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Aycan Ünalp, Yiğithan Güzin, Bülent Ünay, Ayşe Tosun, Dilek Çavuşoğlu, Hande Gazeteci Tekin, Semra Hız Kurul, Ebru Arhan, Selvinaz Edizer, Gülten Öztürk, Uluç Yiş, Ünsal Yılmaz, Turkish Rare Epilepsies Study Group, Clinical and genetic evaluations of rare childhood epilepsies in Turkey's national cohort, Epileptic Disorders, 2023, (https://doi.org/10.1002/epd2.20150) The above article, published online on 16 August 2023 on Wiley Online Library (www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the Editor‐in‐Chief, Sándor Beniczky, and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The authors asked for a retraction based on an experimental error which would alter the results of the study if corrected.

•In this series, evolution to multiple sclerosis was 20% within median 11 months after detection of RIS.•The presence of CSF OCB is a biomarker for clinical evolution, with rates of 25% in the first year and 33.3% within the first two years, higher than cases with a follow-up period of ≥3 years and no OCB .•Longitudinal follow-up ≥3 years and analysis of CSF in combination with brain and spinal cord MRI are advisable in pediatric and adolescent RIS patients to predict the course.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are immune-mediated inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) mostly presenting as optic neuritis and acute myelitis. NMOSD can be associated with seropositivity for aquaporin 4 antibody (AQP4 IgG), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody (MOG IgG), or can be seronegative for both. In this study, we retrospectively examined our seropositive and seronegative pediatric NMOSD patients.

•The recurrent optic neuritis cases in children should be thoroughly examined and closely monitored for multiple sclerosis (MS) and other potential diagnoses.•Cranial MRI abnormalities in female patients older than ten years with unilateral optic neuritis (ON) increase the risk of developing multiple sclerosis.•Relapsing isolated optic neuritis constitutes a distinct subgroup with unclear pathogenesis and outcomes, necessitating careful monitoring and attention in terms of diagnosis and treatment.

Neuromyelitis optica is an inflammatory central nervous system syndrome associated with serum aquaporin-4 IgG antibody. Optic nerve and spinal cord involvement is typical. We report a 9-year-old girl with a diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica, who developed azathioprine-induced pancytopenia that was subsequently found to be caused by thiopurine-methyltransferase mutation.

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies-related disease is mainly presented with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), recurrent optic neuritis, and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs), however the complete clinical spectrum has not yet been defined. We describe an unusual presentation of MOG- related disease. A previously well 10-year-old girl admitted with a focal onset seizure. Neurological examination, electroencephalography, and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were normal. Following seizure episode she developed gradually increased behavioral and personality changes during a period of 2.5 months. Neurological examination was unremarkable except for drowsiness and minimal ataxia on tandem walking. Repeated brain MRI revealed hazy and poorly demarcated lesions with gadolinium enhancement in the basal ganglia, supratentorial white matter, cerebral peduncles, cerebellum, and servical spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid analyses (CSF) revealed 10 lymphocytes /µL, normal protein concentration and IgG index, and negative oligoclonal bands. Auto-antibodies against N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and CASPR2 in CSF, and antibodies against aquaporin 4 in serum were negative. Analysis with a cell-based assay identified high serum titer of MOG antibodies (1:320). Following IVIG therapy, the patient showed complete clinical recovery within a week with no further relaps for the following 6-month period.