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Two redundant rule based methods are developed for a time-delay nonlinear model in this paper. By using the redundant rule, the time-delay nonlinear model can be turned into a redundant model which contains some redundant terms. Then the least squares iterative and the particle swarm optimisation algorithms are applied to update the parameters and the corresponding time-delay. Compared with the redundant rule based least squares iterative algorithm, the redundant rule based particle swarm optimisation algorithm is more efficient for nonlinear models with complex structures. A simulation example shows that the proposed algorithms are effective.

Despite a well-developed and growing body of work on the directed evolution of hemoproteins, the potential of hemoproteins to catalyze non-natural reactions remains underexplored. This paper reports a new biocatalytic strategy for the one-pot synthesis of unnatural α-amino acids. Engineered variants of dual-function Vitreoscillahemoglobin were found to efficiently catalyze N–H insertion and C–H sp3alkylation, providing moderate to excellent yields (57%–95%) of unnatural α-amino acid derivatives and turnover numbers (1425–2375).

•An optimization framework is presented for an off-grid clean microgrid system solar/battery energy storage.•A novel meta-heuristic algorithm is proposed to optimization of the structure in terms of economics and reliability.•The variations of the optimal sizing of the structure on the basis of different types of reliability index is investigated.•The tabu search parameters are comprehensively evaluated and investigated in optimization problems.