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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with progressive memory loss in dementia. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were reported beneficial for human neural stem cells (hNSCs) treated with Amyloid-beta (Aβ), but the neuroprotective mechanisms still are unknown. First, the hNSCs induced by Aβ to construct AD cell model in vitro and AuNPs was performed to assess the therapeutic effect of Aβ-targeted AD treatment. Then, we investigated the effects of AuNPs on hNSCs viability and proinflammatory factors (interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA). FACS was carried out to determinate Tuj-1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated by ROS and JC-1 assay kit. In addition, miRNA array was used to systematically detect the differential miRNAs. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was applied to verify the targeting relationship between miR-21–5p and the suppressor of cytokine signalling 6(SOCS6). Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and Western blot assessments were also used to detect related gene expression intracellularly or in the supernatant. The results demonstrate that AuNPs co-treatment repressed the high expression of total tau (T-tau), phosphorylated tau (P-tau), and Aβ protein, and reduced apoptosis rate of hNSCs. Aβ-induced decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondria in the hNSCs were damaged, while AuNPs co-treatment showed a protective effect on mitochondrial membrane potential. Co-treatment with AuNPs significantly increased dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) mRNA levels. AuNPs may improve mitochondrial function impairment due to Aβ by elevating mitochondrial membrane potential, upregulating regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis, and inhibiting ROS production. hNSCs transfected with miR-21–5p inhibitor reversed AuNPs mediated cytoprotection induced by Aβ. AuNPs upregulation of miR-21–5p expression and exert a mitochondrial protective function. Overexpression of miR-21–5p contributes to enhancing the effect of cytoprotection of AuNPs. MiR-21–5p direct targeting SOCS6 and overexpression SOCS6 exerted opposite effects on hNSCs compared with miR-21–5p mimic group. In conclusion, AuNPs can protect hNSCs from Aβ injury and decrease mitochondrial damage by regulating the miR-21–5p/SOCS6 pathway.