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Seven unchelated bisphosphine-based allenylidene Pt(II) complexes, including three mono(allenylidene) Pt(II) complexes (3a, 3c–d) and four cis-bis(allenylidene) Pt(II) complexes (4a–d), along with four chelated bisphosphine-based bis(allenylidene) Pt(II) complexes (6b–dand 8), have been developed by using alkynyl triazole salt as the allenylidene source, in which a silver transmetalation reaction of mono(allenylidene) Ag(I)Cl complex 2was involved as the key step. All of these mono- and bis(allenylidene) Pt(II) complexes were fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy and ESI-MS analysis. Moreover, the crystal structures of the unchelated mono(allenylidene) Pt(II) complex 3c, bis(allenylidene) Pt(II) complex 4a, and the chelated bis(allenylidene) Pt(II) complexes 6cand 8were elucidated, revealing a square-planar coordination geometry in 3cand 4a, whereas a slightly twisted square-planar arrangement was observed in 6cand 8. In comparison to unchelated counterparts 3cand 4a, a stronger coordination of Pt(II) with the chelated bisphosphine groups and a weakened Pt–Clcomplexation were observed in complexes 6cand 8. The catalytic prowess of these bisphosphine-bearing mono(allenylidene) Pt(II) complexes was then evaluated in Pt(II)-catalyzed 1,6-enyne cycloisomerization and Pt(II)-mediated bis-indolylation of cyclic vinyl amines/ethers, resulting in the formation of five methylene pyrrolidine derivatives (11a–e), four tri- or tetra-substituted cyclopropane derivatives (12a–d), and four ring-opening products (14a–d).

In order to enhance the mechanical properties of the selective laser-melted (SLM) high-Mg content AlSiMg1.4 alloy, the Zr element was introduced. The influence of Zr alloying on the processability, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the alloy was systematically investigated through performing microstructure analysis and tensile testing. It was demonstrated that the SLM-fabricated AlSiMg1.4−Zr alloy exhibited high process stability with a relative density of over 99.5% at various process parameters. Besides, the strong grain refinement induced by the primary Al3Zr particle during the melt solidification process simultaneously enhanced both the strength and plasticity of the alloy. The values for the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation of the SLM-fabricated AlSiMg1.4−Zr were (343±3) MPa, (485±4) MPa, and (10.2±0.2)%, respectively, demonstrating good strength− plasticity synergy in comparison to the AlSiMg1.4 and other Al−Si-based alloys fabricated by SLM.

In recent years, non-aqueous iron-based ionic liquid (Fe-IL) desulfurization technology has garnered widespread attention for its avoidance of the excessive oxidation of hydrogen sulfide in aqueous systems. However, the hydrogen bond network in ionic liquids restricts molecular motion, resulting in poor reactivity of Fe-IL. In this work, the chelated Fe-ILs (BmimFeEDTA and BZKFeEDTA) were synthesized and dissolved in PEG200 to construct chelated iron-based deep eutectic solvents (Bm-Fe-DES, BZK-Fe-DES). 1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI), as a conjugated active ligand, was introduced to enhance the catalytic oxidation of H2S by the two Fe-DESs. After five cycles, both Fe-DES/DMI systems exhibited excellent desulfurization and regeneration performance. POM and FT-IR analyses revealed that BZKFeEDTA with a long carbon chain exhibited a more ordered spatial structure, which was more conducive to the cycling of Fe(III) and Fe(II). CV, Py-IR, bond length analysis, and LUMO-HOMO energy gap indicated that DMI weakens the limitation of EDTA to Fe(III) by coordinating with Fe(III), which significantly enhances the catalytic activity of Fe-DES. UV–vis and CPA analysis demonstrated the transfer of π electrons from DMI to the EDTA ligand, facilitating the loss of electrons from [Fe(II)EDTA]2-. Therefore, the two types of chelated iron-based deep eutectic solvents prepared in this work have great application potential in the field of hydrogen sulfide catalytic oxidation.

In order to increase the processability and process window of the selective laser melting (SLM)-fabricated Al−Mn−Mg−Er−Zr alloy, a novel Si-modified Al−Mn−Mg−Er−Zr alloy was designed. The effect of Si alloying on the surface quality, processability, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the SLM-fabricated alloy was studied. The results showed that introducing Si into the Al−Mn−Mg−Er−Zr alloy prevented balling and keyhole formation, refined the grain size, and reduced the solidification temperature, which eliminated cracks and increased the processability and process window of the alloy. The maximum relative density of the SLM-fabricated Si/Al−Mn−Mg−Er−Zr alloy reached 99.6%. The yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the alloy were (371±7) MPa and (518±6) MPa, respectively. These values were higher than those of the SLM-fabricated Al−Mn−Mg−Er−Zr and other Sc-free Al−Mg-based alloys.

Batch steganography regarding to image-selection and payload-allocation has gained increasing attention due to the secure demanding of data hiding of real scenario. However, due to the predefined selection mechanism, the chosen images are always complex which means that the diversity of the selected cover set is finite. In this paper, we develop a diverse and secure batch steganography scheme including the model-based generation and double-layered payload assignment. To construct the diverse image set, we use the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence to quantify the diversity increment and, relying on steganographic distortion, we select multiple image subsets (class) to create the diverse cover set in which each subset is modeled as the normal distribution with proper model parameters. Depending on the distortion of image subset, we assign the payload into all subsets with between-class allocation. Moreover, for the assigned payload of each subset, we introduce the linear model to achieve the within-class allocation. Finally, we obtain a diverse cover set along with suitable payload. Extensive experiments demonstrate the practicality of the proposed method in diversity and, compared with other selection methods, exhibit higher security on multiple steganalytic tools.

The paper aims to study the mechanical characteristics of disintegrated carbonaceous mudstone in a triaxial stress state from a micro-perspective of particles. Based on the discrete element method (DEM), a spherical-polymer (SP) model that includes three different types of the particles (triangle-like, rectangle-like, and sphere) was proposed and combined the error diagram with R2to analyze the difference between the SP model and Ball–Ball (BB) model. Meanwhile, a sensitive analysis of micro-mechanical characteristics was carried out, which quantitatively described the sensitivity of different parameters according to stress–strain curves. The processes of deformation and failure for the disintegrated carbonaceous mudstone were finally analyzed based on the displacement diagram of the particle according to the energy theory. The results suggest that the SP model could better reflect the mechanical characteristics of disintegrated carbonaceous mudstone, for the SP models, the correlation coefficient (R2) range was larger than the BB model. From the sensitivity analysis of parameters, the decreasing rate of initial deformation modulus was 56–66% as the stiffness ratio was modified when fixing other factors. The peak strength correlated well with the tensile-shear strength ratio, stiffness ratio, and friction coefficient. The modification of abnormal-shaped particles’ volume fraction ratio could affect the peak shear strength significantly. For the disintegrated carbonaceous mudstone, the processes of deformation and failure were discussed by energy transference which particle elements go from a low-energy state to a high-energy state.

Our previous study showed that Lactiplantibacillus plantarumY42 in the biofilm state can produce more exopolysaccharides and surface-layer proteins and showed a stronger promoting effect on intestinal barrier function than that in the planktonic state. In this study, oral administration of the live/pasteurized planktonic or biofilm L. plantarumY42 and its metabolites (exopolysaccharides and surface-layer proteins) increased the expression of Occludin, Claudin-1, ZO-1, and MUC2 in the gut of the Balb/C mice after exposure to Listeria monocytogenesATCC 19115 and inhibited the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, which in turn reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 in the serum of the mice. Furthermore, oral administration of the live/pasteurized planktonic or biofilm L. plantarumY42 and its metabolites increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_groupand Prevotellaceae_UCG-001) while reducing the abundance of harmful bacteria (e.g., norank_f__Muribaculaceae) in the gut of the mice, in line with the increase of short-chain fatty acids and indole derivatives in the feces of the mice. Notably, biofilm L. plantarumY42 exerted a better preventing effect on the intestinal barrier dysfunction of the Balb/C mice due to the fact that biofilm L. plantarumY42 expressed more exopolysaccharides and surface-layer proteins than the planktonic state. These results provide data support for the use of exopolysaccharides and surface-layer proteins extracted from biofilm-state L. plantarumY42 as functional food ingredients in preventing intestinal barrier dysfunction.

Our goal is to improve the convergence theory of the one-step modulus-based synchronous multisplitting (MSM) and the two-step modulus-based synchronous multisplitting (TMSM) iteration methods for a class of nondifferentiable nonlinear complementarity problems (NCPs) with H+-matrices. The analysis is developed and the results are renewed under some conditions weakened than before.

We propose, in this paper, the preconditioned accelerated generalized successive overrelaxation (PAGSOR) iteration method for efficiently solving the large complex symmetric linear systems. To solve the nonlinear systems whose Jacobian matrices are complex and symmetric, treating the PAGSOR method as internal iteration, we construct a modified Newton-PAGSOR (MN-PAGSOR) method to provide an effective approach for solving a wide range of problems in various scientific and engineering fields. Based on the Hölder continuous condition we present the theoretical framework of the modified method, demonstrate its local convergence properties, and provide numerical experiments to validate its effectiveness in solving a class of nonlinear systems.

ABSTRACT The structural behaviors of steel reinforced ultra-high performance engineered cementitious composites (UHP-ECC) beams under bending were experimentally explored and compared to the ordinary reinforced concrete (RC) beams in present [...]

ABSTRACT Ultra-high performance engineered cementitious composites (UHP-ECC), which combines the strain-hardening and multiple crack characteristics and the high strength of mortar matrix, was investigated in this study. The tensile strength [...]

Ultrasonic seam assisted resistance spot welding, as a new joining technology, was proposed for welding TC4 titanium alloy and Q235 mild steel with Cu interlayer (abbreviated as US-RSW-Cu), in which, the Cu interlayer was consolidated on the Q235 mild steel by ultrasonic seam welding (USW) in advance, which was subsequently connected with TC4 by the traditional standard resistance spot welding (RSW) in the following experiments. To investigate the effect of pre-USW on the interface microstructure and mechanical properties, the final joints were compared with the other joints by the traditional RSW without interlayer directly (abbreviated as RSW-D), and with a single Cu interlayer (abbreviated as RSW-Cu). The results depicted that the welding nugget in RSW-D and the flat interfacial structure in RSW-Cu were replaced by the inhomogenous interfacial structure in US-RSW-Cu due to the pre-metallurgical bonding between Cu interlayer and steel by USW, which also effectively decreased the welding defects. The Ti-Cu intermetallic compounds (IMCs) were generated at the final joints via US-RSW-Cu instead of most Ti-Fe IMCs, which improved significantly the joint properties and reduced the nanoindentation hardness at the joint interface. The final shearing force of welding joints by this method was the highest and reached 12,380 N, which was 2.68 times with original joint strength via a single RSW-D. The reaction layer near the Ti side via US-RSW-Cu contained abundant Fe atoms, forming Ti-Cu and TiFe2IMCs at this position. The final welded specimen fractured at the interfacial reaction layer near the Ti side due to the generation of TiFe2IMC. The XRD results also proved the generation of the abovementioned Ti-Cu and Ti-Fe IMCs.

In order to explore the cultivation techniques for increasing maize yield and water efficient utilization in the semi-arid area of Jilin Province, China, a field experiment was carried out in Taonan City, the semi-arid area of Jilin Province in 2020 and 2021. Common plastic film mulching (CM), degradable plastic film mulching (DM), crushed straw mulching (SM) and no mulching (CK) were set up to study the effects of surface mulching on the temporal and spatial changes of soil water and temperature, physiological characteristics of maize, maize yield and water use efficiency. The results showed that the soil water content was related to rainfall and its spatial and temporal distribution in maize growth stage. The soil water content in 0–60 cm increased with the increase of soil depth in the vertical direction, and the soil water content between treatments was SM > CM > DM > CK. The soil temperature increased first and then decreased with the growth process of maize, and gradually decreased with the deepening of the plough layer. The temperature was increased by plastic film mulching (CM > DM), and decreased by straw mulching. Different water temperature effects caused by surface mulching have different effects on the physiological characteristics, growth and yield of maize, and DM treatment was the best. DM treatment significantly increased the bleeding sap mass and cytokinin content of maize roots due to its coordinated water temperature, significantly reduced the content of soluble sugar and abscisic acid in bleeding sap compared with CK, transmitted the physiological reaction of roots upward through plant hormones and other information substances, indirectly affected the physiological and biochemical processes of shoots, and enhanced the activities of ribulose diphosphate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and glutamine synthetase in leaves, it improved the photosynthetic performance of maize leaves, promoted the growth and development of maize and the accumulation of dry matter in each period, thereby significantly increasing maize yield by 14.13% and water use efficiency by 16.8%. The yield and water use efficiency of maize under CM treatment were 8.59% and 8.1% higher than CK respectively. However, SM treatment resulted in slow accumulation of dry matter, 8.96% yield reduction and 10.4% water use efficiency reduction due to low temperature effect in the early stage, decreased enzyme activity and photosynthetic rate, and slow growth and development. The degradable plastic film mulching can keep water and increase temperature, increase yield and improve efficiency, and reduce environmental pollution, which can provide theoretical basis and technical support for the cultivation technology model of maize yield increase and water efficient use in semi-arid areas.

The reliable Al/steel resultant welded joint with a large contact area was of great significance in electrolysis cells to produce aluminum. Herein, a large-area 6061 aluminum alloy/304 stainless steel dissimilar welds were successfully obtained by unbalanced thermal field assisted thermo-compensated resistance brazing welding(abbreviated as UTC-TC-RBW). In the present study, the heating distribution conditions of the joint were adjusted based on the introduction of the auxiliary welding current, forming an unbalanced temperature field. The whole welding temperature field of the joint was improved significantly with the increase of the auxiliary current, which promoted the interdiffusion of Al and Fe elements at the interface. Hence, the connection area between Al alloy and steel was increased gradually. The final interface between Al alloy and steel was changed to the Al(s.s) diffusion layer and Fe2Al5layer. XRD results proved the presence of these phase compositions. When the auxiliary current was 0.3 kA, the maximum thickness of the Al(s.s) diffusion layer and Fe2Al5layer reached 5.25 μm and 0.86 μm. The final load of the obtained joint with the auxiliary current of 0.3 kA was the maximum and reached 1789.7N, which was approximately 3 times that of the joints without auxiliary current.

Achieving the effective joining between Al alloy and stainless steel with a large cross-section was meaningful in the significant industry field. For this, the Al/steel dissimilar bimetal materials were manufactured by a novelty hybrid technology, named thermo-compensated resistance brazing welding. The effect of the single Zn foil and the deposited Zn coatings with cold spray technology on the bonding interface, interfacial microstructure, and mechanical properties of the final Al/steel resultant joints were systematically investigated by the relevant analysis method. The results revealed that the obvious reaction layer with main components of Al(s.s) was formed at the Al/steel joints with the single Zn foil as the interlayer. Meanwhile, the introduction of the Zn interlayer improved the temperature field of the joint, which enhanced the lap-shear load of the weld. Besides, the Zn coating was deposited at the top surface of the 304ss substrate as the interlayer to increase joint performance further. The advantage of the pre-deposition formed a better metallurgical bond between the coating and 304ss. The subsequent lap-shear load of the weld was improved with the increase of the Zn coating thickness. The maximum lap-shear load of the final joints reached 2087.6N with a Zn coating thickness of 500 μm and the interfacial structure of the joint was changed: Al alloy, reaction layer I, Al(s.s) + Al2O3, and 304ss from top to bottom. The main composition was Al(s.s) at the reaction layer I between Al alloy and coating.

To explore the effects of 6-gingerol, asarinin, and deoxyschizandrin—the main components of Zingiber officinale(Willd.) Rosc. (Gan Jiang), Asarum heterotropoidesf. var. mandshuricum(Maxim.) (Xi Xin), and Schisandra chinensis(Turcz.) Baill. (Wu Wei Zi), respectively—on an interleukin (IL)-13–induced BEAS-2B cell model in vitro.

The 6061 aluminum alloy/304 stainless steel dissimilar materials with a certain area were successfully achieved by a novelty welding method, named thermo-compensated resistance brazing welding, in which, the high-resistivity graphite was inserted as the auxiliary electrode. The effect of the welding current and welding time on the temperature field of the graphite, mechanical properties, and the fracture surface of the final Al/steel weld was investigated. The results revealed that the temperature field was generated by Joule heat based on graphite, Al alloy, and stainless steel in the welding process. The generated Joule heat was gradually extended from one point to the entire interface in the whole welding process. The temperature field and tensile-shear load of the joint were also improved with the increase of the welding parameters. The degree of diffusion surface was illustrated at the fracture, indicating the “brazing” feature. There were three diffusion regions A, B, and C on the fracture surface with the steel side of the optimal parameters. The mechanical properties of the weld mainly depended on regions B and C. The effective connection was formed at a local area of the entire interface between Al alloy and 304ss at this parameter. Al(s.s) and Fe2Al5IMC were generated at the interface. The typical inclined interfacial failure was formed after the tensile-shear test due to the heat generation mechanism. The Al(s.s), Fe(s.s), and Fe2Al5IMC were presented on the fracture surface, which was consistent with the above contents.

Graphical abstract:

Current integrated modeling frameworks for simulating nutrient sources and dynamics are inadequate for large regional watersheds dominated by groundwater‐surface water interactions due to their simplistic representations of groundwater. In this study, we develop a coupled model that integrates comprehensive surface water, 3‐D groundwater, soil erosion, and nutrient processes. The model is intended to enhance the understanding of nutrient dynamics and sources in the Pearl River Basin (PRB). The model exhibits satisfactory performance in simulating streamflow and sediment transport patterns, capturing essential seasonal variations in water quality indicators. Hydrological budget assessments from 2002 to 2020 in the PRB reveal that 54% of precipitation drains into the South China Sea as surface water, while groundwater discharge as baseflow accounts for 18% of the streamflow. The nutrient budget for the PRB indicates that non‐point sources are the dominant contributors to both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), ranging between 64% and 90%. Improved sewage collection and treatment have reduced point source nutrient contributions over the evaluation period. Groundwater remains a significant and consistent source of N, contributing between 11% and 19%. Natural disturbances and fertilization have led to an upward trend in river N inputs, while afforestation and sewage reduction efforts have resulted in a downward trend in river P inputs. Increased fertilization emerges as a central concern for the PRB, suggesting cost‐effective mitigation of fertilizer usage a pragmatic solution. The coupled simulation model developed in this study offers a novel systems approach for basin‐wide nutrient analysis and pollution control strategies, considering both natural and human‐induced disturbances. Water nutrient pollution is a global problem caused by both natural and human factors. To better understand nutrient pollution, a new model has been developed that combines water flow, soil erosion, and nutrient transport to simulate water and nutrient cycling on a regional scale. This model can assist in the management of water pollution by providing a better understanding of nutrient sources and quantifying the contribution of climate change and different human activities. Tested in the Pearl River Basin from 2002 to 2020, the model accurately simulated water flow and nutrient patterns. A key finding is that groundwater supplies 18% of water and 14% of nitrogen inputs of the Pearl River. The main sources of pollutants are non‐point agricultural sources, primarily from fertilization. Climate variability leads to more runoff and nutrient input, while improved sewage treatment and afforestation have reduced nutrient pollution. The model allows the exploration of different influencing factors to better control nutrient pollution. Understanding how human activities impact different regions is crucial for effective nutrient pollution management. A novel system model integrates water, soil, and nutrient dynamics for effective regional watershed managementNon‐point source nutrients are the major contributors of nitrogen and phosphorus levels in the Pearl River Basin, accounting for 64%–90%The rise in fertilization poses a growing concern for the Pearl River Basin, underscoring the need for cost‐effective mitigation strategies A novel system model integrates water, soil, and nutrient dynamics for effective regional watershed management Non‐point source nutrients are the major contributors of nitrogen and phosphorus levels in the Pearl River Basin, accounting for 64%–90% The rise in fertilization poses a growing concern for the Pearl River Basin, underscoring the need for cost‐effective mitigation strategies

Stroke is the leading cause of death and disability. Currently, there is no effective pharmacological treatment for this disease, which can be partially attributed to the inability to efficiently deliver therapeutics to the brain. Here we report the development of natural compound-derived nanoparticles (NPs), which function both as a potent therapeutic agent for stroke treatment and as an efficient carrier for drug delivery to the ischemic brain. First, we screened a collection of natural nanomaterials and identified betulinic acid (BA) as one of the most potent antioxidants for stroke treatment. Next, we engineered BA NPs for preferential drug release in acidic ischemic tissue through chemically converting BA to betulinic amine (BAM) and for targeted drug delivery through surface conjugation of AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist. The resulting AMD3100-conjugated BAM NPs, or A-BAM NPs, were then assessed as a therapeutic agent for stroke treatment and as a carrier for delivery of NA1, a neuroprotective peptide. We show that intravenous administration of A-BAM NPs effectively improved recovery from stroke and its efficacy was further enhanced when NA1 was encapsulated. Due to their multifunctionality and significant efficacy, we anticipate that A-BAM NPs have the potential to be translated both as a therapeutic agent and as a drug carrier to improve the treatment of stroke.

The purpose of this study was to control the effects of different tillage and straw returning methods on the temporal and spatial changes of soil moisture, photosynthetic characteristics of maize leaves, maize yield and water use efficiency, and to provide the basis for the cultivation mode of maize yield increase, water efficiency and soil sustainable utilization in semi-humid area. The spatial and temporal changes of soil moisture, leaf photosynthetic characteristics, maize yield and water use efficiency (WUE) were studied under four treatments, rotary cultivation and ridging of straws (CK), full amount and deep turning of straw back to the field (SP), no till straw smashed in full amount, covering and returning to the field (SC) and straw mulching and mechanical deep loosening (SS). The spatial and temporal dynamics of soil water storage showed a single peak curve in 2018 and a double peak curve in 2019. Soil water storage increased with the increase of soil depth. The soil water storage of SC and SS treatments were significantly higher than that of SP and CK treatments in the range of 0–60 cm. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr) of maize leaves of SP, SC and SS treatments were significantly increased compared with CK treatment in 2018 and 2019, the Pn, Gs, Ciand Trof SP and SC treatments were significantly lower than those of SS treatment. The stomatal limitation percentage (Ls) of SS treatment was significantly decreased compared with CK, SP and SC treatments. The yield of SS treatment increased by 13.88% and 14.82% in 2018 and 2019, SP treatment increased by 7.59% and 9.12%, SC treatment increased by 7.42% and 8.5%, respectively, compared with CK treatment. The water use efficiency (WUE) of SS treatment increased by 13.89% and 9.80% in 2018 and 2019, SP treatment increased by 6.36% and 6.02%, SC treatment increased by 5.77% and 3.92%, respectively. Straw returning reduced soil water evaporation, increased soil water storage, promoted maize photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation, and significantly increased maize yield and water use efficiency. Straw mulching subsoiling is more suitable for drought resistance, yield increase and water efficient cultivation technology mode of maize in rain fed agricultural area.

•IHC detect Ag85B, ESAT-6, and CFP10 is meaningful in PTB.•Positivity of all antigens is crucial in PTB3.Negativity of all antigens exclude PTB.•Simultaneous positivity of all three antigens is crucial for confirming tuberculosis.•Collective negativity of all three antigens is significant in ruling out pulmonary tuberculosis.

Byline: Jiang. Yu, Hui. Xiong, Chunxiao. Wei, Zilian. Cui, Xunbo. Jin, Jianjun. Zhang Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical utility of fluorescence in situ hybridization [...]

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2006.01.004 Byline: Jiang Yu (a), Peggy Chin Evans (b), Lucia Perfetti Clark (a) Abstract: This study argued that while sanctions deter offenders from being involved in future drinking-driving offenses, alcohol addiction prevents individuals from making rational choices, and, thus, increases offenders' chances of being involved in drinking driving regardless of the certain, severe, and swift punishments they had experienced. Results indicated that, individuals with more severe alcohol addiction problems had increased chances of committing multiple offenses regardless of the sanctions that they had experienced relative to those with less severe alcohol-related problems. Findings seemed to suggest that criminal justice sanctions alone might not obtain expected deterrent impacts on individuals with alcohol and other addiction problems. Drinking drivers and other drug and alcohol offenders should be screened for substance abuse problems, and, if necessary, provided with treatment. Author Affiliation: (a) New York State Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services, 1450 Western Avenue, Albany, NY 12203, United States (b) Qualis Health, 10700 Meridian Avenue N, Suite 100, Seattle, WA 98133, United States

This study specified aggressive driving (AD) and road rage (RR) and examined a number of alcohol and non-alcohol effects on and the reciprocity between the two behaviors in a drinking driving population. The sample contained 431 clients (79 percent men) who volunteered to complete a self-report survey from fifty alcoholism and substance abuse treatment facilities across New York State. All subjects were undergoing alcoholism treatment because of a drinking driving-related reason. Structural equation modeling with the LISREL program was employed to estimate the reciprocal effects between AD and RR. The results demonstrated that AD and RR were two separate behaviors that simultaneously influenced each other. Additionally, AD and RR, as problem behaviors, tended to be affected mostly by other problem behaviors, such as alcohol problems, impaired driving, and feelings of depression, rather than general situations or behaviors, such as the frequency of alcohol use, driving after drinking, and the experience of stressful life events. The findings convey a message to the criminal justice field as well as alcoholism and substance abuse treatment professionals that addressing the problem of road aggression requires special attention to persons with alcohol problems and especially those with multiple drinking driving offenses.

Magnetosonic (MS) waves with frequencies above the proton gyrofrequency can be locally generated by ring‐beam protons in the Martian heavy ion‐rich ionosphere. In this study, we conduct a parametric analysis to investigate the effects of heavy ion concentrations, energy (Erb), and angle (αrb) of ring‐beam protons, and wave normal angle on the excitation features of Martian ionospheric MS waves. We find the growth rates and frequency range of MS waves decrease by including O+and O2+ions but are insensitive to their relative concentrations. With increasing Erbor αrb, the growth rates of MS waves show a general dropping tendency. Meanwhile, their frequency and wavenumber range are almost unaffected by increasing Erbbut shrink to a narrower range mainly distributed in high frequencies by increasing αrb. Unstable MS waves expand to a wider wavenumber range but shrink to a narrower frequency range as they become more oblique. Magnetosonic (MS) waves are highly compressible electromagnetic emissions in space. Generally, they are locally excited by ring‐like hot protons in plasmas that lack heavy ions. However, a recent study reveals that they can also be locally excited by ring‐beam protons in the Martian heavy ion‐rich ionosphere. Motivated by these differences, we conduct a detailed parametric analysis to investigate how the heavy ion concentrations, the energy and angle of ring‐beam protons, and the wave normal angle affect the dispersion relation and growth rate of Martian MS wave. We find that O+and O2+ions lower the growth rates and frequency range of MS waves but the effects of their relative concentrations are insignificant. In addition to the heavy ions, the excitation features of MS waves strongly depend on the wave normal angle and the distribution properties of ring‐beam protons. These results deepen our understanding of the MS wave excitation features in the unmagnetized planet environment with plentiful heavy ions. O+and O2+ions lower the growth rates and frequency range of Magnetosonic (MS) waves but the effects of their relative concentrations are insignificantThe growth rates of MS waves show a general dropping tendency with increasing ring‐beam energy or angleUnstable MS waves expand to a wider wavenumber range but shrink to a narrower frequency range as they become more oblique O+and O2+ions lower the growth rates and frequency range of Magnetosonic (MS) waves but the effects of their relative concentrations are insignificant The growth rates of MS waves show a general dropping tendency with increasing ring‐beam energy or angle Unstable MS waves expand to a wider wavenumber range but shrink to a narrower frequency range as they become more oblique

Electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) waves are electrostatic emissions with frequencies between the harmonics of the electron gyrofrequencies. Their frequency properties provide clues for understanding their generation and are keys to evaluating their scattering efficiency. Based on Magnetospheric Multiscale satellite observations, we explored the statistical frequency properties of first‐harmonic band ECH waves in the outer magnetosphere. The frequencies at the peak power of ECH waves are found to be day‐night and dawn‐dusk asymmetries, with higher values in the regions from dawn to post‐noon, and these asymmetries are more evident during weaker geomagnetic activity. Furthermore, the frequencies at the peak power of ECH waves decrease gradually with increasing |MLAT| and are positively correlated with their amplitudes at each magnetic local time or |MLAT|. Information on the frequency properties of ECH waves presented in this study can be crucial for future modeling of their contributions to magnetospheric electron dynamics. Electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) waves are electrostatic emissions with frequencies between the harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency. They act as major contributors to the generation of diffuse auroras in the outer magnetosphere via the pitch angle scattering of plasma sheet electrons into the atmosphere. Theoretically, such electron scattering can be quantified by quasilinear scattering rates, which are strongly controlled by the wave frequency. However, the current knowledge of their frequency properties is lacking. In this study, we statistically analyze the frequency properties of the first‐harmonic band ECH waves in the outer magnetosphere using Magnetospheric Multiscale satellite observations. The statistical results show that the wave frequency at peak power highly depends on the magnetic local time (MLT), magnetic latitude (MLAT), and wave amplitude. These new findings are of great importance in advancing our knowledge of ECH wave generation and in modeling ECH‐induced plasma sheet electron dynamics in the outer magnetosphere. ECH waves have clear frequency distribution patterns depending on the MLT, MLAT, and wave amplitudeThe frequency at the peak power is larger from dawn to post‐noon, maximized near the magnetic equator, and decreases with increasing |MLAT|The frequency at the peak power increases with the amplitude for each specific magnetic local time or |MLAT| ECH waves have clear frequency distribution patterns depending on the MLT, MLAT, and wave amplitude The frequency at the peak power is larger from dawn to post‐noon, maximized near the magnetic equator, and decreases with increasing |MLAT| The frequency at the peak power increases with the amplitude for each specific magnetic local time or |MLAT|

In this article, a simple and efficient method is developed to quench the steady-state vibration of a symmetric laminated composite rectangular plate subjected to multiple harmonics with distinct excitation frequencies. The introduction of the inerter into the traditional dynamic vibration absorber enlarges the solution space for both the feasible attachment locations and the absorber parameters. For a given set of attachment locations, when the traditional vibration absorbers yield physically unrealizable absorber parameters, i.e., negative absorber parameters, an inerter-based vibration absorber can be used such that the absorber parameters become strictly positive. Using the assumed modes method, the governing equations of the laminated composite plate carrying the inerter-based dynamic vibration absorbers are first formulated. A set of constraint equations is established by enforcing nodes at user-specified locations on the plate. Harmonic excitations consisting of a single or multiple distinct excitations are considered. In addition, two attachment scenarios are analyzed: when the attachment and node locations coincide, and when they are distinct. Numerical experiments show that the absorbers’ parameters can be readily determined for both cases, and the proposed method can effectively enforce the desired node locations when the plate is subjected to either a single or multiple harmonic excitations.

Peritoneal recurrence is the predominant pattern of relapse after curative-intent surgery for gastric cancer and portends a dismal prognosis. Accurate individualised prediction of peritoneal recurrence is crucial to identify patients who might benefit from intensive treatment. We aimed to develop predictive models for peritoneal recurrence and prognosis in gastric cancer.

Precipitation behavior of P550 steel for non-magnetic drill collars was investigated by microstructure characterization as well as thermodynamic calculation. The results demonstrate that the main precipitate formed at 650–900 °C was cellular Cr2N, and its precipitation depended heavily on the aging temperature. The most sensitive precipitation temperature of cellular Cr2N was 750 °C. At 750 °C, the cellular Cr2N exhibited fast-slow precipitation kinetics with the aging time prolonging. The initial precipitation of cellular Cr2N was governed by the short-range intergranular diffusion of Cr. During long-term aging, its growth was controlled by the long-range bulk diffusion of Cr. In addition, cellular Cr2N induced the precipitation of σ phase ahead of the cell after long period of aging. Increasing the nitrogen content resulted in the increment of both the nucleation site and the driving force for the cellular Cr2N, which jointly promoted its precipitation.

The degree to which punishment reduces criminal recidivism has been extensively studied, though few efforts have examined the extent to which sanctions are effective for offenders whose criminal behaviors are a result of their alcohol and substance abuse problems. This study was conducted under the hypothesis that the effect of alcohol problems and the effect of sanctions tend to negate each other. Sanctions reduce the chance of repeat drinking-driving offenses, while severe alcohol problems increase such chances. Analysis based on a sample of 521 persons who had prior arrests for drinking-driving offenses indicated that offenders' alcohol problems are the strongest predictor of future recidivism. When alcohol problems were controlled for, punitive sanctions did not significantly decrease the chance of recidivism. Findings suggest that carefully screening drinking-driving offenders' alcohol-related problems and providing effective treatment to those offenders who are in need of such services, constitute critical strategies to reduce drinking-driving recidivism. Similar strategies should be applied to offenders who committed alcohol/drug-related offenses other than drinking-driving.

IMPORTANCE: It is not clear whether laparoscopic and open distal gastrectomy produce similar outcomes among patients with locally advanced gastric cancer. Data from a multicenter, randomized clinical trial (Chinese Laparoscopic Gastrointestinal Surgical Study [CLASS]–01) showed that laparoscopic distal gastrectomy did not result in inferior disease-free survival at 3 years compared with open distal gastrectomy. OBJECTIVE: To report 5-year overall survival data from the CLASS-01 trial of laparoscopic vs open distal gastrectomy among patients with locally advanced gastric cancer. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: This was a noninferiority, open-label, randomized clinical trial conducted at 14 centers in China. A total of 1056 eligible patients with clinical stage T2, T3, or T4a gastric cancer without bulky nodes or distant metastases were enrolled from September 12, 2012, to December 3, 2014. Final follow-up was on December 31, 2019. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio after stratification by site, age, cancer stage, and histologic features to undergo either laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (n = 528) or open distal gastrectomy (n = 528) with D2 lymphadenectomy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The 5-year overall survival rates were updated to compare laparoscopic distal gastrectomy with open distal gastrectomy. All analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat basis. In addition, per-protocol and as-treated analyses were performed for overall survival. RESULTS: Data from 1039 patients (726 men [69.9%]; mean [SD] age, 56.2 [10.7] years) who received curative therapy were analyzed. At 5 years, the overall survival rates were 72.6% in the laparoscopic distal gastrectomy group and 76.3% in the open distal gastrectomy group (log-rank P = .19; hazard ratio, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.93-1.48; P = .19). After comparison for competing risk events, gastric cancer–related deaths (hazard ratio, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.87-1.49; P = .34) and deaths from other causes (hazard ratio, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.74-2.05; P = .42) did not differ significantly between groups. Overall rates of survival did not differ significantly between groups with each tumor stage. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study found that laparoscopic distal gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy performed by experienced surgeons in high-volume specialized institutions resulted in similar 5-year overall survival compared with open distal gastrectomy among patients with locally advanced gastric cancer. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01609309

Although some recent research examined the relationship between the use of alcohol/drugs and criminality, little effort has been directed at the interdependency of alcohol and other drug use in relation to crime involvement. Such research is of theoretical significance in that it predicts the extent to which criminality is increased by multiple addictions; it is also of practical significance because effective intervention/prevention strategies can be formed to reduce offenders' alcohol/drug problems and, thus, their criminality. Expanding past research, the author examined a series of hypotheses that stipulate an interaction effect between alcohol and cocaine use on criminal behavior. The centering method was used to cope with the multicollinearity problem in the analysis. Data indicate that alcohol and cocaine use tends to increase criminality more in an independent than in an interdependent manner. Findings suggest that to reduce the risks of involvement in crimes, alcohol and drug use habits may need to be addressed simultaneously.

Abstract : Onivyde is the first irinotecan (IRI) nanoliposome that could improve pharmacokinetics and tumor biodistribution of irinotecan. Although FDA approves Onivyde for the treatment of pancreatic cancer patients who are not effective for GEM, the gastrointestinal toxicity caused by Onivyde is still a problem to be solved in clinical application. Berberine (BER), an isoquinolone alkaloid extracted from several different plants, has been reported to exhibit beneficial effect in alleviating intestinal mucositis and generating synergistic anticancer effect in combination with cytotoxic drugs. However, its therapeutic effect is affected by the different pharmacokinetic behavior of two drugs. Therefore, we utilized triethylamine-sucrose octasulfate gradient to construct nanoliposomes for co-delivery of irinotecan and berberine, termed as lipBI. This co-delivery nanoliposomes remained the synergistic ratio in the body and improved tumor distribution of IRI and BER. The lipBI significantly inhibited tumor growth in the BXPC-3 pancreatic cancer model compared with Onivyde (p< 0.05) and reduced the gastrointestinal toxicity in mice caused by IRI. Overall, IRI/BER co-loaded liposomes possessed great potential in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Graphical abstract:

Evidence from epidemiological and laboratory studies, as well as randomized placebo-controlled trials, suggests supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may be efficacious for treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). The mechanisms underlying n-3 PUFAs potential therapeutic properties remain unknown. There are suggestions in the literature that glial hypofunction is associated with depressive symptoms and that antidepressants may normalize glial function. In this study, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-derived neuronal stem cell lines were generated from individuals with MDD. Astrocytes differentiated from patient-derived neuronal stem cells (iNSCs) were verified by GFAP. Cells were treated with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or stearic acid (SA). During astrocyte differentiation, we found that n-3 PUFAs increased GFAP expression and GFAP positive cell formation. BDNF and GDNF production were increased in the astrocytes derived from patients subsequent to n-3 PUFA treatment. Stearic Acid (SA) treatment did not have this effect. CREB activity (phosphorylated CREB) was also increased by DHA and EPA but not by SA. Furthermore, when these astrocytes were treated with n-3 PUFAs, the cAMP antagonist, RP-cAMPs did not block n-3 PUFA CREB activation. However, the CREB specific inhibitor (666-15) diminished BDNF and GDNF production induced by n-3 PUFA, suggesting CREB dependence. Together, these results suggested that n-3 PUFAs facilitate astrocyte differentiation, and may mimic effects of some antidepressants by increasing production of neurotrophic factors. The CREB-dependence and cAMP independence of this process suggests a manner in which n-3 PUFA could augment antidepressant effects. These data also suggest a role for astrocytes in both MDD and antidepressant action.

A ferrite–austenite 12CrNi2 alloy steel additively manufactured by laser melting deposition (LMD) was heat treated by direct quenching (DQ) and tempering inter-critical quenching (TIQ) at 800 °C for enhancing its strength–ductility balance. Both heat-treated alloy steels have the martensite–ferrite dual-phase (DP) microstructures. The volume fractions of martensite in the two treated alloy steels are nearly similar (~ 85 vol%), while the sizes of the prior austenitic grain for martensite are different. The martensite-dominated DP microstructure resulted in an obvious improvement in strength–ductility balance of the alloy steel. Compared with the DQ treatment, the multi-step TIQ treatment caused the strength–ductility balance of the alloy steel to be enhanced due to its higher total elongation. The better ductility of the TIQ-treated alloy steel can be attributed to the optimization of the microstructure. The preferred orientation of ferritic grain in the as-deposited alloy steel which was adverse to plastic deformation through dislocation slip was eliminated via the multi-step TIQ treatment. Moreover, the TIQ treatment promoted the formation of finer-grained martensite with larger areas of grain boundaries and twinning boundaries which resulted in the enhancement of the coordinated deformability of the martensite with the ferrite.

This article examines the effects of punishment celerity and severity simultaneously in a specific deterrence model of drunk driving. Additive and interaction equations are estimated, with legal and nonlegal conditions controlled for. The findings suggest that, when license withdrawal is mandatory, an increase in fines significantly decreases the probability, of recidivism. Some effect is also not a swift imposition of fines. No independent effect is found for license actions in this analysis. De discussions on the results and public policy implications are provided.

The tumour stroma microenvironment plays an important part in disease progression and its composition can influence treatment response and outcomes. Histological evaluation of tumour stroma is limited by access to tissue, spatial heterogeneity, and temporal evolution. We aimed to develop a radiological signature for non-invasive assessment of tumour stroma and treatment outcomes.

Plasmaspheric density structures are considered to control the propagation trajectories of fast magnetosonic (MS) waves in the inner magnetosphere. However, whether the plasmaspheric plume can effectively alter the propagation of MS waves remains unknown. Based on the analytical model of plasma density, ray tracing simulations are performed to investigate the propagation of exactly perpendicular MS waves in the equatorial plane in the magnetosphere containing a plasmaspheric plume. We find that plasmatrough and plume MS waves propagating toward the plasmaspheric plume can be reflected into the plasmaspheric core by the plume, then potentially migrating globally and thus quasi‐trapped inside the plasmaspheric core. The simulations also indicate that lower‐frequency MS waves approaching the plasmaspheric plume are more easily reflected and quasi‐trapped inside the plasmaspheric core. Our findings illustrate a previously unexplored way that plasmatrough MS waves could access and be trapped inside the plasmaspheric core via azimuthal plasmaspheric density structures. Fast magnetosonic (MS) waves are one of the most common and intense electromagnetic emissions observed both inside and outside the plasmasphere. Portions of MS waves observed inside the plasmasphere are supposed to come from the propagation of those waves outside the plasmasphere. It is well known that the radial plasmaspheric density structures can strongly alter the propagation trajectories of MS waves in the inner magnetosphere. However, a typical azimuthal plasmaspheric density structure, the plasmaspheric plume, can form in the magnetosphere during the geomagnetic disturbed times. How the plasmaspheric plume affects the propagation of MS waves remains unknown. Based on the ray tracing simulations, we show that MS waves generated outside the plasmapause and inside the plume can be reflected into the plasmaspheric core by the plasmaspheric plume and a few of the reflected waves can migrate globally inside the plasmaspheric core. Our findings provide a new potential way for MS waves to access and be trapped inside the plasmaspheric core. Propagation of magnetosonic waves in the magnetosphere containing a plasmaspheric plume is examined using the ray tracing simulationsPlasmatrough and plume magnetosonic waves can be reflected into the plasmaspheric core by the plasmaspheric plumeThose reflected magnetosonic waves can be quasi‐trapped inside the plasmaspheric core or propagate radially down to low altitudes Propagation of magnetosonic waves in the magnetosphere containing a plasmaspheric plume is examined using the ray tracing simulations Plasmatrough and plume magnetosonic waves can be reflected into the plasmaspheric core by the plasmaspheric plume Those reflected magnetosonic waves can be quasi‐trapped inside the plasmaspheric core or propagate radially down to low altitudes

Plasmaspheric hiss, a whistler‐mode emission confined in the high‐density plasmasphere, is of great interest to the space community attributed to its important role in inner magnetospheric dynamics. Their frequency‐time structures provide crucial evidence for understanding the wave origin. In this work, based on ∼7‐year Van Allen Probes data, we statistically studied the frequency‐drifting plasmaspheric hiss characterized by an increasing lower cutoff frequency over a timescale exceeding 1 hr. Frequency‐drifting hiss waves predominantly occur at 3 < L< 6 from predawn to noon during geomagnetic active times. Observations and theoretical analyses suggest the frequency‐drifting hiss could result from the local excitation inside the plasmasphere by energy‐dispersive injected electrons. This unique feature of plasmaspheric hiss waves serves, to a certain extent, as an “identifier” for discerning the wave origins and as a “marker” facilitating the link between hiss waves across a broad spatial range. Inside the plasmasphere, a cold and dense plasma region surrounding the Earth, plasmaspheric hiss is a frequently observed electromagnetic wave. Through wave‐particle interactions, plasmaspheric hiss plays a critical role in controlling the geospace environment. Since their discovery in the 1960s, there have been intense debates regarding the generation mechanisms of plasmaspheric hiss. Fortunately, the frequency‐time structure of plasmaspheric hiss provides valuable evidence to understand the wave origin. In this work, on the basis of long‐term observations from Van Allen Probes, we statistically investigate the frequency‐drifting plasmaspheric hiss characterized by an increasing lower cutoff frequency over a timescale exceeding 1 hr. Our analyses indicate this frequency‐drifting feature could be used to some extent to identify the origin of hiss waves. We investigate the frequency‐drifting plasmaspheric hiss characterized by an increasing lower cutoff over a timescale exceeding 1 hrFrequency‐drifting hiss waves predominantly occur at 3 < L< 6 from predawn to noon during geomagnetic active timesThe frequency‐drifting feature could result from the local excitation by energy‐dependent dispersive injection of hot electrons We investigate the frequency‐drifting plasmaspheric hiss characterized by an increasing lower cutoff over a timescale exceeding 1 hr Frequency‐drifting hiss waves predominantly occur at 3 < L< 6 from predawn to noon during geomagnetic active times The frequency‐drifting feature could result from the local excitation by energy‐dependent dispersive injection of hot electrons

Resonant interactions of relativistic electrons with electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves were previously considered under the cold plasma approximation or in hot plasmas with bi‐Maxwellian distributions. Here, we examine their resonant interactions in hot plasmas with partial shell distributions and find that such distributions can significantly alter the dispersion relation of EMIC waves and thus the corresponding wave‐induced electron pitch angle scattering rates and loss timescales compared to those under the cold plasma assumption. Regardless of wave band and frequency, partial shell distributed hot protons tend to uplift the electron minimum resonant energy, and reduce (raise) the pitch angle scattering rates of electrons at low (high) energies and large (small) pitch angles. Correspondingly, the loss timescales lengthen for low‐energy electrons but shorten for high‐energy electrons. Such tendencies are generally more significant for lower‐frequency EMIC waves and larger shell temperature, anisotropic degree, and concentration. Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves below the proton gyrofrequency can cause pitch angle scattering loss of relativistic electrons via cyclotron resonant interactions. The dispersion relation, the relation between the wave frequency and the wave number, is crucial in calculating the pitch angle scattering rates to quantify the loss of electrons induced by EMIC waves. The cold plasma dispersion relation obtained by assuming that particles are absolutely cold is widely used but recently demonstrated to be not always applicable. Usually, the kinetic dispersion relations of EMIC waves in the hot plasmas with bi‐Maxwellian distributions are adopted as an alternative. However, recent observations show that EMIC waves are often accompanied by protons with shell‐type distributions, a spherical shell of protons in the velocity space, significantly deviating from bi‐Maxwellian distributions. How such type of velocity distributions affects the resonant interactions of relativistic electrons with EMIC waves remains unknown. Compared to the cold plasma dispersion relation, we show that shell‐type distributed hot protons can significantly modify the dispersion relation of EMIC waves and thus the corresponding wave‐induced electron pitch angle scattering rates and loss timescales. These results highlight the importance of taking appropriate hot plasma distributions in quantifying the EMIC wave‐induced electron pitch angle scattering efficiency and in future modeling the radiation belt dynamics. Partial shell distributed hot protons can significantly modify the resonant interactions of relativistic electrons with electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wavesThe modification is highly frequency‐dependent and is more pronounced for lower‐frequency EMIC waves of H+and He+bandThe modification is generally more pronounced as the shell temperature, anisotropic degree, and concentration increase Partial shell distributed hot protons can significantly modify the resonant interactions of relativistic electrons with electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves The modification is highly frequency‐dependent and is more pronounced for lower‐frequency EMIC waves of H+and He+band The modification is generally more pronounced as the shell temperature, anisotropic degree, and concentration increase