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This article proposes the federated-learning-based second-order recurrent neural network (SORNN–FL) for distributed frequency control of a multimicrogrid (MMG) system. The problem is conceptualized as proportional–integral derivative consensus control using the Lyapunov function, which depicts the behavior of recurrent neural network (RNN). The parameters of the controller are obtained by deriving the dynamics of energy function to update the state of neurons. During the learning process, FL of weights is adopted to improve the performance of the network by increasing the communication among the neurons. The effectiveness of the developed SORNN–FL controller is tested for the MMG system, and its performance is compared with those of the MMG system using SORNN, RNN, and the conventional method of tuning. The results obtained reveal that the proposed higher order control gives an improved performance during uncertainties and communication failure. Specifically, we use a differential privacy mechanism to secure the data from false data injection attacks by the invaders. The various extensive cases studied on the MMG system demonstrate that the proposed privacy-preserving-based SORNN–FL scheme is robust and efficient. Even if a communication failure and a malicious attack occur in the MMG system, our proposed control scheme can regulate the system frequency and maintain system stability. The real-time validation has been demonstrated at the 0.4-kV microgrid test-bed system in the laboratory.

Biodiesel is a sustainable biofuel, which is synthesized from sources of oil utilizing an appropriate catalyst. Therefore, catalysts not only play a key role in biodiesel generation with high yield, but are also effective in reducing the cost of biodiesel synthesis. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as promising catalysts for biodiesel generation owing to their unique properties. These include extraordinary specific surface area, significant stability, high reactivity, regular structure, and high active sites. Accordingly, these catalysts offer significant advantages over traditional catalysts, driving increased attention and research in their application for biodiesel generation. The main objective of this review article was to deeply investigate MOFs and COFs catalysts, their features, and their potential in biodiesel production. Besides, the biodiesel generation mechanism using these catalysts was fully studied. Further, their cost analysis and environmental impact were examined in detail. The characteristics of biodiesel generation employing MOFs and COFs catalysts were studied in terms of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. According to previous investigations, MOFs catalysts have been utilized more than COFs. Moreover, MOFs catalysts have shown extraordinary reusability as well as considerable biodiesel yields, so they are strongly recommended in the industrial generation of biodiesel. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that deals deeply with the biodiesel generation process employing MOFs and COFs structured heterogeneous catalysts.

Fossil fuels have a high energy density, meaning they contain a significant amount of energy per unit of volume, making them efficient for energy production and transport. Biodiesel is especially becoming a fossil fuel alternative and a key part of renewable energy. Several types of waste from homes, markets, street vendors, and other industrial places were collected and transesterified with Ni-doped ZnO nanoparticles for this study. These included castor oil, coffee grounds, eggshells, vegetable oil, fruit peels, and soybean oil. The Ni-doped ZnO’s were then calcined at 800 °C. The maximum conversion rate found in converting fruit peel waste into biodiesel is about 87.6%, and it was 89.6% when the oil-to-methanal ratio was about 1:2 and the reaction time was 140 min. This is the maximum biodiesel production compared to other wastes. Moreover, using vegetable oil with nanocatalyst, the maximum biodiesel production rate of about 90.58% was recorded with 15% catalyst loading, which is the maximum biodiesel production compared with the other wastes with nanocatalyst. Furthermore, at 75 °C and a concentration of catalyst of about 15% the maximum biodiesel production obtained by using castor oil is about 92.8%. It has the highest biodiesel yield compared with the yield recorded from other waste. The catalyst also demonstrated great stability and reusability for the synthesis of biodiesel. Using waste fruit peels with Ni-doped ZnO helps to progress low-cost and ecologically friendly catalyst for sustainable biodiesel production.

This letter investigates the dynamic coupling mechanism between voltage and frequency in a virtual synchronous generator (VSG) system, where a unified model is proposed for the analysis of voltage stability, frequency stability and voltage-frequency coupled stability. The results show that voltage/frequency stability is impacted by both self- and coupled-dynamics. Moreover, voltage and frequency oscillate at the same oscillation frequency if the voltage-frequency coupled instability occurs. However, the frequency oscillation occurs while voltage magnitude maintains stability if voltage self-dynamics behaves a negative feedback effect. The time-domain simulation is performed to validate the rationality of the theoretical analysis.

This article presents a hybrid microgrid configuration with a flying capacitor dual-output (FCDO) converter. The output ports of the FCDO converter can directly interface ac sources/loads operating at different amplitudes and frequencies without additional ac/dc/ac converter units. Compared to the conventional configuration, the hybrid microgrid with the FCDO converter operates at multilevel voltages, reduced power conversion stages, less power switch count, and fewer control loops. The article also presents a cascaded model predictive control (CMPC) algorithm for such configuration to control the variables, namely three-phase dual-output currents, ac/dc bus and FC voltages, and active/reactive power. The proposed CMPC sequentially executes multiple single-objective MPC units with adaptive dynamic reference (ADR) models to control the multivariable. The controller first obtains the optimum voltage vector for each output port by minimizing the output current errors, where the ADR model generates the appropriate references. Finally, the controller identifies the optimum state from the determined voltage vector pair by minimizing the FC voltage errors. Unlike conventional MPC, the CMPC algorithm reduces the computational burden of the controller and attains multivariable control without additional control loops and weighting factors. Furthermore, the converter's performance with the CMPC algorithm is validated experimentally on a low-power hybrid microgrid.

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The amount of electrical energy produced by a given solar photovoltaic module can be increased by using concentrated solar radiation. The task can be accomplished by integrating optical concentrators with flat PV modules. Compound parabolic concentrators (CPCs) have emerged as one of the best options for concentrating PV applications due to their ability to collect both direct and diffuse solar radiation and being suitable for stationary installation. Over the last few decades, various designs of CPCs have been proposed and investigated by many researchers for concentrating PV applications. This article presents a comprehensive review of recent developments in CPC designs and applications for PV systems. This work mainly focuses on identifying the major challenges and research opportunities related to the design and development of CPCs, rendering them more beneficial for solar energy conversion. It has been found that although the outputs of CPC-based PV systems are superior to their counterparts without CPCs, some challenges still exist that need to be addressed to enable the commercialization of CPC-based solar systems. The primary sources of energy losses in CPCs include imperfections in the reflecting surfaces, non-uniform solar flux distribution on the receiver surface, solar cell series resistance, increased solar cell temperature due to solar radiation concentration, and relatively low concentration ratios achievable by CPCs. Finally, future recommendations have been outlined, highlighting the potential research opportunities and challenges being faced by prospective researchers working in the field of low concentrating solar PV systems.

Iron oxide nanoparticles have been extensively used for different biomedical purposes, especially for targeted drug delivery, and gene transfers, owing to their unique features, i.e., small size, low toxicity, magnetism, and the ability to be chemically surface-modified with various biocompatible and biodegradable polymers, as well as other chemicals, and biochemical entities. The iron oxide nanoparticles are prone to accumulate, oxidize, and are therefore frequently modified with different polymeric and non-polymeric coatings, complexation, and conjugation to achieve better properties for the intended delivery of targeted drugs, genes, and other payloads through the on-field vectors of biosystems origins, and magnetism-based transfection, and site-intended delivery. This review covers widely used methods of iron oxide nanoparticles synthesis, their applications, and their advantages in bioapplications, including their drawbacks. The effects of the surface coatings of these nanoparticles are also covered. Different approaches in functionalizations through coatings, choices of polymeric, and non-polymeric entities, as employed for capping, complexation, and molecular conjugation purposes, for the biomedical and disease treatment-related clinical applications in drugs, together with gene deliveries are also overviewed. The use of the externally-applied magnetic fields for magnetofection-based gene delivery, and various in vivoand in vitroapplications of nanoparticles in magnetism and non-magnetism-based clinical settings, especially for cancers, are also detailed out. The preparations of the iron oxide nanoparticles, functionalizations, and applicability as single and multi-modal therapeutic nanodevices have the potential to pave the way for future developments in various diseases therapeutics that are un-reachable and tough to handle, and improvements in known therapeutic modules, as well as provide lead to more precise medication, including personal medicine approach, and development of the paraphernalia of the gene-based therapy, especially for genetic disorders have promising future with the involvement of advancements in drugs and gene delivery with the cost-effective, feasible, and biocompatible roles of the iron oxide nanoparticles.

Removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from raw biogas is essential for feeding the refined gas with high methane (CH4) content in engines and combustion units. In small-scale farmhouses and power plants, a cheap, inexpensive, and facile desulfurization process is needed. Herein, the desulfurization process of biogas by treating with Fe2O3and nanoscaled Ferrosoferric oxide (FeF) suspension is presented. The treatment process includes both the chemical reaction and physical adsorption phenomena. With variable pH and treatment duration, efficient desulfurization of the biogas was achieved. The optimum pH for H2S removal was 5 at which the removal efficiency was 97% for Fe2O3solution and 95% for FeF solution. Respectively, CH4content increased above 75%. The H2S-concentration dropped by 50 ppm from the initial value. The H2S content in the purified gas is thus reduced below the recommended limit for running internal combustion engines. We suggest some physicochemical elimination of the H2S fraction. The process might be feasible to utilize in small farmhouses and power units.Removal of H2S from biogas is essential for obtaining high methane. Herein, the desulfurization process of biogas by treating with Fe2O3and nanoscaled ferrosoferric oxide (FeF) suspension is presented. The treatment process includes both the chemical reaction and physical adsorption phenomena.

Atrazine (AZE) is a hazardous herbicide that pollutes drinking water and wastewater at an alarming rate, posturing a somberhazard to the environment and human being. This research is aimed to investigate the valorization of biomass for the synthesis and applicationof novel Sugarcane Bagasse Cellulose (SCBC) - Graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite for remediation of atrazine. The novel nanocomposite is characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Particle size distribution, Raman spectra analysis, X-ray analysis (XRD), Scanning electron microscope analysis (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The prepared GOSCBC had high surface area of 189 m2/g, pore volume of 0.13 cm3/g, and inter-particle pore width of 17 nm. The impact of operating constraints such as adsorbent dose (50–150 mg), medium pH (4.5–8.5), contact period (3 h), temperature (15–45°C), and atrazine concentration (10–50 mg/L) were varied and optimum conditions were examined with the help of Box-Behnken statistical design (BBD). The optimum conditions identified were: 90.84 mg/L nanocomposite; pH 5.51; time 180 min; temperature 34.64°C and feed concentration 27.77 mg/L. The adsorption statistical analyses were performed and the values were determined using the isotherms and kinetic models; the optimal parameters were evaluated using sum of normalised errors approach. The maximum adsorption capacity of AZE was found to be 143.29 mg/g. The mechanism of sorption is well represented by PSO model. The exothermic nature of removal process was confirmed through thermodynamic parameters. The reusability of the nanocomposite was identified to be efficient for six cycles.

The integrins belong to the cell-surface polypeptide family and are the mediating partners among the cells, and extracellular matrix (ECM). They are also involved in the biological processes of cell migration, wound healing, blood clotting, immunological response generation, tissue morphogenesis, leucocyte reticulations, and angiogenesis and are therefore very relevant in stem cell technology and are useful as biomarkers, diagnostic probes, and drug-target ligands. The ανβ3 (alpha-nu-beta3) integrin antagonists are an excellent target example for designing and developing newer drug candidates, drug leads and templates for various diseases, and physiological malfunctioning, including cancers. The current review examines the ανβ3 integrin structural features involved in the drug design and its antagonistic ligands and highlights the development of anti-ανβ3 integrin-antagonists as nano-architectural design-based nanomedicine, especially for cancer chemotherapy. The perspectival review discusses the ανβ3 integrin structure, mode of action, involved pathways, and the concepts utilized in nanomedicine design, and ligands related to integrins. It also covers the latest thyrointegrin approaches toward the development of anti-angiogenesis agents and entails the anti-angiogenesis approach to cancer growth inhibition through targeting by the anti-integrin ligands and related chemical entities. The current perspective on the nano-architectural design approach for the known anti-integrin compounds is also outlined.

Textile effluent treatment has gained significant attention due to the carcinogenic effects of the dye pollutants present and their enhanced resistance to degradation. Porous ceramic membranes have gained growing interest for dye remediation due to various unique characteristics, including resistance to fungal invasion, adverse chemical conditions, and high temperature. The current study explores applications of ceramic membrane technology, including membranes like MF, UF, and NF, for dye remediation from textile effluent. The best-performing nanocomposite membranes for eliminating azo dyes from textile effluent and efficiencies achieved are reported as Clay-alumina (99%), yttria-stabilized-zirconia (99%), nano TiO2-bentonite UF (95%), and tight TiO2UF (100%). Ceramic nanocomposites with TiO2and Al2O3active layer NF (99%), Ceramic Hybrid hollow fiber LNF (99.3%). Loose nanofiltration (LNF) ceramic membranes have demonstrated outstanding targeted separation performance for the separation of dyes, making them affirm the effective recoveries and recurrent use of high-value-added constituents amongst all the membrane approaches examined. The potential of ceramic membranes for future research and development, including membrane production and mechanism, are discussed. In addition, the implementation of AI-based methods and Machine learning (ML) algorithms are discussed in relation to predicting membrane filtration performance and fouling tendencies and dye removal processes, maximizing opportunities in this field.

Air pollution due to contaminants such as particulate matter (PM) and bacteria has become a global atmospheric pollution issue. Identifying effective methods for removing PM and other contaminants such as bacteria is an important challenge, and several efforts are being made to resolve it. In this study, we introduced a polystyrene (PS) hierarchical porous nanofiber (HAP/ZIF-8 @PS HPNF) containing a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) and hydroxyapatite (HAP) for PM (PM2.5, PM10) filtration and antibacterial applications. HAP/ZIF-8 @PS HPNF was manufactured by electrospinning of ZIF-8, which has a synergistic effect on the adsorption of PM and HAP that have antibacterial properties. The modified nanofibers improved the filtration performance and antibacterial activity by adsorbing PM (efficiency = 96.68% for PM2.5and 96.98% for PM10) and reducing microbial populations (S. aureusand E. coli.). Thus, the well-dispersed ZIF-8 and HAP on the nanofibers, the multifunctional nanofibers are appropriate for use in environments with harmful PM as well as bacteria.

Phospholipid-based liposomal vesicles are among the most effective delivery options currently available for various classes of anticancer drugs. The patents granted to inventions disclosing details on liposomal delivery module by the US Patent and Trademark Office, European Patent Office, and world patent holdings through WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) patenting have been sorted based upon liposome, and anticancer keywords within the abstract and claims sections of the patents for the period between 2000 and 2019, thereby disclosing novel liposome formulations encapsulating single, or combination of chemotherapeutic agents that have been far more chemically and physiologically stable, therapeutically efficacious, and comparatively less toxic than their nonliposomal free-drug counterparts. The added stability, site-specific transport, and payload delivery, enhanced bioavailability, fast body clearance, and biocompatibility together with the controlled and sustained delivery-related benefits claimed in the patent literature have been exclusively discussed with a focus on the last 5-year period.

Phospholipid-based liposomal vesicles are among the most effective delivery options currently available for various classes of anticancer drugs. The patents granted to inventions disclosing details on liposomal delivery module by the US Patent and Trademark Office, European Patent Office, and world patent holdings through WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) patenting have been sorted based upon liposome, and anticancer keywords within the abstract and claims sections of the patents for the period between 2000 and 2019, thereby disclosing novel liposome formulations encapsulating single, or combination of chemotherapeutic agents that have been far more chemically and physiologically stable, therapeutically efficacious, and comparatively less toxic than their nonliposomal free-drug counterparts. The added stability, site-specific transport, and payload delivery, enhanced bioavailability, fast body clearance, and biocompatibility together with the controlled and sustained delivery-related benefits claimed in the patent literature have been exclusively discussed with a focus on the last 5-year period.

•Heavy metal stress greatly threatens plants growth and impact on crop productivity.•Phytochelatins takes an essential part in the mitigation of HMs toxicity in plants.•The expression of PCs genes in plants is a promising method of increasing plant resistance against HMs stress.•Phytochelatin synthase enzyme participates in the catalyzation process.

This review highlights the latest trends in carbon capture, utilization, and storage techniques. The recent advances in the current carbon capture techniques, i.e., post-combustion carbon capture, pre-combustion carbon capture, and oxyfuel combustion systems, have been deliberated. Human exploitation of natural resources is leading to an immense rise in the concentration of greenhouse gas (GHG), i.e., primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. This boosted quantity of CO2by human intervention leads to increased global temperatures and climate change. Hence there is a crucial need for fixing CO2to control global climate change and meet the pledges of the Paris Agreement. The global CO2emission hit an all-time high in 2018, emitting 32.7 billion tons of CO2into the atmosphere, whereas the current scenario for global CO2utilization constitutes a tiny amount, i.e., 0.2 billion tons/year. Hence various CO2utilization techniques, such as CO2deployment in reforming techniques and its direct conversion into fuels, have been emphasized. Finally, the CO2storage methods have been underlined, and the recent advancements along with the outlook in DAC technique have been discussed at the end. The DAC technique shows the most promise for future CO2capture and utilization, pending resolution of initial investment and techno-economic feasibility challenges. However, it's important to note that no single technique is universally applicable, and governments worldwide must address specific ground-level issues for practical solutions.

•9 different thin layer drying models describing drying kinetics are studied to select the best one.•Effect of 4 shapes on diffusivity was analyzed which had values from 9.1×10−9m2/s to 7.2×10−6m2/s.•Specific and microwave energies ranged from 140 to 244 kJ and 42.65–112.8 MJ/kg H2O, respectively.•The average drying efficiencies lied in the range of 19.97–51.3% for the microwave power range.•Activation energy lied in the range of 25.54–108.96 kJ/mol for the samples of various geometries.

In the quest for safer and low-cost batteries, zinc ion batteries have remarkable potential in various energy storage applications. However, selecting suitable electrolytes for zinc electrochemistry is challenging due to zinc's passivation and dendritic growth hindering long-term stability. Moreover, the synergy between newly developed electrode materials and electrolytes remains challenging for commercial applications. Therefore, in this study fifty (50) combinations of ionic liquids (ILs) were screened using COSMO-RS simulation to identify suitable ILs for aqueous electrolytes with ZnSO4salt by comparing activity coefficients at infinite dilution, selectivity, and capacity of ILs to dissolve ZnSO4salt in the aqueous phase. Further, calcium vanadate (CaV2O6) was synthesized using a modified molten salt method and characterized using a Scanning Electron Microscope and X-ray diffraction to confirm its successful synthesis. Afterwards, the performance of calcium vanadate in aqueous zinc batteries having ILs-assisted electrolytes were also evaluated and compared with conventional electrolyte (aqueous 1 M ZnSO4). Results revealed that ILs based on tetramethyl ammonium cation were suitable for electrolyte applications with ZnSO4salt. Furthermore, Tetramethylammonium hydrogen sulfate was compared with conventional ZnSO4electrolyte and an initial discharge capacity of 330 mAh/g for calcium vanadate electrode with ILs-assisted electrolyte was observed as compared to 230 mAh/g with 1 M ZnSO4aqueous electrolyte. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements showed that ILs-assisted electrolyte's charge transfer and surface film resistance were lower than the conventional electrolyte. However, additional advancement in electrode and electrolytes, i.e. synthesis of electrode materials, and formulation of ILs-assisted electrolytes, may further improve the performance of aqueous zinc ion batteries.

Automotive and aircraft industries are advancing swiftly, creating a constant need for innovative and trustworthy materials. Aluminum composites (aluminum matrix composites [AMCs]) exhibit enhanced mechanical and tribological behaviors when contrasted to their conventional equivalents and as a result have superior potential to be widely accepted for automotive and aircraft engineering and other component applications. This study aims to provide a thorough and critical analysis of the most recent research initiatives concerning the processing, characteristics, and applications of AMCs. It covers the recent advancements in the aluminum-based composites reinforced with SiC, TiC, and graphene, fabrication methods, and mechanical properties of AMCs. Graphene nanoplatelets are many times stronger and yet lighter than steel and other metals, and thus a good contender for reinforcing them. However, the homogeneous distribution of graphene into the metal or aluminum is a challenging aspect for material researchers. The fabrication techniques for AMCs for achieving homogeneous distribution of graphene are critically reviewed. The mechanical properties, specifically microhardness, wear behavior, and tensile strength of aluminum-based composites, are reviewed and analyzed. Finally, a way forward for fostering further development in this area has been discussed.

Background: A recently FDA approved 3D printed drug is paving a path for new pharmaceutical manufacturing era. The 3D printing is a novel approach of producing 3D pharmaceuticals from digital designs, in a layer-by-layer fashion. However, traditional manufacturing of drug products is being carried out from decades with well-established manufacturing processes and with well approved regulatory guidelines but these processes are too obsolete in concern of process aptitude and manufacturing flexibility. On the other hand, 3D printing provides a competitive flexibility in terms of personalized drug dosage forms with complex geometries that will be made on-demand with desired drug release kinetics, hence providing the formulator a substantial provision of improvising the safety and efficacy of the drugs. Furthermore, this novel 3D technology allows tailoring of composite tissue scaffolds and sample models for characterization that closely mimic in-vivo simulations. Nevertheless, certain limitations are there in terms of regulatory aspects hindering the launch of 3DP products in the market. Methods: Exhaustive search were made on Google Scholar and PubMed databases concerning 3-D printing methods, drug delivery applications, and past to present evolution of personalized medicine. Results: Although a high magnitude of progress have been made on 3-D printing techniques in a short span of time, still inkjet, nozzle-based deposition, stereolithography and selective laser sintering techniques are the most popular ones. Their application is adapted in the fabrication of tablets, implants, polypills and nanoparticles. Conclusion: 3D printing is revolutionizing the pharma expectations towards customized medicines but still there is a need to explore the aspects of cost, flexibility and bioequivalence. The present review provides a comprehensive account of various 3D printing technologies and highlights the opportunities and key challenges of 3D printing relevant to pharmaceuticals.

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), the spheroidal-shaped, colloids state lipophilic-natured, innovative nanoscale particulate materials, are being concurrently prepared by the quality-by-design approach for cellular and sub-cellular delivery of drugs and other payloads with facilitated physicochemical characteristics for targeted delivery. The delivery of drugs, other pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceutical materials, and genes to the diseased body organs, tissues, and cellular mass have been developed as promising nanocarriers for different high-incidence cancers and other disease therapies, including the Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and tuberculosis. SLNs have evolved as favorable lipid-based formulation, and have served as oral and intravenous carriers that targeted the drug with stable and sterile transport, sustained delivery, controlled drug/payload deloading, and requisite biodistributions. SLNs advantages, shortcomings, and bottlenecks have been discussed with plausible remediation strategies. The laboratory-scale and bulk preparations, use of different lipids in various preparation, surface coatings, physicochemical properties of the final product, and characterization protocols are also encompassed, as are the routes of administrations, specific-sites-targeting, and on-site outreach with biocompatibility, bioavailability, and the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion and pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics inputs with relevance to the therapy. Plausible applications in complex and genetic disorders, and as personalized medicine, also of traditional and alternative medicine prospects, are also discussed.

In the present study, we fabricated hollow cubic CuxO nanoparticles (∼23 nm) incorporated with CNF (HC-CuxO/CNF) through controlled thermal oxidation of solid cubic Cu2O nanoparticles (∼21 nm) supported on carbon nanofibers (SC-Cu2O/CNF) under airflow, exploiting the nanoscale Kirkendall effect. These hollow CuxO nanocubes with increased surface areas exhibited outstanding catalytic activity for unsymmetrical chalcogenide synthesis under ligand-free conditions.

•Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous substance responsible for controlling the growth, and metabolism of plants•Exogenous application of H2S to copper stressed plants accelerated photosynthetic performance, antioxidant system, proline accumulation, and maintained copper uptake•Application of H2S modify proline metabolism to overcome copper stress in plants•Exogenously sourced H2S could be engaged as a significant biochemical approach in alleviating copper-induced toxicity in cucumber plants

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Trigonella foenumgraecumL. (TF) is a medicinal herb, belonging to the family Legumes. It has shown positive results in remedying hypo-cholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-lipidemia, antilithigenic, hepatoprotective, antiulcer, anticarcinogenic, antifungal and other miscellaneous pharmacological effects of fenugreek. The n-hexane extract of Trigonella foenumgraecumL.Seeds (TF) was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy for identification and characterization of its therapeutic claim by traditional system. DPPH method was used to determine the antioxidant activity of Trigonella foenumgraecumL-seeds extract using UV spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 518 nm as it is one of the most sorted methods for antioxidant activity. The major compounds discovered in Trigonella foenumgraecumL. seeds extract are Linoleic acid (48.01%); 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (24.65%); 2-[4-Methyl-6-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)hexa-1,3,5-trienyl]cyclohex-1-en-carboxaldehyde(1.88%); Nonane dioic acid, bis (2-ethylhexyl) ester (1.09%); Bis (2-ethylhexyl) ester of azelaic acid (11.97%); Elemicin (0.51%); cis-Linoleic acid methyl ester (0.76%); Linoleic acid chloride(0.57%); Ethyl oleate(0.18%); Isopropyl linoleate (0.38%); Dihydrovallesiachotamine (0.06%); 4-(2,2-Dimethyl-6-methylenecyclohexyl) butanal(0.12%); Citronellyl myristate (0.09%); Rhaphidecursinol B(0.25%); 5-Methoxygalbelgin (0.07%); Vitamin E (0.31%); 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-{[3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]imino}-2-pentanone (0.76%); γ-Sitosterol (0.66%); 1-(1,5-Dimethylhexyl)-3a,12a-dimethyltetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]cyclopropa[e]phenanthren-7-ol (0.16%) and (9Z)-9-Octadecenyl (9Z)-9-hexadecenoate (1.57%). The results showed potential antioxidant activity of n-hexane extract of Trigonella foenumgraecumL. seeds by showing significant reduction in free radical against DPPH. The hexane extract of Trigonella foenumgraecumL. seeds comprises various non-water-soluble (nonpolar) constituents. These compounds were established qualitatively via GC-MS evaluation. The free radical scavenging activity of the plant extract was established owning to the presence of compounds such as terpenes, vitamin E, and unsaturated fatty acids.

The discovery of light-harvesting materials for use in photocatalytic organic reactions has recently attracted attention, indicating the potential for utilizing renewable energy sources. A hybrid semiconductor (SC)–SC structure, Cu9S5–MnWO4, was synthesized using a simple, efficient method. The novel hierarchical porous Cu9S5–MnWO4hybrid structures were then applied in the photocatalysis of oxidative homocoupling of alkynes and amines. The design of a heterogeneous catalyst based on a porous, SC–SC hybrid structure and low-cost Cu should generate interest in the fabrication and modification of photocatalysts for a wide range of applications.

This review focuses on nano-structured delivery devices prepared from biodegradable and biocompatible natural and synthetic polymers, organic raw materials, metals, metal oxides, and their other compounds that culminated in the preparation of various nano-entities depending on the preparative techniques, and starting raw materials’ utilizations. Many nanoparticles (NPs) made of polymeric, metallic, magnetic, and non-magnetic origins, liposomes, hydrogels, dendrimers, and other carbon-based nano-entities have been produced. Developments in nanomaterial substrate and end products’ design, structural specifications, preparative strategies, chemo-biological interfacing to involve the biosystems interactions, surface functionalization, and on-site biomolecular and physiology-mediated target-specific delivery concepts, examples, and applications are outlined. The inherent toxicity, and safety of the design concepts in nanomaterial preparation, and their applications in biomedical fields, especially to the organs, cellular and sub-cellular deliveries are deliberated. Bioapplications, the therapeutic delivery modules’ pharmacokinetics and medicinal values, nanopharmaceutical designs, and their contributions as nano-entities in the healthcare biotechnology of drug delivery domains have also been discussed. The importance of site-specific triggers in nano-scale deliveries, the inherent and induced structural specifications of numerous nanomaterial entities belonging to NPs, nano-scale composites, nano-conjugates, and other nano-devices of organic and inorganic origins, near biological systems are detailed. Modifications that provide nano-deliveries of their intrinsic therapeutic actions, through structural and physicochemical characteristics modifications, and the proven success of various nano-delivery devices and currently available commercial nanomedicinal and nanopharmaceutical products are also provided.

The present study deals with the encapsulation and brain-specific targeting of Lycopene (LYC) as Polysorbate-80 (P-80) coated Phosphatidylserine-chitosan self-assembled nanoparticles (P-80-LYC-PSCNP), with an approach to reduce oxidative stress which is rationalized as a major cause of neurological disease. P-80-LYC-PSCNP was formulated by using the injection technique for self-assembly of Phosphatidylserine and chitosan, applying P-80 coating for surface modification and were assessed for their morphology and physicochemical attributes. The efficiency of LYC liberated from P-80-LYC-PSCNP was determined in Streptozotocin-induced Oxidative stress Model (SOSM); cognitively by behavioral despair-test and biochemically by enzymatic assays at 5 mg/kg LYC-equivalent dose. P-80-LYC-PSCNP were formulated as stable (ζ = 3.89 mV) spherical, regular (≈220 nm), and homogenous entities. It demonstrated a total 76.89% LYC in-vitro release during 28 hrs and shown efficacy for brain-specific delivery with a relative bioavailability of 20.4, Cmax4.6 times, and 2.5 times swifter than normal LYC. After 28 days, it shortened immobility time by 72.57 ± 8.12 s (P < 0.01) against STZ-control (134.58 ± 13.85 s, P < 0.001). It also improved the antioxidant enzymatic functioning of CAT, SOD, and GPx by 7.90 ± 0.45 Δ240/min/mgP (P < 0.05), 32.50 ± 1.70 U/mgP (P < 0.01), and 59.40 ± 3.70 U/mgP (P < 0.01) respectively against STZ-control which showed 3.05 ± 0.80 Δ240/min/mgP (P < 0.05), 15.20 ± 3.10 U/mgP (P < 0.05), and 25.15 ± 3.05 U/mgP at 5 mg/kg LYC-equivalent dose respectively. P-80-LYC-PSCNP was successfully formulated, analyzed and had delivered Lycopene (5 mg/kg) by trespassing the BBB with improved pharmacokinetics. It alleviated the experimental Streptozotocin-induced Oxidative stress in turn improving behavioral and cognitive anomalies, while enhancing the antioxidant-related activity of enzymes.

Objective We evaluated whether ivermectin combined with doxycycline reduced the clinical recovery time in adults with COVID-19 infection.Methods This was a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial in patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 symptoms randomly assigned to treatment (n = 200) and placebo (n = 200) groups. The primary outcome was duration from treatment to clinical recovery. Secondary outcomes were disease progression and persistent COVID-19 positivity by RT-PCR.Results Among 556 screened patients, 400 were enrolled and 363 completed follow-up. The mean patient age was 40 years, and 59% were men. The median recovery time was 7 (4–10, treatment group) and 9 (5–12, placebo group) days (hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% confidence interval, 0.60–0.90). The number of patients with a ≤7-day recovery was 61% (treatment group) and 44% (placebo groups) (hazard ratio, 0.06; 95% confidence interval, 0.04–0.09). The proportion of patients who remained RT-PCR positive on day 14 and whose disease did not progress was significantly lower in the treatment group than in the placebo group.Conclusions Patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 infection treated with ivermectin plus doxycycline recovered earlier, were less likely to progress to more serious disease, and were more likely to be COVID-19 negative by RT-PCR on day 14.Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04523831.Data Repository ID Dryad. doi:10.5061/dryad.qjq2bvqf6

The stability of the onset of thermo-convective effects of a fluid layer through porous medium is studied. The existence of marginal states, Rayleight number, overstability, and the nature of non-oscillatory modes have been examined. We observed that the effect of the permeability has a tendency to increase the stability in the regions.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the thermal stability of a fluid layer with permeable boundaries and a variable gravitational field. It is observed that the principle of exchange of stabilities is valid when the layer is heated form below and the complex growth rate of an arbitrary oscillatory mode exists outside of a circle whose radius depends upon the permeability parameter, Prandtl number and wavelength of the mode. In the case of a layer heated from below, gravity increasing upward has a destabilizing effect whereas the permeability parameter has a stabilizing effect.

Thymoquinone (TQ) is a potent phytoconstituent from Nigella sativaand well recognized for its neuroactivity via antioxidant mechanisms, but its higher lipophilicity and plasma protein binding lowers its bioavailability negating any appreciable clinical outcome, thus losing the possibility to form any conventional dosage form. TQ's brain targeted drug delivery can result into an increased efficacy and bioavailability, thus, in a novel attempt, we aim to formulate brain targeted Polysorbate-80 coated thymoquinone PLGA nanoparticles (P-80-TQN) and evaluate their activity towards Alzheimer's disease.

Polymer nanocomposites exhibit idiosyncratic physicochemical features that cannot be achieved by the respective individual constituting materials. Owing to their unique properties, they have witnessed widespread application in numerous areas of electrochemistry such as supercapacitors, batteries, solar cells, energy storage, and electrochemical sensors. By combining polymeric materials such as polyaniline (PANI), polyacetylene (PAc), polypyrrole (PPy), polythiophene (PTn), or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) with different fillers, for example, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene (Gpn), metal nanoparticles (MNPs), and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), several composites materials have been fabricated. Electrochemical sensors are very selective, sensitive, and low-cost materials for the effective detection of target molecules. This review summarizes some conventional conducting polymer-based nanocomposites and their utility as electrochemical sensors. Lastly, a discussion on the future perspectives of conducting polymer nanocomposites is also included.

The self-generating nano-emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) is among the most effective approaches to enhance the oral bioavailability of a therapeutic agent, especially of a hydrophobic or poorly-water soluble drug. The methodology for SNEDDS preparation has been established on a number of therapeutic agents from several pharmacological classes. The requisite studies have validated the concept, and detailed experimentations in pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics evaluations have corroborated the feasibility of SNEDDS formulation in providing higher levels of drug uploading, transport, dissolution, and intestinal permeation together with enhanced bioavailability at the site, and enhanced therapeutic effectiveness of the drug administered through oral route. The anti-cancer and anti-diabetic drugs having solubility issues, poor absorption, unwanted toxicity, and low bioavailability at the site of action have been dealt-with by the SNEDDS technology. The present review encompasses the SNEDDS technology applications primarily in these segments of drugs, and natural bioactive agents as well as synthetic agents for several bioactivities. It analyses the SNEDDS formulation approaches both in liquid and solid-SNEDDS based formulations, the absorption differences, bioavailability, and overall therapeutic effectiveness of these SNEDDS based products in comparison to the free drug behavior and other forms of drug delivery modalities as well as administration routes.