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Optical methods are widely used in space-based space debris detection, but they are vulnerable to stray light and other factors. The factors which affect space-based optical space debris detection are analyzed from the two aspects of detectors and debris based on the experimental data. The factors affecting the detection effect include stray light such as sunlight, moonlight, earth-atmosphere light and airglow, as well as radiation in South Atlantic Anomaly region. The factors affecting the visibility of debris include earth occlusion, earth shadow and reflected sunlight. At the same time， the characteristic quantities involved in the above factors and the calculation methods to avoid the effects are put forward. The simulation results of a space-based detection equipment show that the above effects may occur in both normal rendezvous and attitude maneuver modes， so that they should be fully considered in the experiment design. Finally, a space-based space debris detection mission is planned. The article has certain guiding significance for the experiment design of space-based optical detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]