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When the city-mandated COVID-19 policies placed two best friends on lock-down, they missed each other immensely. Not only was the world changing instantly, the then 5-year-olds were without their routines [...]

The article discusses the Powell method of designing shadow weave using profile drafts. Topics include the benefits of profile drafts, a shortened version of a full weaving draft; the basics of shadow weave and color-and-weave techniques; and the process of creating drafts and playing with colors in shadow weave.

Prison settings represent the highest concentration of prevalent hepatitis C cases in Australia due to the high rates of incarceration among people who inject drugs. Highly effective direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) therapies for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are available to people incarcerated in Australian prisons. However, multiple challenges to health care implementation in the prison sector present barriers to people in prison reliably accessing hepatitis C testing, treatment, and prevention measures. This Consensus statement highlights important considerations for the management of hepatitis C in Australian prisons. High coverage testing, scale‐up of streamlined DAA treatment pathways, improved coverage of opioid agonist therapy, and implementation and evaluation of regulated provision of prison needle and syringe programs to reduce HCV infection and reinfection are needed. The recommendations set current best practice standards in hepatitis C diagnosis, treatment and prevention in the Australian prison sector based on available evidence. Prison‐based health services should strive to simplify and improve efficiency in the provision of the hepatitis C care cascade, including strategies such as universal opt‐out testing, point‐of‐care testing, simplified assessment protocols, and earlier confirmation of cure. Optimising hepatitis C management in prisons is essential to prevent long term adverse outcomes for a marginalised population living with HCV. Scale‐up of testing and treatment in prisons will make a major contribution towards Australia's efforts to eliminate hepatitis C as a public health threat by 2030.

BackgroundPeople recently released from prison engage with emergency healthcare at greater rates than the general population. While retention in opioid agonist treatment (OAT) is associated with substantial reductions in the risk of opioid-related mortality postrelease, it is unknown how OAT affects contact with emergency healthcare. In a cohort of men who injected drugs regularly prior to imprisonment, we described rates of contact with ambulance services and EDs, and their associations with use of OAT, in the 3 months after release from prison.MethodsSelf-report data from a prospective observational cohort of men who regularly injected drugs before a period of sentenced imprisonment, recruited between September 2014 and May 2016, were linked to state-wide ambulance and ED records over a 3-month postrelease period in Victoria, Australia. We used generalised linear models to estimate associations between OAT use (none/interrupted/retained) and contact with ambulance and EDs postrelease, adjusted for other covariates.ResultsAmong 265 participants, we observed 77 ambulance contacts and 123 ED contacts over a median of 98 days of observation (IQR 87–125 days). Participants who were retained in OAT between prison release and scheduled 3-month postrelease follow-up interviews had lower rates of contact with ambulance (adjusted incidence rate ratio (AIRR) 0.33, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.76) and ED (AIRR 0.43, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.83), compared with participants with no OAT use postrelease. Participants with interrupted OAT use did not differ from those with no OAT use in rates of contact with ambulance or ED.ConclusionWe found lower rates of contact with emergency healthcare after release among people retained in OAT, but not among people reporting interrupted OAT use, underscoring the benefits of postrelease OAT retention. Strategies to improve accessibility and support OAT retention after leaving prison are important for men who inject drugs.

Studies aimed at improving the health and well-being needs of people in prison are increasing in number. The ethical and logistical challenges of conducting this research, however, pose challenges for researchers which can limit its scope. Emerging literature provides insights into these challenges, but little is focused on the Australian perspective, and most are based on the experiences of recruiting and collecting data for ethnographic and qualitative research. Literature describing the challenges of conducting quantitative prospective studies in prisons is limited. Furthermore, despite the fact that people who inject drugs are overrepresented amongst prison populations, and experience higher levels of socioeconomic disadvantage and poorer health than the general prison population, we are unaware of literature describing the particular sensitivities associated with their recruitment and participation in research in prisons. We intend to address these gaps by drawing on our experience and reflecting on learnings that emerged from longitudinal research we conducted with 400 incarcerated males with recent histories of injecting drug use, in Victoria, Australia. Our aim is to provide guidance and lessons for future research.

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) affects approximately 220,000 Australians (The Kirby Institute, 2012) and to date there is no vaccine available to prevent transmission. While improvements in treatment have been [...], Despite two decades of prevention activities and education, rates of hepatitis C infection remain high among people who inject drugs. In this article we draw on the findings of an extensive review of the content of print hepatitis C prevention materials circulating in Australia, examining these data in light of Petraglia's (2009) theory of "authenticity" in social marketing. We identify three main areas in which resources could be redesigned: closer attention to language and terminology, a critical engagement with common concepts of the individual, and more acknowledgement of the role of social and structural factors in shaping injecting practice. To achieve a stronger sense of authenticity, and in turn become more equitable and efficient, future resources could address these issues using insights from social marketing literature. KEY WORDS: hepatitis C virus, prevention education, health communication, authenticity.

We present a microamphiphilic surface to promote the formation of a thin, stable liquid film during condensation. The surface consists of a hydrophilic micropillar array with hydrophobic pillar tips and was made using photolithography, deep reactive ion etching, and liftoff. The hydrophobic tips prevent the liquid film from growing thick, thereby keeping the thermal resistance low without the cyclical growth and shedding process of dropwise condensation. The wetting behavior was modeled analytically, and the parameters required for film formation were determined and verified with ESEM experiments. When a surface filled with condensate and lacked a low-pressure zone for the water to leave, a rupture event occurred, and a large Wenzel droplet emerged to flood the surface irreversibly. A number of strategies were found to combat rupture events. Tilting the surface vertically and dipping in a liquid pool gave the condensate a low-pressure region and prevented rupture. Irreversible flooding can also be avoided by ensuring that the emerged droplet was a nonwetting, highly mobile Cassie droplet. Parameters for Cassie-stable amphiphilic surfaces were determined analytically, but the high aspect ratios required prevented the manufacture of these surfaces for this study. Instead a hierarchical design was presented that demonstrated emerged Cassie droplets without challenging the manufacturing limits of the microfabrication procedure. This design avoided Wenzel droplet flooding without the need for a designated low-pressure zone. Additionally, sites for Cassie emergence could be engineered by removing a single pillar from the array at a designated location.

BackgroundThe General Medical Council expects medical graduates to care for dying patients with skill, clinical judgement and compassion. UK surveys continually demonstrate low confidence and increasing distress amongst junior doctors when providing care to the dying.AimThis systematic review aims to determine what has been evidenced within worldwide literature regarding medical undergraduate confidence to care for dying patients.DesignA systematic electronic search was undertaken. Data extraction included measurements of baseline confidence, associated assessment tools and details of applied educational interventions. Pre/postintervention confidence comparisons were made. Factors influencing confidence levels were explored.Data sourcesMEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, ERIC, PsycINFO, British Education Index and Cochrane Review databases were accessed, with no restrictions on publication year. Eligible studies included the terms ‘medical student’, ‘confidence’ and ‘dying’, alongside appropriate MeSH headings. Study quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool.ResultsFifteen eligible studies were included, demonstrating a diversity of assessment tools. Student confidence was low in provision of symptom management, family support, and psycho-spiritual support to dying patients. Eight interventional studies demonstrated increased postinterventional confidence. Lack of undergraduate exposure to dying patients and lack of structure within undergraduate palliative care curricula were cited as factors responsible for low confidence.ConclusionThis review clarifies the objective documentation of medical undergraduate confidence to care for the dying. Identifying where teaching fails to prepare graduates for realities in clinical practice will help inform future undergraduate palliative care curriculum planning.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019119057.

Schizophrenia is a severe neurodevelopmental psychiatric affliction manifested behaviorally at late adolescence/early adulthood. Current treatments comprise antipsychotics which act solely symptomatic, are limited in their effectiveness and often associated with side-effects. We here report that application of non-invasive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) during adolescence, prior to schizophrenia-relevant behavioral manifestation, prevents the development of positive symptoms and related neurobiological alterations in the maternal immune stimulation (MIS) model of schizophrenia.

Condensation heat transfer can be altered significantly by changing the texture and material of a surface to promote droplet removal and therefore lower thermal resistance. These designs are often expensive and fragile, however, and are fabricated using micro- or nanoscale features that are not easily implemented in real-world systems. Here, we present a novel macromachined amphiphilic surface that promotes droplet removal and resists permanent flooding via a spontaneous dewetting transition. While much of the research in condensation involves condensing on surfaces that are fully or mostly hydrophobic, droplets on the surface presented here nucleate and grow inside the structure on a hydrophilic material. The absence of any coating between the liquid and the conductive surface has the benefits of both decreasing thermal resistance and enhancing nucleation density. When the liquid grows to a critical size inside the channel, its elongated shape becomes unstable and spontaneously dewets to form rounded droplets on the hydrophobic fin peaks. The removal of liquid from the channels promotes new growth on the bare hydrophilic material, while the emerged rounded droplets can more easily shed from the hydrophobic fins. The dewetting phenomenon is shown experimentally and characterized analytically such that a desired critical water slug length could be designed by changing geometric parameters of the surface structure. The macroscale machined surface is also more durable than typical nanofabricated surfaces and easier to manufacture, making the surface more applicable to use in real-world systems. Spontaneous condensate dewetting on the amphiphilic structure is expected to enhance the study of inhibiting flooding on condensing surfaces and provide new pathways for droplet shedding techniques without a requirement for nanothin hydrophobic coatings.

Testing is the first step in treatment and care for blood‐borne viruses (BBVs) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). As new treatments for viral hepatitis emerge, it is important to document effective models for BBV/STI testing. A nurse‐led intervention was implemented across three prisons in Victoria to improve BBV/STI testing. We evaluated the impact of the intervention on BBV/STI testing rates and hepatitis B (HBV) vaccination for reception prisoners.

The article looks at sources of inspiration in weaving. Topics addressed include forms of inspiration, described by the author as "inspiration from the outside", "motivation from the inside", and "hands-on experiences." Special attention is also paid to forms of creativity as related to designing various patterns.

Abstract: This article compares the properties of apparent motion between a light and a touch with apparent motion between either two lights or two touches. Visual and tactile stimulators were attached to the tips of the two index fingers that were held apart at different distances. Subjects rated the quality of apparent motion between each stimulus combination for a range of stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). Subjects reported perceiving apparent motion between all three stimulus combinations. For light—light visual apparent motion, the preferred SOA and the direction threshold SOAs increased as the distance between the stimuli increased (consistent with Korte’s third law of apparent motion). Touch—touch apparent motion also obeyed Korte’s third law, but over a smaller range of distances, showing that proprioceptive information concerning the position of the fingers is integrated into the tactile motion system. The threshold and preferred SOAs for visuotactile apparent motion did not vary with distance, suggesting a different mechanism for multimodal apparent motion.

As with any other healthcare professional in today’s medicolegal climate, the Occupational Therapist is at a risk of litigious claims being made against them. Through a Freedom of Information request, litigation claims data between 2000 and 2020 against National Health Service Occupational Therapists in the United Kingdom were obtained from National Health Service (NHS) Resolution. We perform a descriptive analysis of the results and review the literature around litigation involving Occupational Therapists. 79 claims were registered over this period, of which 37 were settled with damages. The most common primary injury for successful claims was fracture. The most common primary causes for successful claims were equipment malfunction and lack of assistance/care. The total cost for successful claims was £1,655,771. These data demonstrate that Occupational Therapy is a trusted profession, with a low rate of claims. We frame these findings in context and discuss lessons behind the data.

The article offers step-by-step instruction for weaving man's scarf and baby blanket.

Looks at the Toshiba Libretto personal computer, which was developed in Japan. Libretto being the smallest full function machine on the market that can run Windows 95; Libretto's statistics, including a 120-MHz Intel processor with MMX capability; Price.