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Little information exists about horse-related injury admissions to Level 1 trauma centers in the Western United States. This study describes injury patterns in this population, to reveal potential areas for injury prevention initiatives. A retrospective database review of 512 non-fatal equine-related injuries over a 15-year period was conducted, using a Level 1 hospital trauma registry. To determine patterns of injury, patients injured by riding or being near a horse were classified according to age, sex, helmet use, abbreviated injury score, anatomical region injured, and length of stay. Equine-related injury was more frequent among females than males, the anatomical region most at risk among adults was the lower extremity (including pelvis), and among children and youth, the head. 75% of head-injured patients were not wearing a helmet at the time of injury and those with the most severe head injuries were least likely to be wearing a helmet. Preventable equine-related injuries occur across all ages, are more frequent among females, and affect all regions of the body. Despite head-injury risks associated with horse activities, helmet use was not common among most of the injured. Decreasing the risk of these injuries requires use of appropriate protective equipment and enhanced education campaigns aimed at those in the horse industry and the general public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diol scaffolds have been utilized as highly effective catalysts and ligands in a wide range of catalytic asymmetric transformations. For scaffolds to be successful as broadly used motifs, they should be prepared cheaply through facile routes and be easily handled. Herein, the synthesis of a family of planar chiral diols based on a modular and robust three‐step route is described, which yields catalytically active diols in >99 % de and >99 % ee, with up to seven different chiral elements. These diols have been characterized by X‐ray crystallographic analysis, which provides clear evidence for the likely transition state when applied in the asymmetric hetero‐Diels‐Alder reaction. Without altering the stereochemistry of the catalyst backbone, it is possible to access both enantiomers of the product by varying the substitution of the catalyst at the α‐position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enantioselective azo-based α-amination of an aldehyde followed by a Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons-based vinyl sulfone formation is reported. The thus obtained optically active N , N ′-diprotected trans -(phenylsulfonyl)vinyl hydrazine products were then converted into the corresponding N-functionalised trans -(phenylsulfonyl)vinyl amines. Specifically, reaction of 4-phenylbutanal with di- tert -butyl azodicarboxylate (DBAD) in the presence of l - or d -proline, followed by addition of diethyl [(phenylsulfonyl)methyl]phosphonate, gave either enantiomer of di- tert -butyl trans -1-[5-phenyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)pent-1-en-3-yl]hydrazine-1,2-dicarboxylate. The enantiomeric excesses of the (+)- and (–)-enantiomers prepared in this manner were in the range 86–89%. The conversion of these γ-hydrazino vinyl sulfones into the corresponding γ-amino-substituted compounds was achieved following a Boc deprotection, Zn reduction, N-functionalisation sequence. This three-step sequence was reasonably efficient (approx. 50%) and no erosion of enantiopurity was found to have taken place. The compounds accessed via this process include both enantiomers of tert -butyl trans -[5-phenyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)pent-1-en-3-yl]carbamate and epimeric dipeptide mimetics including 4-methyl- N -{(S)-1-oxo-3-phenyl-1-[((S , E)-5-phenyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)pent-1-en-3-yl)amino]propan-2-yl}piperazine-1-carboxamide (also known as K777). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hospital-based studies have reported variable associations between outcome after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage and peri-hematomal edema volume. Aims: In a community-based study, we aimed to investigate the existence, strength, direction, and independence of associations between intracerebral hemorrhage and peri-hematomal edema volumes on diagnostic brain CT and one-year functional outcome and long-term survival. Methods: We identified all adults, resident in Lothian, diagnosed with first-ever, symptomatic spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage between June 2010 and May 2013 in a community-based, prospective inception cohort study. We defined regions of interest manually and used a semi-automated approach to measure intracerebral hemorrhage volume, peri-hematomal edema volume, and the sum of these measurements (total lesion volume) on first diagnostic brain CT performed at ≤3 days after symptom onset. The primary outcome was death or dependence (scores 3–6 on the modified Rankin Scale) at one-year after intracerebral hemorrhage. Results: Two hundred ninety-two (85%) of 342 patients (median age 77.5 y, IQR 68–83, 186 (54%) female, median time from onset to CT 6.5 h (IQR 2.9–21.7)) were dead or dependent one year after intracerebral hemorrhage. Peri-hematomal edema and intracerebral hemorrhage volumes were colinear (R 2 = 0.77). In models using both intracerebral hemorrhage and peri-hematomal edema, 10 mL increments in intracerebral hemorrhage (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.72 (95% CI 1.08–2.87); p = 0.029) but not peri-hematomal edema volume (aOR 0.92 (0.63–1.45); p = 0.69) were independently associated with one-year death or dependence. 10 mL increments in total lesion volume were independently associated with one-year death or dependence (aOR 1.24 (1.11–1.42); p = 0.0004). Conclusion: Total volume of intracerebral hemorrhage and peri-hematomal edema, and intracerebral hemorrhage volume alone on diagnostic brain CT, undertaken at three days or sooner, are independently associated with death or dependence one-year after intracerebral hemorrhage, but peri-hematomal edema volume is not. Data access statement: Anonymized summary data may be requested from the corresponding author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that the Laura Cunningham grew up in Kensington, California, where she became interested in observing nature at the local parks, such as Tilden-Wildcat Canyon Regional Park. It mentions that she hiked about and was never without binoculars and a notepad to observe and sketch lizards, snakes, salamanders, treefrogs, birds, mammal tracks, and plants.

Csp 2 -Csp 2 Suzuki-Miyaura couplings (SMCs) are ubiquitous in the synthesis of small molecules, but analogous Csp 2 -Csp 3 bond-forming SMCs are rare, especially asymmetric variants. Recently, we developed a series of Rh-catalyzed couplings between racemic sp 3 -hybridized allyl chlorides and heteroaryl boronic acids. Here, we demonstrate that these catalytic asymmetric reactions can be scaled-up to give over 100 g of a product. The reaction we chose to test couples a heteroaromatic boronic acid derivative and a racemic bicyclic electrophile to give a product with three contiguous stereogenic centers. The SMC product was obtained as a single diastereomer in 90% yield and 98% ee. Kinetic analysis of the reaction reveals two exothermic steps in the reaction setup and revealed the means by which to prevent the generation of heat spikes detrimental to the stability of the catalyst., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)