 – 0.95; p = 0.027) compared with persons not receiving CTX. The protective effect was more pronounced in the first 3 months after ART initiation (AHR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.32 – 0.89; p = 0.017). Conclusion: CTX prophylaxis together with ART reduced mortality of adult HIV patients during the first 12 months of ART in Henan Province, China. The effect was highest in the first 3 months of ART. CTX should be prescribed to all HIV-infected adults who initiate ART.

Net primary productivity (NPP) of grasslands is a key variable for characterising carbon cycles in grassland ecosystems. The prediction of NPP in Inner Mongolia is important for adaptation to future climate change, food security and sustainable use of the grassland resources. The output from two models, potentially suitable for simulating NPP in response to climate change, was tested against observed aboveground forage mass of dry matter at eight sites in Inner Mongolia from 1995 to 2005. The Classification Indices-Based Model (CIBM) showed an acceptable agreement with field measurements. The impact of climate change on the NPP of grasslands was subsequently analysed by CIBM using future climate projections from a Global Circulation Model based on three greenhouse gas emission scenarios: A2 (medium-high emission), A1B (medium emission) and B2 (medium-low emission) differing in assumptions about patterns of global social and economic development. Generally, significant increases in NPP, compared with the baseline NPP of 3.6 tonnes ha-1 for 1961–90, were predicted. The magnitude of the increase in NPP depended on the emission scenario, as well as on the time frame and region considered. Overall the predicted NPP stimulation increased with the level of emissions assumed, being 4.8 tonnes ha-1 in the A2 scenario, 4.3 tonnes ha-1 in the B2 scenario and 4.5 tonnes ha-1 in the A1B scenario in the 2080s (2071–2100). The increase in NPP in response to climate change differed between regions and there was an interaction with emission scenario. For the A2 and the B2 emission scenarios, the western region of Inner Mongolia was predicted to exhibit the strongest NPP increases, but, under the A1B scenario for the 2050s, the south-eastern region exhibited the greatest increase in NPP. It is concluded that the productivity of grassland in Inner Mongolia is likely to increase in response to climate change but these predicted effects are sensitive to emission scenarios and differ regionally. This will provide opportunities but also challenges for herders and policy makers in adapting to this change.

We report on a compact and highly efficient diode-end-pumped TEM>_00 Nd:YVO_4 slab laser with an output power of 103 W and beam quality M^2≤≦1.5 . The optical-to-optical efficiency was 41.5%. In electro-optically Q -switched operation, 83 W of average power at a pulse-repetition rate of 50 kHz with a pulse length of 11.3 ns was obtained. At a pulse-repetition rate of 10 kHz, 5.6 mJ of pulse energy, and 870 kW of peak power were measured.

We report on a compact and highly efficient diode-end-pumped TEM 00 Nd YVO 4 slab laser with an output power of 103W and beam quality M 2 1.5 . The optical-to-optical efficiency was 41.5%. In electro-optically Q -switched operation, 83W of average power at a pulse-repetition rate of 50 kHz with a pulse length of 11.3ns was obtained. At a pulse-repetition rate of 10kHz, 5.6mJ of pulse energy, and 870kW of peak power were measured.

We report on a compact and highly efficient diode-end-pumped TEM_00Nd:YVO_4 slab laser with an output power of 103 W and beam quality M^2≦1.5. The optical-to-optical efficiency was 41.5%. In electro-optically Q-switched operation, 83 W of average power at a pulse-repetition rate of 50 kHz with a pulse length of 11.3 ns was obtained. At a pulse-repetition rate of 10 kHz, 5.6 mJ of pulse energy, and 870 kW of peak power were measured.