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Though not necessarily affluent, the hijra community certainly had a place in society. Hijra communities were systematically targeted under the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871, with colonial administrators deeming them an "unclean" presence. "Groups that are difficult to classify and know are just anxiety-inducing for the British colonial government, and the hijra community are that in multiple ways. "Because society has isolated the khawaja sira community for so long, the community has created a separate system with its own rules and governance structure", Nayyab explains. [Extracted from the article]

Presence of natural radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th and 40K) and man-made radionuclide 137Cs has been investigated in soil samples collected from Peshawar University campus, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, using gamma-ray spectrometry. A High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector was used for gamma spectrometry. The detector was connected with a computer based high resolution multi channel analyzer. The specific activities in soil ranged from 30.2 to 49.1 Bq/kg for 226Ra, 54.8 to 77.3 Bq/kg for 232Th, 9.8 to 46.6 Bq/kg for 137Cs and 373.6 to 1071 Bq/kg for 40K with the average values of 40.9, 63.8, 22.5 and 858.3 Bq/kg, respectively. 137Cs, an artificial radionuclide, was also found in measurable concentration in all soil samples of University campus. The detection of 137Cs showed that the soil of University campus also gained some fallout from Chernobyl power plant nuclear accident in 1986. The radium equivalent activity was found lower than 370 Bq/kg (OECD safe limit) in all the soil samples. The radium equivalent activity, external and internal hazard indices have average values of 198.01 Bq/kg, 0.54 and 0.64, respectively. The mean values of indoor and outdoor absorbed dose rate in air were found 109.36 nGy.h-1 and 91.13 nGy.h-1, respectively. In the present analysis, 40K was the significant radionuclide detected in the University campus soil. The concentration of radionuclides found in the soil samples of University of Peshawar during the present investigations were nominal and do not produce any harmful health effects to the local residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Pakistani politician Imran Khan. Details are presented about his views on the Afghan war, particularly his hostility to U.S. policy in the conflict, as well as on his religious faith and his book "Pakistan: A Personal History." He hopes to become Prime Minister of Pakistan in order to effect change.

Focuses on issues on poverty, developments, and housing problems in Pakistan in 2002. Details of public housing in the country; Impact of the country's political corruption on the housing development programs; Actions taken by the government.

Several letters to the editor are presented in response to articles previously published including "How Pakistan Let Itself Down," "Buying Muslim," and "Everything but the Ring," in the May 25, 2009 issue.

Discusses the possibility of a nuclear war between India and Pakistan. Details of the 2002 test firing of ballistic missiles by Pakistan; Absence of safeguards in the first generation of Indian and Pakistani nuclear weapons; Impact of a nuclear catastrophe on the civil defense systems of both countries.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the impact of authentic leaders on the performance of educational leaders in public and private universities in Pakistan. The study further examines the moderating role of social capital in this relationship. Design/methodology/approach: The authors collected data from 259 academic heads of public and private universities and tested hypotheses using macro PROCESS. Findings: The findings demonstrate that authentic leaders have a significant positive effect on team leader performance in both public and private universities. In addition, the authors establish that the positive impact of authentic leaders on team leader performance is stronger among employees with high social capital. Originality/value: The education literature lacks evidence of the process through which authentic leaders influence team leader performance. The study is unprecedented in assessing whether social capital moderates the direct influence of authentic leaders on team leader performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interview with Pakistani politician Imran Khan is presented. Asked whether Pakistan should receive foreign aid, he says aid was important as a temporary measure at the time the country was founded, but that today it only underwrites the corruption and excess of the country's elites. He also argues that aid allows governments to avoid making important economic reforms to spur long-term development.

Reports the decision of Pakistan to break all non-official educattional contracts with India. Need for academics to seek approval before contacting counterparts of accept conference invitations; Reasons behind the decision; Influence of political relations on academic exchanges.

Reports the dismissal of M.L. Sondhi, chairman of the Indian Council of Social Sciences in India. Mismanagement of the institution; Invitation of Pakistani intellectuals to a seminar on India-Pakistan relationship; Response of Sondhi.

The article describes the progress and challenges toward measles elimination in Pakistan from 2000 to 2018. Highlights include an increase in the estimated coverage with the first dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) from 2000 to 2017, the rates of non-measles cases per 100,000 population in 2017 and 2018, and the launch of MCV1 into the routine childhood immunization schedule in the country in 1974.