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In the post-WWII period, the claims over the savoirdévelopper were numerous, coming from diverse ideological and institutional origins, and dealing with multiple topics, from rural welfare to community development, from education to health and labour. Many were the competing arguments and plans to intervene about those topics in various geographic spaces. Among the international actors participating in the promotion of a developmentalist agenda with global impacts, two interimperial organizations were particularly active, sometimes cooperating, sometimes rivalling with the specialized agencies of the United Nations system: The International Institute of Differing Civilizations (INCIDI, 1949) and the Commission for Technical Co-operation in Africa South of the Sahara (CCTA, 1950). Associated to projects of imperial and colonial resilience in contexts characterized by mounting anti-colonial pressures, both organisations contributed to the growing internationalization of social policies, gathering numerous experts in various conferences, in Europe and in Africa, promoting the production and transfer of original knowledge, publishing diverse reports and enquiries with considerable reach, and even sponsoring specific interventions on the ground. These dynamics were meaningfully, and frequently, shaped by disputes about the motivations and applications of social policies that occurred at the imperial metropoles. This paper addresses these two institution’s roles in the internationalization of social policies, analysing some of their major meetings, key publications, and significant projects, taking the topics of education, ‘social’ and ‘rural welfare’ and, mostly, labour as main observatories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the tensions that exist between the two major missions that have structured the activity of the International Labour Organization (ILO) since the 1920s: the objective of social justice on the one hand and economic development on the other. It examines the difficulties of the organization in enforcing the social standards it promotes when the objective of growth and economic development imposed by other international actors come into tension with them. It studies the extent to which the various development programs implemented by the organization since the 1930s have attempted to address this contradiction. These issues are discussed through case studies in the changing contexts of a century of ILO history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By focusing on a particular aspect of Belgian imperial history in the decade that followed World War II, this article aims to show how the internationalization of the colonial social question, and associated policies, became a recurrent feature of imperial and colonial exchanges, and played a non-negligible role in the international disputes about political decolonization. In their efforts to resist international supervision of colonial affairs, Belgian imperial and colonial officials engendered diplomatic strategies that entailed the systematic collection and treatment of information and knowledge production about social realities in distant parts of the world, especially in independent countries. The information collected was, in turn, pivotal in the comparative exercises that Belgian diplomats repeatedly developed in order to underline their social achievements in the overseas territories and the adequacy of the social policies enacted, while calling into attention the reproachable social conditions in independent countries in Asia or Latin America. In so doing, they expanded the realm of the global debates about social conditions and policies while developing a new doctrine in international law, the so-called “Belgian thesis”. Particularly, the Belgian government, its representatives and associated experts, aimed to frame development and social betterment as a “sacred trust” of all political entities that governed distinct ethnic and socio-cultural groups, not only European empires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the day-to-day operations of a fundamental education experiment led by Amadou Mahtar M’Bow in the village of Badiana, Senegal, in the early 1950s. This micro-historical approach, seldom employed in the field of development studies, allows to shed new light on how ideas and practices associated with an idealized vision of “modernity” manifested at a local level. Specifically, the article examines the wide range of activities undertaken as part of this project – encompassing areas such as literacy, agriculture, housing, and healthcare – and emphasizes the pivotal role played by African staff. By doing so, it contributes to a deeper comprehension of the impact of developmentalist ideology on the redefinition of colonial rule in Africa after the Second World War. Furthermore, the article also suggests research directions for evaluating its enduring legacies in post-independence contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through precisely documented case studies, the articles in this dossier present different modalities of the encounter between two research traditions on development and social policies, working on what might anachronistically be called the origins of “human development”. The contributions reveal the contradictions that exist between the objectives of economic development or territorial enhancement and social measures. The decades following the Second World War, at the heart of the dossier, were a period when protective and redistributive policies were being developed in the metropolises of Western Europe, while development programs were being implemented in countries that were still colonized or had emerged from decolonization. A double question therefore lies at the heart of this issue: to what extent do discussions around the welfare state and the social engineering projects that accompany it open the way to a new interpretation not only of the ideology of development, but also of the concrete forms it adopts, in diverse contexts with distinct administrative capacities and resources? In turn, to what extent does developmentist ideology invite us to reconsider or complicate our approach to social policies which, when viewed from the West, are generally presented from the unique angle of progress for the populations who benefit from them, but which, in these areas, have primarily served the objectives of development? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The placing of the climate issue on the international agenda has consecrated the climate not only as a major subject of international policy, but also as a geoeconomic resource through the advantages that climate governance instruments enshrine. In this particular cooperative framework, African mobilization in the face of climate change has experienced a seesaw evolution according to regional representations vis-à-vis the global governance system and endogenous concerns considered vital for the continent. This article aims to analyze the dynamics of African positioning on the climate issue. It defends the idea that for a long time remained on the sidelines of these global forums, Africa is now seeking to assert itself with regard to its vulnerability and its relatively low level of emissions. Attached to its development trajectory, the imperative of safeguarding the climate after a phase of apprehension takes on the meaning of capitalizing on the opportunities of this international governance. The UN climate arenas are for it, a privileged space for the defense of its interests, giving rise to a singular dynamic of positioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Most clinical research in France takes place in teaching hospitals. There are, however, many advantages to developing it in other hospitals: access to innovative treatments, improvement in healthcare quality, attractiveness of hospitals, increased trial inclusion rates and reduced selection bias. The objectives of our study were to report on the current situation of clinical research outside teaching hospitals., Methods: A three-stage survey was conducted between January 2012 and May 2013 in non-teaching hospitals of north-eastern France. First, questionnaires were sent to administrative and medical boards of all hospitals with more than 100 beds, then to head doctors of every department in hospitals with more than 300 beds and finally meetings were organized with members of 20 selected hospitals., Results: The administrative and medical boards of 85 hospitals participated in the first stage of the survey; half of these hospitals were engaged in clinical research activities and for 10 the internal structuring was cross-disciplinary. Answers from 178 departments were obtained during the second stage; 47% reported a clinical research activity. Meetings with research teams in 20 hospitals allowed us to identify difficulties concerning research funding, transversal organization and sponsoring., Conclusion: Clinical research existed in more than half of the respondent non-teaching hospitals. Obstacles to its development can be grouped in three categories: 1) internal structuring of clinical research, 2) access to information and knowledge of how clinical research functions and to interlocutors outside the hospital and 3) access to skills necessary to sponsor clinical research., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)