Search

Cryptosporidium spp. are significant opportunistic pathogens causing diarrhoea in humans and animals. Pigs are one of the most important potential hosts for Cryptosporidium. We evaluated the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in pigs globally using published information and a random-effects model. In total, 131 datasets from 36 countries were included in the final quantitative analysis. The global prevalence of Cryptosporidium in pigs was 16.3% (8560/64 809; 95% confidence interval [CI] 15.0–17.6%). The highest prevalence of Cryptosporidium in pigs was 40.8% (478/1271) in Africa. Post-weaned pigs had a significantly higher prevalence (25.8%; 2739/11 824) than pre-weaned, fattening and adult pigs. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium was higher in pigs with no diarrhoea (12.2%; 371/3501) than in pigs that had diarrhoea (8.0%; 348/4874). Seven Cryptosporidium species (Cryptosporidium scrofarum , Cryptosporidium suis , Cryptosporidium parvum , Cryptosporidium muris , Cryptosporidium tyzzeri , Cryptosporidium andersoni and Cryptosporidium struthioni) were detected in pigs globally. The proportion of C. scrofarum was 34.3% (1491/4351); the proportion of C. suis was 31.8% (1385/4351) and the proportion of C. parvum was 2.3% (98/4351). The influence of different geographic factors (latitude, longitude, mean yearly temperature, mean yearly relative humidity and mean yearly precipitation) on the infection rate of Cryptosporidium in pigs was also analysed. The results indicate that C. suis is the dominant species in pre-weaned pigs, while C. scrofarum is the dominant species in fattening and adult pigs. The findings highlight the role of pigs as possible potential hosts of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis and the need for additional studies on the prevalence, transmission and control of Cryptosporidium in pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclosporiasis is an emerging disease caused by Cyclospora cayetanensis, which induces protracting and relapsing gastroenteritis and has been linked to huge and complicated travel- and food-related outbreaks worldwide. Cyclosporiasis has become more common in both developing and developed countries as a result of increased global travel and the globalization of the human food supply. It is not just a burden on individual human health but also a worldwide public health problem. As a pathogen of interest, the molecular biological characteristics of C. cayetanensishave advanced significantly over the last few decades. However, only one FDA-approved molecular platform has been commercially used in the investigation of cyclosporiasis outbreaks. More potential molecular markers and genotyping of C. cayetanensisin samples based on the polymorphic region of the whole genomes might differentiate between separate case clusters and would be useful in tracing back investigations, especially during cyclosporiasis outbreak investigations. Considering that there is no effective vaccine for cyclosporosis, epidemiological investigation using effective tools is crucial for controlling cyclosporiasis by source tracking. Therefore, more and more epidemiological investigative studies for human cyclosporiasis should be promoted around the world to get a deeper understanding of its characteristics as well as management. This review focuses on major cyclosporiasis outbreaks and potential molecular markers for tracing back investigations into cyclosporiasis outbreaks.

Enterocytozoon bieneusiis an obligate intracellular microsporidian parasite with a worldwide distribution. As a zoonotic pathogen, E. bieneusican infect a wide range of wildlife hosts through the fecal-oral route. Although the feces of flying squirrels (Trogopterus xanthipes) are considered a traditional Chinese medicine (as “faeces trogopterori”), no literature is available on E. bieneusiinfection in flying squirrels to date. In this study, a total of 340 fresh flying squirrel fecal specimens from two captive populations were collected in Pingdingshan city, China, to detect the prevalence of E. bieneusiand assess their zoonotic potential. By nested PCR amplification of the ITS gene, six specimens tested positive, with positive samples from each farm, with an overall low infection rate of 1.8%. The ITS sequences revealed three genotypes, including known genotype D and two novel genotypes, HNFS01 and HNFS02. Genotype HNFS01 was the most prevalent (4/6, 66.7%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that all genotypes clustered into zoonotic Group 1, with the novel genotypes clustering into different subgroups. To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. bieneusiinfection in flying squirrels, suggesting that flying squirrels could act as a potential reservoir and zoonotic threat for E. bieneusitransmission to humans in China.

Cyclospora cayetanensis , a coccidian parasite that causes protracted and relapsing gastroenteritis, has a short recorded history. At least 54 countries have documented C. cayetanensis infections and 13 of them have recorded cyclosporiasis outbreaks. Cyclospora cayetanensis infections are commonly reported in developing countries with low-socioeconomic levels or in endemic areas, although large outbreaks have also been documented in developed countries. The overall C. cayetanensis prevalence in humans worldwide is 3.55%. Among susceptible populations, the highest prevalence has been documented in immunocompetent individuals with diarrhea. Infections are markedly seasonal, occurring in the rainy season or summer. Cyclospora cayetanensis or Cyclospora -like organisms have also been detected in food, water, soil and some other animals. Detection methods based on oocyst morphology, staining and molecular testing have been developed. Treatment with trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (TMP–SMX) effectively cures C. cayetanensis infection, whereas ciprofloxacin is less effective than TMP–SMX, but is suitable for patients who cannot tolerate co-trimoxazole. Here, we review the biological characteristics, clinical features, epidemiology, detection methods and treatment of C. cayetanensis in humans, and assess some risk factors for infection with this pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in dairy cattle in Guangdong Province, South China, 1440 fecal samples were collected from 10 farms and screened for Cryptosporidium with PCR. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 4.38% (63/1440), and the infection rates in preweaned calves, postweaned calves, heifers and adults were 6.4% (19/297), 6.19% (33/533), 1.48% (4/271) and 2.06% (7/339), respectively. Three Cryptosporidium species, Cryptosporidium andersoni (n = 33), Cryptosporidium bovis (n = 22) and Cryptosporidium ryanae (n = 8) were detected by DNA sequence analysis of the 63 positive samples, and C. andersoni was identified as the most common species on the dairy cattle farms. In preweaned calves, C. bovis was the most prevalent species (9/19, 47.4%). In contrast, C. andersoni was the predominant species (19/33, 57.6%) in postweaned calves and the only species found in heifers and adults. The zoonotic species Cryptosporidium parvum was not detected in this study. Twenty-four C. andersoni isolates were successfully classified into three multilocus sequence typing (MLST) subtypes. MLST subtype A4,A4,A4,A1 was the predominant subtype, and MLST subtype A2,A5,A2,A1, previously found in sheep, was detected in cattle for the first time. A linkage disequilibrium analysis showed that the C. andersoni isolates had a clonal genetic population structure. However, further molecular studies are required to better understand the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in Guangdong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanensis in a longitudinal study and to conduct a population genetic analysis, fecal specimens from 6579 patients were collected during the cyclosporiasis – prevalent seasons in two urban areas of central China in 2011–2015. The overall incidence of C. cayetanensis infection was 1·2% (76/6579): 1·6% (50/3173) in Zhengzhou and 0·8% (26/3406) in Kaifeng (P < 0·05), with infections in all age groups (P > 0·05). All the isolates clustered in the C. cayetanensis clade based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequence phylogenetic analysis. There were 45 specimens positive for all the five C. cayetanensis microsatellite loci, and formed 29 multilocus genotypes (MLGs). The phylogenetic relationships of 54 distinct MLGs (including 25 known reference MLGs), based on the concatenated multilocus sequences, formed three main clusters. A population structure analysis showed that the 79 isolates (including 34 known reference isolates) of C. cayetanensis produced three distinct subpopulations based on allelic profile data. In conclusion, we determined the frequency of C. cayetanensis infection in humans in Henan Province. The clonal population structure of the human C. cayetanensis isolates showed linkage disequilibrium and three distinct subpopulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, tick-borne diseases like anaplasmosis have become widespread worldwide threatening the health of both human and animals. Dogs play an important role in the epidemiology of several zoonotic tick-borne pathogens by acting as reservoirs. In this study, the status of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, A. platys, A. bovisand A. ovisinfection were assessed in dogs in Henan, China, with PCR and phylogenetic analyses. Nested PCRs on 243 blood samples collected from dogs from different sampling sites revealed that thirty-three (13.6%) dogs were positive for one or more pathogens. The prevalence of Anaplasmaspp. in stray dogs was 40.7% (24/59), which was much higher than that of pet dogs (4.0%, 7/175). The prevalence for A. ovis, A. bovisand A. phagocytophilumwas 6.2%, 4.1% and 0.4%, respectively and mixed-infection of these three pathogens was found in only one stray dog (prevalence, 0.4%). None of the dogs was positive for A. platys. Phylogenetic analyses classified A. phagocytophiluminto two distinct groups (East Asia and south Africa group, Europe and America group), whereas A. ovisand A. bovisshowed a general classification into two groups (cluster 1 and cluster 2), respectively. The isolate (KX190783) of A. ovisfrom a stray dog fell in a clade with a human isolate from Cyprus (FJ460443) and shared 99.8% similarity with it. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report to identify A. bovisand A. ovisDNA in dogs in China and the mixed-infection of the three Anaplasmaspp. (A. phagocytophilum, A. bovisand A. ovis) in dogs.

Cryptosporidiumspp., Enterocytozoon bieneusiand Giardia duodenalisare significant zoonotic intestinal pathogens that can cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and induce a host immune response. A total of 1237 fecal samples were collected from laboratory rodents (rats, mice and guinea pigs) from four different locations in China to investigate the infection rates and molecular characterization of these pathogens on experimental animals. Genomic DNA was extracted from each sample, and PCR amplifications were done. Overall, the Cryptosporidiumspp. infection rate was 3.8% (47/1237). Four known Cryptosporidiumspecies were identified, namely C. parvum, C. muris, C. tyzzeriand C. homai, the three former being zoonotic species. The overall E. bieneusiinfection rate was 3.0% (37/1237). Seven known E. bieneusigenotypes, namely S7, BEB6, J, Henan-IV, CHG10, D and WL6, were detected by sequence analysis. Among these, genotypes D, Henan-IV and CHG10 have a high zoonotic risk. Giardia duodenaliswas not detected at any of the three loci (SSU rRNA, bgand gdh) after PCR amplification. This study provides basic data for these pathogens in laboratory rodents in China and lays the foundation for their prevention and control in laboratory animals.

Giardia duodenalisis an important zoonotic parasite that causes economic losses to animal husbandry and threatens public health. In the present study, a total of 1466 fresh fecal samples were collected from sheep (n= 797), goats (n= 561) and beef cattle (n= 108) in Southwest Inner Mongolia, China. Giardia duodenaliswas initially screened via nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the β-giardin (bg) gene, and bg-positive samples were subjected to PCR amplification targeting the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) genes. A total of 4.0% of samples (58/1466) were positive for G. duodenalis, with a prevalence of 3.4% in sheep, 3.7% in goats and 5.2% in beef cattle. Three G. duodenalisassemblages (A, B, and E) were identified, with E as the prevalent assemblage. Four and one novel assemblage E sequences were obtained for the gdhand tpiloci, respectively and four assemblage E multilocus genotypes (MLG) were obtained. This study demonstrates high genetic variations in G. duodenalisassemblage E, and provides baseline data for preventing and controlling G. duodenalisinfection in livestock in Inner Mongolia.

Blastocystisis a gastrointestinal protozoan parasite commonly reported in humans and animals globally, including poultry, and it can cause zoonotic transmission of blastocystosis. However, comprehensive information is not available on the prevalence, subtype distribution and zoonotic potential of Blastocystisin chickens in China. In this study, a total of 1,000 individual fecal samples of free-range broiler chickens of 4 breeds were collected from 43 farms in 5 cities of Guangdong Province and investigated for the occurrence of Blastocystisinfection. Blastocystiswas determined by nested PCR analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. The overall prevalence was 20.1% (201/1,000) in chicken samples and 69.8% (30/43) in screened farms, and considerable variation in prevalence between farms was evident, with a range of 0 to 76.9%. Population differences of Blastocystisin broilers among sites, breeds, and ages were assessed. The highest infection rates were observed in Yangjiang city (35.8%, 38/106), Sanhuang chickens (29.7%, 104/350), and the >80-day-old chicken group (30.5%, 40/131). DNA sequencing and phylogeny analyses identified 2 zoonotic subtypes, ST6 and ST7. A large predominance was observed for ST7, and genetic polymorphisms were confirmed at the intra-ST7 level with the identification of 5 divergent ST7 types. The incidence of both STs varied largely based on the breed, site, farm, and age. This is the first large-scale study to explore the prevalence and genetic characteristics of Blastocystisin chickens in China. The widespread distribution and avian adaptation of both zoonotic subtypes were demonstrated. The findings of this study highlight a potential threat to humans and will provide a better understanding of the epidemiology and public health impact of poultry Blastocystis.

•This is the first A. phagocytophilumor related strains survey in small ruminant using PCR-RFLP in China.•Anaplasma phagocytophilum-like 1 and A. phagocytophilum-like 2 strains were detected.•Anaplasma phagocytophilum-like 1 is the predominant epidemic strain in goats and sheep.•The survey suggested that goats and sheep of China were highly exposed to A. phagocytophilum-like strains all year round, which provide a basis for the prevention and control of anaplasmosis.

Toxoplasma gondiiis widespread worldwide and can infect swine. This study evaluated the seroprevalence of T. gondiiin swine from central China after an outbreak of African swine fever (ASF). A total of 2683 swine serum samples were collected from farms in four provinces. Of the serum samples, 1.42% (38/2683) (95% CI, 1.03–1.94) tested positive for T. gondiiIgG antibody by a modified agglutination test (MAT) (cut-off: 1:25). Comparing with the results of previous studies, specifically our survey from before the outbreak, the seroprevalence of T. gondiiin swine from central China was significantly decreased after the occurrence of ASF (OR = 7.679, 2015–2017 vs. 2019–2020). In general, the proportion of seropositive animals increased with the age of the swine, indicating post-natal transmission of T. gondii.Furthermore, there was a significant difference in seroprevalence between suckling pigs and weaned pigs (p< 0.05). This is the first large-scale investigation of T. gondiiinfection in swine after an ASF outbreak in China. The lower seroprevalence of T. gondiiin swine after ASF may be due to stricter biosecurity measures on the farms, but results indicated swine exposure to zoonotic parasites despite these measures. This highlights that pigs must be considered a potential source of human T. gondiiinfections.

ABSTRACTTo explore the genetic diversity, host specificity, and zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi, feces from 348 stray and pet dogs and 96 pet cats from different locations in China were examined by internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-based PCR. E. bieneusiwas detected in 15.5% of the dogs, including 20.5% of stray dogs and 11.7% of pet dogs, and in 11.5% of the pet cats. Higher infection rates were recorded in the >2-year and the 1- to 2-year age groups in dogs and cats, respectively. Altogether, 24 genotypes, including 11 known and 13 new, were detected in 65 infected animals. In 54 positive dogs, 18 genotypes, 9 known (PtEbIX, O, D, CM1, EbpA, Peru8, type IV, EbpC, and PigEBITS5) and 9 new (CD1 to CD9), were found. In contrast, 8 genotypes, 4 known (D, BEB6, I, and PtEbIX) and 4 new (CC1 to CC4), were identified in 11 infected cats. The dominant genotype in dogs was PtEbIX (26/54). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 8 known genotypes (D, Peru8, type IV, CM1, EbpC, PigEBITS5, O, and EbpA) and 7 new genotypes (CD1 to CD4 and CC2 to CC4) were the members of zoonotic group 1, whereas genotypes CD7, CD8, and CD9 together with PtEbIX belonged to the dog-specific group, and genotypes CD6 and CC1 were placed in group 2 with BEB6 and I. Conversely, genotype CD5 clustered with CM4 without belonging to any previous groups. We conclude that zoonotic genotypes are common in dogs and cats, as are host-specific genotypes in dogs.

ABSTRACTMolecular diagnostic tools have been used increasingly in the characterization of the transmission of cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis in developing countries. However, few studies have examined the distribution of Cryptosporidiumspecies and Enterocytozoon bieneusigenotypes in AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. In the present study, 683 HIV-positive patients in the National Free Antiretroviral Therapy Program in China and 683 matched HIV-negative controls were enrolled. Cryptosporidiumspecies and subtypes and Enterocytozoon bieneusigenotypes were detected and differentiated by PCR and DNA sequencing. The infection rates were 1.5% and 0.15% for Cryptosporidiumand 5.7% and 4.2% for E. bieneusiin HIV-positive and HIV-negative participants, respectively. The majority (8/11) of Cryptosporidiumcases were infections by zoonotic species, including Cryptosporidium meleagridis(5), Cryptosporidium parvum(2), and Cryptosporidium suis(1). Prevalent E. bieneusigenotypes detected, including EbpC (39), D (12), and type IV (7), were also potentially zoonotic. The common occurrence of EbpC was a feature of E. bieneusitransmission not seen in other areas. Contact with animals was a risk factor for both cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis. The results suggest that zoonotic transmission was significant in the epidemiology of both diseases in rural AIDS patients in China.

The prevalence and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidiumin donkeys is poorly understood. Here, 680 fecal specimens were collected from 178 free-ranging and 502 farmed donkeys in Xinjiang, China. Cryptosporidiumwas identified using PCR amplification of the small subunit of ribosomal DNA. Cryptosporidium-positive isolates were subtyped using PCR analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene (gp60). The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidiumwas 2.4% (16/680), with 3.2% (16/502) in farmed donkeys and 0% (0/178) in free-ranging donkeys. Cryptosporidium hominis(n= 13), C. parvum(n= 1) and Cryptosporidiumhorse genotype (n= 2) were identified. The C. hominisisolates belonged to two subtypes, IkA16 (n= 9) and IkA16G1 (n= 4). The subtype of C. parvumwas IIdA15G1, whereas the two Cryptosporidiumhorse genotype isolates were of subtype VIaA15G4. The predominance of C. hominisin donkeys suggests that these animals are infected through human contact.

Cryptosporidiumspp. and Giardia duodenalisare common gastrointestinal parasites with a broad range of hosts, including humans, livestock, and wildlife. To examine the infection status and assess the zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidiumspp. and G. duodenalisin dairy cattle in Gansu, China, a total of 1414 fecal samples were collected from the rectum, with one sample collected from each individual animal. All the samples were tested using nested PCR based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSUrRNA) gene of Cryptosporidiumspp. and G. duodenalis. The overall infection rates of Cryptosporidiumspp. and Giardia duodenaliswere 4.2% (n= 59) and 1.0% (n= 14), respectively. Four Cryptosporidiumspecies were identified: C. andersoni(n= 42), C. parvum(n= 12), C. bovis(n= 5), and C. ryanae(n= 1). In further analyses of subtypes of C. parvumisolates based on the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene, five were successfully subtyped as IIdA19G1 (n= 4) and IIdA15G1 (n= 1). All 14 G. duodenalisisolates were identified as assemblage E using the triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) gene. The relatively low positive rates of Cryptosporidiumspp. and G. duodenalisdetected here and the predominance of non-human pathogenic species/assemblages of these parasites indicated their unique transmission dynamics in this area and the low level of threat posed to public health. However, continuous monitoring and further studies of these parasites should be conducted for the prevention and control of these pathogens.

Giardia duodenalisis an important zoonotic pathogen for both human and animal health. Although there have been reports on G. duodenalisinfections in animals all over the world, information regarding the prevalence and genetic characteristics of G. duodenalisin sheep in Inner Mongolia, China, is limited. In this study, 209 sheep fecal specimens were collected in this autonomous region. We established that the prevalence of G. duodenaliswas 64.11% (134/209), as determined using nested PCR detection and sequences analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. Based on the beta-giardin (bg) locus, the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) locus, and the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) locus to study genetic characteristics, both assemblages A (2.99%, 4/134) and E (97.01%, 130/134) were found. Five novel nucleotide sequence of assemblage E were detected, two at the bglocus, two at the gdhlocus, and one at the tpilocus. Multilocus genotyping yielded four assemblage E and two assemblage A multilocus genotypes (MLGs), including four novel assemblage E MLGs and one novel assemblage A MLG. Results of this study indicated that G. duodenaliswas highly prevalent in sheep in Inner Mongolia. This study is the first to use the multilocus genotyping approach to identify G. duodenalisin sheep from this region.

ABSTRACTTo estimate the prevalence and public health significance of cryptosporidiosis in preweaned calves in China, 801 fecal samples from eight farms in seven areas in Henan Province were examined for Cryptosporidiumoocysts. The overall infection rate of Cryptosporidiumwas 21.5%, with the farm in Xinxiang having the highest prevalence (40%). No significant difference in infection rates was observed between seasons. Cryptosporidiumspp. were characterized by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene and DNA sequencing of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. The SSU rRNA-based PCR identified four Cryptosporidiumspecies, including Cryptosporidium parvum(54/172), C. bovis(65/172), C. ryanae(19/172), and C. andersoni(12/172), and the occurrence of infections with mixed species (22/172). The earliest detection of C. boviswas in calves of 1 week of age, showing that the prepatent period was shorter than the previously stated 10 to 12 days. Infections with C. parvumpeaked in summer, whereas C. bovisdominated in autumn and winter. There was no apparent difference in the age of cattle infected with either C. parvumor C. bovis. Sequencing analysis of the gp60 gene showed all 67 C. parvumsamples belonged to subtype IIdA19G1. These findings suggested that the transmission of Cryptosporidiumspp. in preweaned calves in Henan, China, appeared to be different from other areas both at genotype and subtype levels. Further molecular epidemiologic studies (including samples from both calves and humans) are needed to elucidate the transmission dynamics and public significance of C. parvumin cattle in China.

ABSTRACTAlthough widely used for the characterization of the transmission of intestinal Cryptosporidiumspp., genotyping tools are not available for C. murisand C. andersoni, two of the most common gastric Cryptosporidiumspp. infecting mammals. In this study, we screened the C. muriswhole-genome sequencing data for microsatellite and minisatellite sequences. Among the 13 potential loci (6 microsatellite and 7 minisatellite loci) evaluated by PCR and DNA sequencing, 4 were eventually chosen. DNA sequence analyses of 27 C. murisand 17 C. andersoniDNA preparations showed the presence of 5 to 10 subtypes of C. murisand 1 to 4 subtypes of C. andersoniat each locus. Altogether, 11 C. murisand 7 C. andersonimultilocus sequence typing (MLST) subtypes were detected among the 16 C. murisand 12 C. andersonispecimens successfully sequenced at all four loci. In all analyses, the C. murisisolate (TS03) that originated from an East African mole rat differed significantly from other C. murisisolates, approaching the extent of genetic differences between C. murisand C. andersoni. Thus, an MLST technique was developed for the high-resolution typing of C. murisand C. andersoni. It should be useful for the characterization of the population genetics and transmission of gastric Cryptosporidiumspp.

ABSTRACTTo assess the prevalence and public health significance of rabbit cryptosporidiosis, a total of 1,081 fecal specimens were collected between October 2007 and April 2008 from rabbits on eight farms in five different areas in Henan Province, China, and were examined by microscopy after Sheather's sucrose flotation and modified acid-fast staining. The average infection rate of Cryptosporidiumwas 3.4% (37/1,081 samples). There was a significant association between the prevalence of Cryptosporidiumand the age of animals (?2= 57.13; P< 0.01); the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in 1- to 3-month-old rabbits was the highest (10.9%). The Cryptosporidiumspecies in microscopy-positive specimens were genotyped by sequence analyses of the 18S rRNA, 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70), oocyst wall protein (COWP), and actin genes and were subtyped by sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Only the Cryptosporidiumrabbit genotype was identified, with 100% sequence identity to published sequences of the 18S rRNA, HSP70, COWP, and actin genes, and the strains belonged to three gp60 subtypes (VbA36, VbA35, and VbA29). In view of the recent finding of the Cryptosporidiumrabbit genotype in human outbreak and sporadic cases, the role of rabbits in the transmission of human cryptosporidiosis should be reassessed.

•The single and mixed infections rates of Anaplasmaspp. according to season were recorded and analyzed.•This is the first seasonal dynamics survey of Anaplasmaspp. infections in warm temperate regions of China.•Goats in warm temperate regions of China were highly exposed to Anaplasmaspp. all year round.