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Purpose: The existence of the advertising delay effect and its impact on supply chain operations have been demonstrated in the current study. Therefore, this study develops a timely inventory control strategy for the fresh produce supply chain to address the advertising delay effect in the fresh produce supply chain. Design/methodology/approach: This study proposes a game model based on the Nerlove-Arrow time delay differential equation and Pontryagin's maximum principle. Through comparative analyses of the optimal equilibrium strategies, the authors compare the optimal equilibrium strategies, product goodwill and optimal inventory trajectories for suppliers and retailers under secondary replenishment decisions and decentralized decisions. Findings: The authors find that (1) Only when the sales cycle meets certain conditions can the overall profit of the supply chain under the secondary replenishment decision be greater than that under the decentralized decision. As the price markup coefficient increases, the total profit of the supply chain first increases and then decreases. (2) With the increase in the delay time, the replenishment quantity during the initial period gradually decreases. After the delay time elapses, the inventory depletion rate under secondary replenishment decisions is faster than that under decentralized decision-making. (3) Although there is a continuously increasing maximum value of product goodwill with the increase in delay time, it becomes difficult to achieve this value for longer delays. Practical implications: The authors' findings provide a theoretical basis for supply chain members of fresh agricultural products to select replenishment and inventory control strategies when adopting different levels of delay in advertising marketing. Originality/value: Firstly, this paper explains the impact of advertising delay effect on fresh produce supply chain from a dynamic perspective, and secondly, it provides guidance on advertising formulation and inventory replenishment for fresh produce retailers under the influence of advertising delay effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides guidelines for conducting assessment of coordinated effects in mergers with price leadership models.

A recent survey conducted by CHOICE reveals that shoppers in Australia are having difficulty determining whether supermarket discounts are genuine or not. The survey showed that customers are confused by the language and terminology used in supermarket labels and promotions. Examples from Woolworths, Coles, and Aldi were provided, demonstrating instances where shoppers were unsure if a discount was being offered. Experts suggest that this confusion is either due to sloppy marketing or a deliberate attempt to confuse consumers. CHOICE is calling for stronger regulations on how prices are displayed and the use of terms and colors in order to provide more clarity for consumers. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses how prices for philatelic products can vary depending on factors such as availability, demand, and marketing tactics. Dealers may initially price items higher to recoup their investment, but may lower prices if items do not sell. Prices on online platforms like eBay may also be reduced if items do not sell after multiple listings. The article also mentions the cyclical nature of philatelic sales and the variability of prices for similar items. It concludes with information about upcoming stamp shows. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the University of Washington focused on the regulation of mark-up on medicine prices in Zimbabwe, specifically in the community pharmacy sector in Harare. The research found that mark-up strategies varied among pharmacies, with essential medicines being significantly more expensive without regulation. The study recommended implementing mark-up regulation in Zimbabwe's community pharmacy sector to reduce medicine prices and ensure accessibility to essential healthcare. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on Netcare's solid financial performance for the year ended 30 September 2024, despite a slight miss on bottom-line growth. Topics include the company's operational efficiency, strategic initiatives supporting growth in healthcare services, risks such as regulatory changes and competition, and a positive technical analysis of Netcare's stock, recommending a long position with a target price of R17.40.

The article recommends a buy position for the Technology Select Sector SPDR ETF, with an entry range of $225 to $235 and a target price of $256, supported by technical indicators like the Relative Strength Index. Topics include the ETF's composition, technical analysis using Elliott Wave and Wyckoff Price Cycles; and the potential for moderate fluctuations and upside momentum based on moving averages and volume indicators.

The article analyzes the Three Outside Up Japanese Candlestick pattern, indicating a potential reversal from a downtrend to an uptrend, supporting a bullish outlook. Topics include entry and exit price targets, the use of the Relative Strength Index for price projections; and a volatility-based approach to setting stop-loss levels and profit targets.

The article analyzes a bullish trend in a share's performance, predicting a potential price increase based on key technical indicators including entry and exit price targets, indicators like the Coppock Curve and On-balance volume, and the recommended stop-loss strategy.

Live Nation Entertainment CEO Michael Rapino has called for US Congress to regulate the ticket resale industry after tickets for the British band Oasis' upcoming tour were targeted by robots and resold at higher prices. Rapino suggested capping ticket resale prices at a 20% markup to prevent middlemen from profiting without investing in the business. Live Nation, the world's largest concert promoter, has faced criticism for ticket availability and prices, and is currently facing a lawsuit from the US Justice Department and a group of states for alleged monopolization of the concert ticket business. Despite this, the company has seen a surge in sales as venues reopen after the pandemic. [Extracted from the article]

See Press Release, Fla. Att'y Gen. Ashley Moody, Attorney General Moody Issues Subpoenas, Secures Refunds and Deactivates Posts Following Consumer Reports of Price Gouging (Mar. 31, 2020), http://myfloridalegal.com/%5F%5F852562220065EE67. nsf/0/DF8A776966F399998525853C0053C32B ? Price gouging refers to the practice of raising the price of essential goods, services, or commodities to an unreasonable, unfair, or excessive level, typically during a declared state of emergency or, in some states, any "external crisis." Order No. N-2-22 (Jan. 8, 2022), https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/1.8.22-EON-2-22-Price-Gouging-Test-Kits.pdf (establishing consumer protections against price gouging on at-home test kits); Press Release, N.C. Att'y Gen. Josh Stein, Attorney General Josh Stein Asks North Carolinians to Report At-Home COVID Test Price Gouging (Jan. 5, 2022), https://ncdoj.gov/attorney-general-josh-stein-asks-north-carolinians-to-report-at-home-COVID-test-price-gouging. See Press Release, Fla. Att'y Gen. Ashley Moody, Attorney General Moody Recognizes Price Gouging Hotline Team Members for Working to Protect Florida Consumers During Crisis (May 19, 2020), http://myfloridalegal.com/%5F%5F852562220065EE67.nsf/0/EA15A55A7F6EC5938525856D005190E4? See Press Release, Fla. Att'y Gen. Ashley Moody, Attorney General Moody's Office Issues 65 Subpoenas Related to Price Gouging (Apr. 14, 2020), http://myfloridalegal.com/%5F%5F852562220065EE67.nsf/0/2A0E015F2E721B758525854A00510886?. [Extracted from the article]

Usually fitting the CPU cables from the PSU to the motherboard can be a pain in the rear end but, for once, it was a quick process with plenty of room to fit the bend of the cable in. This includes PCIe cables for the GPU, the 24-pin motherboard cable, two CPU cables, and one SATA. MASTERCLASSES PC BUILDER MASTERCLASS The time has finally come to put Intel's latest and greatest Alder Lake chip, the Core i9-12900k, into a pretty impressive build. 08 CPU header After the fans and the radiator are sorted, it's time to add the rest of our AIO into the build, the CPU header. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine examined the impact of China's Zero Markup Drug Policy (ZMDP) on hospital expenditure and revenue in secondary and tertiary public hospitals. The ZMDP, implemented in 2009, eliminated the 15% markup on certain medications previously allowed by the government. The study found that while the ZMDP reduced expenditure on drugs, it increased expenditure on medical services, exams, and tests, resulting in increased hospital revenue. The analysis also indicated that tertiary hospitals experienced a greater increase in revenue compared to secondary hospitals. The study suggests that additional policies may be necessary to address provider-induced demand and reduce patient costs. [Extracted from the article]

While this technology might be first aimed at 22-core Xeon servers, your Intel Core i5 or AMD Ryzen still packs the same hardware-virtualisation technology as those server systems. It's delivered by the virtualisation software using generic GPU hardware and is more a hack than offering any true virtualisation abstraction. AMD has its AMD MxGPU technology to deliver up to 16 VMs per GPU over a network. For Intel graphics that's GVT-p and GVT-g; if you have "dumb" consumer GPUs it'll provide direct passthrough, while if you have access to "pro" cards like Nvidia Quadro or AMD MxGPU-enabled Radeon Pro/FirePro cards, full GPU virtualisation can be utilised. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by Addis Ababa University in Ethiopia examined the accessibility and affordability of essential medicines (EMs) for diabetes care in central Ethiopia. The study found that there are significant gaps in both the availability and affordability of these medicines. Only a small percentage of the surveyed outlets had the recommended EMs in stock, and the prices of these medicines were often unaffordable for the average worker. The researchers recommend that policymakers take action to improve access to affordable EMs for diabetes care, particularly at the primary healthcare level. Further studies in different parts of Ethiopia are also recommended. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on the impact of Red Sea diversions on container shipping routes from Asia to Europe, particularly regarding the increased use of bunker fuel and consequent rise in emissions. It discusses how these diversions are leading to longer voyages, higher fuel consumption, and greater exposure to the European Union's carbon tax, known as the Emissions Trading System (ETS).

A study published in Urology Practice(R) suggests that an online pharmacy called Mark Cuban Cost Plus Drug Company (MCCPDC) may offer savings for patients taking common urologic medications. The pharmacy, founded by entrepreneur Mark Cuban, offers transparent pricing with a 15% markup on manufacturing costs, plus fees for pharmacist services and shipping. The study compared the costs of 12 commonly prescribed urologic medications between MCCPDC, other online pharmacies, and local in-person pharmacies. For 90-tablet prescriptions, MCCPDC had lower costs for nine out of the 12 medications, with the greatest savings seen for drugs used to treat overactive bladder and erectile dysfunction. The study highlights the need for patients to "pharmacy-shop" to find the best prices. [Extracted from the article]

According to a background paper prepared for a competition inquiry in Australia, evidence from the Treasury suggests that prices for various goods and services have increased over the past two decades. This is supported by the recent profit reports from major supermarkets and banks in the country. The average price markup across all industries has climbed 6%, resulting in higher profit margins for companies. In the banking and supermarket sectors, profit margins are higher in Australia compared to more competitive markets overseas. While there may be limited options to address the issue in the supermarket industry, the government could potentially provide a low-cost banking service as a solution. This would create competition and potentially lower prices for consumers. [Extracted from the article]

Chargepoint Monthly cost: £0, with free RFID card Rating: Contact: chargepoint.com RECOMMENDED THIS app is easy to use, with filters that narrow down the chargers shown to those that fit your car. ChargeNow Monthly cost: Free, with connection fees Rating: Contact: chargenow.com THE ChargeNow app could be really good. These costs could be up front for buying an RFID card or added to the price of the charging itself in the form of a one-off connection fee or a mark-up on the price of the energy. [Extracted from the article]

MIND GRENADES I LIKE A get-rich-quick scheme - what American doesn't? In 1994, just as economists were fretting, my first cousins Bert and John Jacobs launched a blockbuster T-shirt company called Life is Good. It's pretty clear I should have ignored the life-is-dismal economists and followed Bert and John into T-shirts in the '90s. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents answers to questions concerning retirement plans for retail employee, and setting price by retailers.

ON MAY 13, 2019, THE SUPREME Court issued its opinion in Apple v. Pepper) The Court had an opportunity to overhaul the Illinois Brick rule, which dictates that only the first or direct purchaser, rather than subsequent or indirect purchasers, may recover damages from an antitrust violator.2 The Court could have followed the Antitrust Modernization Committee's suggestion to allow both direct and indirect purchaser suits for the same conduct.3 The Court also had a chance to explain how longstanding antitrust doctrines apply to technology platforms. Plaintiffs allege that "via the App Store, Apple locks iPhone owners 'into buying apps only from Apple and paying Apple's 30% fee, even if the iPhone owners wish 'to buy apps elsewhere or pay less.'"8 Apple moved to dismiss the complaint, claiming that under Illinois Brick the iPhone owners had no standing to sue because they were not "direct purchasers" from Apple. Finally, the Court addressed Apple's claim that allowing iPhone owners to sue would subject Apple to duplicative damages claims from the app developers and from the iPhone owners over the same pot of money. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses that a great percentage of websites still use much simpler jQuery and vanilla JavaScript and presents a different approach that Vue takes and how this can improve code, markup, and ability to build applications (apps) quickly. Topics include jQuery was responsible for making cross-browser/cross- operating system (OS) websites work, and using Vue in Place of jQuery.

The article reports on a study focused on the Allegheny area of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania that focuses on the cost of lost sales opportunities in the retail trade. Shopping was measured in terms of purchases and lost sales to determine a cost relationship of sales to profit. Lost sales increase the costs of doing business due to markups and higher operating expenses. The amount was determined by measures of total volume of lost sales, average size of a lost sales transaction, type of merchandise being shopped for, and the relationship of size of income to the amount of shopping around. Topics include a "Boston Globe" street survey in 1948, the reasons for lost sales, perfect competition, and a suggestion that consumer survey methods should replace the "want slip" system.

The article discusses some of the probable consequences of a retail sales tax in the U.S. from the standpoint of retail operations. The author provides a theory of use and form for a retail sales tax, showing how it would effect the economy of the U.S. and the retail business. Furthermore, the author outlines specific problems with retailers raising their prices to account for the tax imposed on them. Economists feels that with the new mark-up there will be less consumption of the product which will cause a profit loss for the retailer and even further mark-ups. Several other aspects of retailer prices are examined such as customers' anticipated reactions and mark-downs.

The article explores the performance of the securities markets in the U.S. for February 1937. Traders have been worried on several issues, including the ban on free rides on the nation's stock exchange and the Washington fever over hot money. When the domestic copper price was raised to a full cent a pound, it was the biggest single mark-up since the 1920s, and the price at 14 cents was the highest since May 1930. Meanwhile, the United States Freight Co. has embraced an interim dividend policy by eliminating the payment due the first of March 1937.

The article discusses how Alexander's Department Stores, Inc. keeps low-markup of goods and low overheads, as of December 1956. Alexander's President George Farkas believes that fashion can be sold at a lower price. The company invested on labor-saving devices such as a closed-circuit TV system to spot pilferers, an electronic stock-moving equipment, and an IBM stock control system.

A recent study conducted in Uganda examined the availability, market share, and price of quality assured artemisinin-based combination therapies (QAACTs) in private drug outlets. The study found that only one in seven ACTs in the drug outlets were QAACTs, with Artemether-lumefantrine and Artesunate-Amodiaquine being the only QAACTs present. The majority of antimalarial agents in stock were artemisinin-based, with Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine being the most common ACT. The study also revealed that the dispensing price of QAACTs was significantly higher than the recommended markup price. The findings suggest a need for increased awareness, surveillance, and monitoring of the implementation of the copayment mechanism in the country. [Extracted from the article]

(Bloomberg) -- Sanofi's Lantus, its most commonly prescribed insulin, will sell for $35 a month through GoodRx Holdings Inc. in a deal that signals the drug-discount site's growing business with large pharma companies. In Sanofi's deal with GoodRx, patients with a prescription can obtain a coupon to get Lantus for $35 at more than 70,000 participating US pharmacies. [Extracted from the article]

1 Daniel Thomas, Jasmine Cameron-Chileshe and Chris Giles, "Bank of England chief under fire for wage restraint call", Financial Times, February 2022, nin.tl/3ELJ5vz; Giacomo Tognini, "Inside the fortune of Britain's new Prime Minister…", Forbes, 25 October 2022, nin.tl/3VdVaiy 2 Chris Hayes and Carsten Jung, "Prices and profits after the pandemic", Common Wealth, June 2022, nin.tl/3Gwn2KE 3 The Balanced Economy Project, "The Counterbalance: an anti-monopoly newsletter", March 2021, nin.tl/monopoly-soars-workers-share-drops; Jan De Loecker and Jan Eeckhout, "Global market power", 10 February 2021, nin.tl/3XbVOPD 4 Dean Baker, "Successfully fighting inflation starts at the top", Common Dreams, April 2022, nin.tl/3USpsrz 5 FAO, "Cereal Supply and Demand Brief", 4 November 2022, nin.tl/3V5hqvi 6 Rupert Russell, "Wall Street is mostly to blame for rising commodity prices", Jacobin, 8 December 2022, nin.tl/3Xd7dPf 7 "Hunger: The Facts", New Internationalist, September-October 2020, No 527, nin.tl/3gfFm0c 8 Fiona Harvey, 'Record profits for grain firms amid food crisis prompt calls for windfall tax', The Guardian, 23 August 2022, nin.tl/3AxVGA9 BUSTED Rising wages are causing price hikes Despite living costs going up by 10 per cent or more in many parts of the world, rightwingers keep arguing against workers receiving pay rises, conjuring the old bogey of the "wage-price spiral". BUSTED Higher interest rates will solve inflation Will increasing interest rates cut inflation, as orthodox economic theory proposes? Firstly, most observers agree the bulk of current inflation is being driven by international factors: shocks in supply chains and their accompanying price rises. [Extracted from the article]

Accenture has reached an agreement to acquire California-based Anser Advisory, an advisory and management company for infrastructure projects, from Sterling Investment Partners. Anser offers a range of services: infrastructure/facilities PM management security/risk management consulting funding/financial management acquisitions/procurement management training technology integration Owners of capital projects engage the firm to advise them on executing all phases of the project. [Extracted from the article]

A key Senate panel has postponed a markup hearing on several bills aimed at drug pricing until after a blockbuster hearing with PBM and pharma execs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the price regulation program of the U.S. Office of Price Administration (OPA). Chester Bowles of OPA announced that the office would consider the possibility of an over-all price regulation for all retailers outside the food field. OPA revealed its new price regulation program dubbed as the 1-2-3 plan. OPA is convincing that the plan will allow them to revert to their "historic markups" sales.

The article reports on private war among U.S. retail groceries over nationally advertised brands of hydrogenated vegetable-oil shortenings. Retail grocers groan that hydrogenated vegetable-oil shortenings are priced to yield retailers 6% or 8% minimum mark-up required in some U.S. states. It says that Procter & Gamble Co.'s (P. & G.) Crisco and Lever Bros. Co.'s Spry get the biggest part of market sales. Meanwhile, Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. (A. & P.) cut the price of its Dexo shortening.

Oklahoma Insurance Commissioner Glen Mulready said he has been trying to work with CVS since the law was passed, but claimed CVS, based in Woonsocket, R.I., always throwed it back as a technical or contractual issue with employees, and one that can't be fixed until the next year. Oklahoma lawmakers insist shoppers have not lost their 90-day window for prescriptions, despite what CVS is telling them. [Extracted from the article]

, Africa is a Country, May 2016, nin.tl/IMF-too-late-say-sorry 10 Jasper Jolly & Jessica Elgot, 'Profits at world's seven biggest oil firms soar to almost £150bn this year', The Guardian, October 2022, nin.tl/oil-profits-soar-150bn 11 The Balanced Economy Project, "The Counterbalance: an anti-monopoly newsletter", March 2021, nin.tl/monopoly-soars-workers-share-drops DIAGRAM: COST OF LIVING: THE FACTS Increases were seen on all continents, but were starkest in Asia - 78m more - and Africa - 25m more.6 AFRICA 25m MORE IN 2020 ASIA 78m MORE IN 2020 43m people at risk of famine or a severe hunger crisis. THE COST OF LIVING CRISIS INFLATION 9% average worldwide rise in prices, 2022.1 9 poor countries, including Pakistan and Ethiopia, expected to pay 3x more for fertilizer imports in 2022 than in 2020.3 14.5% rise in prices of food and drinks in the UK, 2022.2 9 of the world's largest fertilizer companies on course to make $57bn profit, up fourfold over the period.3 POVERTY AND HUNGER 263m people were likely to have been pushed into extreme poverty in 2022 - 1 million every 33 hours.4 702m people affected by hunger in 2021, a 150m increase from 2019. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the importance of price transparency in executing effective digital media campaigns in Africa. With the increasing accessibility of internet connectivity, brands are investing in digital campaigns to reach growing audiences. However, middlemen often charge high markups, limiting the budget available for promoting the campaign. Brands are encouraged to work with credible media buying companies that practice price transparency and have a strong understanding of the diverse African market. By prioritizing price transparency and selecting the right media buying agency, brands can maximize their returns on digital marketing efforts in Africa's growing digital advertising industry. [Extracted from the article]

Wholesale Price Wholesale pricing is the price you charge when selling multiples of your items to a single buyer or a store owner. Some people make the error of not adding profit to the price, thinking that the labor cost is their profit. The formula is: Total Artwork Cost × 2 = Wholesale Price In this example, that equates to $38.50. [Extracted from the article]

A group of European energy ministers is also pushing to impose price caps on all imported gas, as the bloc grows increasingly desperate to prevent price surges from hammering the economy. (Bloomberg) -- European Union energy ministers asked the bloc's executive arm to come up with urgent steps to provide liquidity to energy traders clobbered by massive margin calls and to skim off energy companies' windfall profits so the funds can be redirected to struggling consumers. [Extracted from the article]

(Bloomberg) -- European Union energy ministers said Friday that the bloc's executive arm should deliver urgent proposals to provide liquidity to energy traders clobbered by massive margin calls and to skim off energy companies' windfall profits so the funds can be redirected to struggling consumers. EU Energy Commissioner Kadri Simson said the bloc will proposed "unprecedented" measures next week as countries face daunting challenges. [Extracted from the article]

(Bloomberg) -- Belgian Prime Minister Alexander De Croo warned that Europe needs to act immediately to address the energy crisis or risk the kind of fundamental economic shutdown that the bloc would struggle to recover from. De Croo said the European Union should impose a broad price cap on gas trading in the bloc without delay if it wants to save its industries from a shutdown. EU Economy Risks "Full Stop" on Energy Crisis, Belgium Warns. [Extracted from the article]

The company admitted to the newspaper that prices vary in different countries and justified the price differences with higher wages and distribution costs in Swiss stores. According to a media report, products from the Swiss running shoe manufacturer On are significantly more expensive in web stores in Switzerland than elsewhere. However, this rationale was rejected by critics, as the survey refers to prices online and not in brick-and-mortar stores and higher wages, store rents, and transport costs would thus not be decisive factors. [Extracted from the article]

The article offers information on an increase in price markups among businesses.

CPU: Intel Core i7-12700K; Cooler: SilverStone Permafrost PF240 ARGB AIO; Motherboard: MSI Pro Z690-A DDR5; Graphics: MSI GeForce RTX 3070 Ti Gaming X Trio 8GB; Memory: Adata 16GB DDR5 4800MHz; Storage: Kingston SKC2500M8 1TB M.2 NVMe PCIe SSD; Power Supply: Cooler Master MWE 750W; Case: Karuza Pandora. CPU: AMD Ryzen 7 5800X; Cooler: Thermaltake TH240 ARGB Sync Edition AIO Liquid Cooler; Motherboard: X570S WiFi; Graphics: Geforce RTX 3080 10GB; Memory: Thermaltake ToughRam Z-ONE RGB 32GB DDR4 3600MHz; Storage: 500GB M.2 NVMe SSD, 4TB SATA Hard Drive; Power Supply: Thermaltake Toughpower 750W; Case: Thermaltake H200 RGB. The motherboard, 750W PSU and 1TB of SSD storage are all adequate for the target audience, however, there is one glaring issue with the build, the memory. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on the reduction of the costs of the credit card merchant accounts of retailers. It says that the situation similar to the cell phone industry is being faced by retailers who are looking for favorable merchant accounts. It adds that the cost-plus pricing is referring to a processing fee based on a specified markup from interchanged rates. Moreover, keeping an eye on the payments is important, given the rapid changes in the credit card. INSET: CREDIT CARD PRICING: HOW DOES IT WORK?.

The article discusses the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (SKCC) in New York, New York and the hospital and research institution's multi-million dollar operating profit as of March 2013. It states that SKCC's cash flow is derived from pharmaceutical markups, outpatient clinic fees, and charges for chemotherapy clinic services. The popularity of the SKCC brand is also mentioned as one of the reasons why the cancer treatment institution is so profitable. SKCC's chargemaster rates are also examined.

The article reports on the concerns expressed by the journal "Pharmaceutical Commerce" regarding the paper released by Premier Healthcare Alliance about the drug price profit margins of small distributors in the U.S. in 2011. It says that the said report incorrectly stated the markup charged by distributors. According to the periodical, the real revised numbers ranged from 29 to 729%, instead of the 650% originally noted in Premier's paper.

The article reports on various types of fuel efficient vehicles. The advantages and price premium of hybrid automobiles, which use a gasoline engine and have an electric motor, are discussed. The advantages of a diesel engine vehicle and its price premium are discussed. The Nissan Leaf all-electric vehicle will be available to the mass market in December 2010. INSETS: High-Mileage Gas Engines;ROADBLOCKS TO PLUGGING IN.