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The article deconstructs approach to written subtraction applied in the primary national strategy's (PNS') "guidance paper" Calculation (DIES, 2007) in the U.S. The approach to subtraction is divided into three stages. The first stage provides recommendations which parallel those outlined for additions. The second stage suggests a backward step while the third step involved an expanded method.

Responds to publications on basic numeracy and algorithms by Michael Girling and Piotr Zarzycki. Distinction between mental calculation and paper and pencil method; Connection between particular numbers and individuals feel for the numbers; Application of a strategic or procedural method.