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13,195 results

1. Early Cold War intelligence paper mills: the case of the Association of Hungarian Veterans.

Author

Lynn, Katalin Kádár and Stout, Mark

Subjects
*COLD War, 1945-1991, *PAPER mills, *SWARM intelligence, *VETERANS
Abstract

During the early Cold War, it was difficult for American intelligence to penetrate the Iron Curtain but a potential solution soon arose: émigré intelligence groups such as the Magyar Harcosok Bajtársi Közössége (MHBK) or 'Association of Hungarian Veterans'. This group, however, turned out to be an intelligence 'paper mill'. Attempts at trans-Atlantic cooperation with the MHBK and similar groups failed as they lost most of their good sources and were penetrated by communist security services. By the mid-1950s, US intelligence cut these groups off, took over their good sources, and established a source registry to prevent recurrence of the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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3. Perestroyka in the Soviet Union. Occasional Paper No. 128.

Author

Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Center on Education and Training for Employment. and Makhmoutov, Mirza Ismail

Abstract

This document presents the point of view that although socialism has produced benefits for the USSR, Soviet society has undertaken its own radical reconstruction. History shows that the natural basis of changes in every society tends to be objective technological revolutions. The first technological revolution was agrarian. The second was industrial. The third revolution, the scientific and technological revolution, took place mostly in highly developed capitalist countries. The first aspect of perestroika in Soviet society is dissatisfaction with the state's power and a striving to adopt democratic governing. The second aspect of perestroika is the economy and financing. Economic reconstruction is complicated by the monopoly of central ministries, strict centralization in national economy management and its branches, lack of production material and equipment for free trading at the market, and a financial system in disarray caused by the partial transition to market relations and cooperatives. Reconstruction of the ideology in the Communist Party is also hinted at. The main trends of reforms in education are decentralization of management and differentiation of education. New concepts in vocational training include new curricula and programs and differentiation of subjects regarding professions. One way to reconstruct vocational training is by "de-ideologization" of education, democratic reform, and priority in financing. (YLB)

Published
1990

9. Preferences for Inequality: East vs. West. Innocenti Working Papers.

Author

United Nations Children's Fund, Florence (Italy). Innocenti Research Centre. and Suhrcke, Marc

Abstract

Do preferences for income inequality differ systematically between the post-socialist countries of central and eastern Europe and the western established market economies? Analyzing 1999 data from a large international survey to address this question, the paper examines whether attitudes to inequality differ between east and west even after the conventional determinants of attitudes are controlled. Results suggest that this is the case. A decade after the breakdown of communism, people in transition countries are significantly more egalitarian than those living in the west, in the sense that they are less willing to tolerate existing income inequalities, even after the actual level of income inequality and other determinants of attitudes are taken into account. Results do not seem to be driven by a recent change in attitudes due to a rapid rise in inequality during transition but appear to constitute an attitudinal legacy carried over from socialism. This has important implications for the political support of reform policy, particularly for the political feasibility of future welfare state reforms in these countries. (Contains 32 notes, 30 references, and 7 tables. Additional tables are appended.) (BT)

Published
2001

10. Soviet Security in Flux. Occasional Paper 33.

Author

Stanley Foundation, Muscatine, IA. and Jamgotch, Nish

Abstract

If U.S. foreign policy is to be prudent and effective, it must cease relying on the doctrinaire images and cold war rhetoric of the past and take into account five intactable problems, none of them specifically military, that the Soviet Union faces. These problems are: (1) unabating deficiencies in its economy; (2) a precarious battle with communist orthodoxy and alliance management in Eastern Europe; (3) a jittery relationship with China; (4) an adverse shift in the balance of world power; and (5) the constraint which global interdependency and the thermonuclear age impose on the rational formulation of defense policies. The future will be intensely demanding for the Soviet Union because it has achieved global military capabilities at precisely the time its economy appears worn out. U.S. leaders need to undertake frequent fresh appraisals of Soviet threats and realistic capabilities in the domestic and international contexts in which they occur. Defense strategists should not attribute to Soviet foreign policy nonexistent successes, but rather should be critical of claims that the balance of power has shifted to the Soviets. Both countries should agree to a moratorium on the habitual counting of weapons. Finally, the United States should be skeptical about the view that problems besetting Soviet decision makers can be resolved by war. (Author/KC)

Published
1983

11. China under the Four Modernizations: Part 2. Selected Papers Submitted to the Joint Economic Committee. Congress of the United States, Ninety-Seventh Congress, Second Session.

Author

Joint Economic Committee, Washington, DC.

Abstract

The politics and performance of the post-Mao Chinese government (1976 to the present) in the areas of foreign economic relations and Sino-American normalization are examined. Realizing that the four modernizations program for bringing up to date agriculture, industry, science and technology, and defense, initiated by Mao's successors in 1977, was too ambitious, China's current leadership is in the process of adjusting, reorienting, and retrenching the program into something more pragmatic, realistic, and attainable. Included among the topics discussed in this publication are: China's international trade and finance; China's capital construction and the prospects for foreign participation; China's hard currency export potential and import capacity through 1985; Sino-Japanese economic relations; China's grain imports; Chinese general agreement on tariff and trade; normalization of U.S. commercial relations with China; recent developments in China's trade practices; emerging functions of formal legal institutions in China's modernization; recent developments in China's treatment of intellectual property; U.S. firms in China trade; overcoming hindrances and impediments in U.S.-Chinese commercial negotiations; and the U.S.-China Joint Economic Committee. (RM)

Published
1982

12. China under the Four Modernizations: Part 1. Selected Papers Submitted to the Joint Economic Committee. Congress of the United States, Ninety-Seventh Congress, Second Session.

Author

Joint Economic Committee, Washington, DC.

Abstract

The policies and performance of the post-Mao Chinese government (1976 to the present) in the four modernization areas of industry, agriculture, science and technology, and the military are examined. Realizing that the program to modernize the economy of the People's Republic of China, which was initiated by Mao's successors in 1977, was much too ambitious, the current Chinese leadership is in the process of adjusting, reorienting, and retrenching the four modernizations into something more pragmatic, realistic, and attainable. Included among the topics are: economic growth; major developments in the Chinese economy since Mao's death; how the Chinese transportation network has been expanded to meet economic needs; population growth and control; the different economic and social roles of the urban and rural labor forces; why Chinese modernization has not entailed urbanization; how key industries are adjusting to meet the needs of modernizing China; plans for reforming industry; rural industrialization; agricultural productivity; science and elitism; Chinese attitudes towards technology transfer; whether or not military modernization has remained in its position as last in priority; and resource allocation for the military. (RM)

Published
1982

14. What Chinese Children and Youth Are Learning about the United States. Working Papers in Education.

Author

Stanford Univ., CA. Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace. and Gross, Richard E.

Abstract

This study examines history and social science textbooks used in China to see how the United States is presented in order to make inferences about what Chinese students are learning about the United States. The report also reflects the U.S. examination of Chinese textbooks. As part of the same study, U.S. K-12 textbooks were sent to China. The study analyzed the subjects of geography, elementary school history, junior high school history, senior high school history, senior high school history of social development, and senior high school political economics. It was concluded that the textbooks generally become more ideological as they advanced in grade level; the history of social development and political economics textbooks featured the detailed official view of communist ideology along with a thorough indoctrination in the evils of western capitalism. (DB)

Published
1991

16. Education for Better Governance: A Look at the Ongoing Cadre Political Education in China.

Author

Hua, Shucheng

Abstract

The evolution of cadre (political elite and bureaucratic functionaries) education in China from 1949 to the present was evaluated in terms of leadership development and the underlying interests of the Chinese Communist Party as it integrates more fully into the world economy. Historic achievements include: (1) increased knowledge about market economies; (2) increased use of management theory and practice; and (3) improved work performance efficiency. In 1998, to correct ongoing cadre problems (such as corruption, favoritism, and lack of civic responsibility) and to improve the governance capacity of cadres (to create greater social stability), the federal government initiated Three-Emphasis Education (emphasizing theory, study, political awareness, and work ethics improvement), an integral part of which was interviews with 1500 cadres. Findings included the following: (1) the hierarchical nature of the program prevented rapid improvements and public access to program evaluation; (2) poor systemization into cadre's daily work caused corruption to resurface once education was complete; and (3) the lack of an educational objective to change the Chinese bureaucracy (the current objective was to change individuals only). Inclusion of the public in the process of cadre political education is recommended in order to strengthen educational outcomes. (The bibliography lists seven references). (AJ)

Published
2002

25. CEPOS NEW CALL FOR PAPERS 2021 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AFTER COMMUNISM. EAST AND WEST UNDER SCRUTINY Craiova (Romania), University House, 19-20 March 2021.

Subjects
CONFERENCES & conventions, COMMUNISM, CONFERENCE attendance, ELECTRONIC journals, HOUSING, SCIENTIFIC knowledge
Abstract

The article informs about 11th International Conference After communism. East and West under Scrutiny to be held in in Craiova, Romania, March 19-20, 2021. Topics include peculiar professional involvement creating and exploiting the inter-disciplinary developments of the East-West relations; study of recent history of the former communist space; and international and Canadian conferences taking place pertaining to international relations, politics, trade, energy and sustainable development.

Published
2020

27. The New Tiananmen Papers: Inside the Secret Meeting That Changed China

Author

Nathan, Andrew J.

Subjects
Tiananmen Square Incident, 1989, China Democracy Movement, 1989, Party leaders -- Political activity, Demonstrations -- China, Communism, Death, Political parties, Campaign finance reform, International relations, Political science, Communist Party of China -- Officials and employees
Abstract

On April 15, 1989, the popular Chinese leader Hu Yaobang died of a heart attack in Beijing. Two years earlier, Hu had been cashiered from his post as general secretary [...]

Published
2019

28. Personality of Teacher in Advanced Socialist Society. Collection of Papers from the Conference of Educationalists of Socialist Countries (3rd, Warsaw, Poland, June 1977).

Author

European Information Center of the Charles Univ. for Further Education of Teachers. Prague (Czechoslovakia)., Tmej, K., and Petracek, S.

Abstract

A need for concerted efforts in devising a more profound socialist education for the younger generation, and a strengthening of ideological ties joining the socialist nations was revealed in conference papers on: (1) the conference's significance (K. Tmej); (2) inaugural address (J. Kuberski); (3) Marxism-Leninism on the task of schools and teachers in building-up communism (M. I. Kondakov); (4) the teacher's role in forming a socialist set of values for children and youth (J. Wolczyk); (5) the teacher's role in the communist education of school children in the German Democratic Republic (G. Neuner); (6) the teacher's task and preparation in the period of building-up socialism in Cuba (M. F. Aranjo); (7) the teacher's work and training in the Hungarian People's Republic (S. Miklosvari); (8) the training of teacher cadres in the period of building-up a mature socialist society (Z. Atanasov); (9) the teacher as the most important factor in educating a new man (N. van Le); (10) the training and further education of educational personnel in the Rumanian Socialist Republic (V. Radulian); (11) theoretical problems of teachers' and educational personnel's lifelong education (K. Cepicka); and (12) Mongolian teachers' struggles to educate man (B. Davaasuren). Short presentations were made on: (1) the school and the teacher's task in personality forming in an advanced socialist society (O. Balaz); (2) forms and methods of training and of further education of educational personnel in an advanced socialist society (J. Jelencik); (3) education towards the teachers' scientific world outlook in the spirit of Marxist-Leninist ideology (J. Matejcik); (4) problems of teachers' further education in Czechoslovakia (K. Tmej); (5) the functional unity of the ideological-political, educational, and professional components in the training and further education of teachers of vocational and practical subjects (M. Klimova); (6) the teacher as educator (M. Hargas); (7) the problems of methodology and methods of research on questions of teacher education in Czechoslovakia (O. Franc); and (8) the personality of the teacher and the profile of graduates trained to teach at the first stage of basic schools in Czechoslovakia (M. Korinek). (CJB)

Published
1983

29. 'A New Foreign Policy': President Jimmy Carter's Speech at Notre Dame, May 22, 1977. A Paper Presented in Honor of Everett Lee Hunt.

Author

Windt, Theodore Otto

Abstract

An analysis of the content and a critique of the significance of President Jimmy Carter's 1977 commencement speech at the University of Notre Dame, show that technical weaknesses such as poor organization, inconsistent style, and overbreadth limited its intended effect. Carter had hoped that this speech would dispel confusion over some of his foreign policy decisions and would change the motivating principle of United States foreign policy from a negative one (anti-communism) to a positive one (supporting human rights). Instead, the news media found the speech to be ambiguous as to Carter's foreign policy intentions and questioned how his commitment to human rights--which they found praiseworthy--could be transformed from theory into practice. The speech differed from others by Carter in that it was a broad statement of policy rather than an addresss on specific measures, and Carter worked more closely with his speech writers and gave more attention to the effectiveness of the speech than usual. While the speech did not have the effect intended by Carter, it did cause foreign policy discussions to be reshaped even into the Ronald Reagan years. (Twenty-six footnotes are included.) (MHC)

Published
1989

30. New Patterns in Teaching and Learning: A Look at the People's Republic of China. Occasional Paper #2.

Author

Michigan State Univ., East Lansing. Non-Formal Education Information Center. and Hobbs, Mary Kay

Abstract

Educational accomplishments of the People's Republic of China have been achieved by emphasis on moral, intellectual, and physical development of every individual, and on schooling combined with and in preparation for productive labor. Open-door schooling combines in-school learning with out-of-school practice, so students learn about life and work in the actual setting of "big classrooms"--factories, communes and army units. Among new forms of higher education for rural development are: an agricultural college giving peasants from agricultural communes a 3-year course in socialist principles of development and skills in agricultural science and technology, after which the peasants return to their communes; scientists in rural areas giving 3-month courses in water conservation, stock breeding, and crop cultivation to upgrade skills of local peasants and avoid problems of students leaving the countryside with expectations of work in cities; or college classes alternating with work on agricultural production teams in students' home communes. Factories operate their own worker-colleges. Neighborhood residents' committees solve community problems and organize study groups. China's teachers come from various backgrounds, with emphasis on practical experience and leadership qualities. Changes in education continue, with a standardized 10-year universal education program for young people, and increasing emphasis on science and technology. (MH)

Published
1978

31. Education in Building Chinese Socialism: Theory and Reality in the Transitional Period. IDE Special Paper No. 1.

Author

Institute of Developing Economics, Tokyo (Japan)., Kobayashi, Fumio, Kobayashi, Fumio, and Institute of Developing Economics, Tokyo (Japan).

Abstract

The booklet discusses educational problems in China after the 1949 Revolution and describes policies of the Chinese Communist Party to counteract those problems. Examining the educational problems in the context of the sociocultural environment, the booklet identifies major problems as low levels of productivity, limited educational resources, and a high rate of illiteracy. The Chinese Communist Party based the educational and cultural reforms of the First Five Year Plan (1953-8) on the philosophies of Mao Tse Tung. The educational program consisted of two parts: first, improving the school system and, second, broadening educational opportunities to change the class composition of the educated. Instead of conceiving of education as compulsory schooling, the Party approached education as a sociopolitical movement to change traditional attitudes towards education. The Party adopted various institutional forms of learning (agricultural schools, literacy schools for peasants, regional schools of higher education) to accomplish "what is possible" in "any way possible" by "whomsoever is capable." The conclusion is that educational policies and methods adopted by the Chinese Communist Party have succeeded in alleviating illiteracy, improving economic productivity, and increasing interaction between party members and the masses. (Author/DB)

Published
1976

32. Anti-Semitism of the Left? Norway and the Jews in the Worker Paper (1929-1930)

Author

Vaseng, Øyvind Hoem

Subjects
Rasisme, Worker Paper, Norway, Norwegian Labour Party, Socialism, Arbeiderpartiet, Anti-Semitism, Anti-Fascism, Norge, Kommunisme, Interwar period, Racism, Internationalism, Internasjonalisme, Mellomkrigstiden, Antisemittisme, Antifascisme, Dagsavisen, Sosialisme, Communism
Abstract

Interwar Europe, a hotbed of anti-Semitism. A prejudice and hatred which was characteristic of so many right-wing movements, particularly far-right ones. Meanwhile, left-wing movements called for international workers unity, regardless of race or nationality. But did they truly live up to the values of the slogan? This paper tries to answer this question by inspecting the Norwegian case of the Labour Party and its main party organ, the Worker Paper between 1929 and 1930. The thesis relies on a detailed qualitative analysis of the Worker Paper’s contents as well as a shorter quantitative one. Because of the complicated nature of left-wing anti-Semitism, the thesis operates with a distinction between explicit and implicit anti-Semitism, where the latter becomes of most relevance. Possible cases of anti-Semitism are through argument determined as either explicitly anti-Semitic, implicitly anti-Semitic or neither. This way the thesis not only informs of the anti-Semitism the Worker Paper engaged in but also helps to define the boundaries of anti-Semitism. Cases where the Worker Paper opposed anti-Semitism are also examined and this apparent contradiction is clarified. The thesis concludes that opposition to anti-Semitism was quite representative of its contents, yet anti-Semitism was less than that: Somewhat representative, although explicit anti-Semitism was very rare. The level of anti-Semitism is regarded as too deep for the Worker Paper to be labelled “anti-anti-Semitic” in the period, and should instead be considered ambivalent towards Jews but more on the side of anti-anti-Semitism than anti-Semitism.

Published
2020

34. Huawei and China Mobile ,Cyto launch 6G satellites,CO, says Communist Party paper

Subjects
Political parties, Communism, Satellite communications, Artificial satellites -- Launching, Satellite communications, Telecommunications industry, Communist Party of China
Abstract

Byline: Alan Burkitt-Gray Global Times, an English-language publication associated with the Communist Party of China’s official publication, the People’s Daily, said the satellites would test 6G network technologies. The newspaper [...]

Published
2021

42. Planning versus the market: The dispute between Hayek and Mannheim and its contemporary relevance.

Author

Hammersley M

Subjects
Humans, Knowledge, Male, Organizations, Politics, Societies, Communism, Dissent and Disputes
Abstract

Parallels have been drawn between the 1930s and today, notably the existence of unstable economic conditions as well as deepening, antagonistic ideological divisions. In the 1940s, two books appeared that presented opposing diagnoses of, and remedies for, the problems that faced Western societies at that time. In Man and Society, Karl Mannheim argued that forms of political organization had not adapted to changing social, economic, and technological conditions, and that this explained the rise of communism and fascism. He insisted that, in order to avoid disorder and political extremism, liberal democracies needed to engage in greater planning of their economic and social affairs, with sociology providing the synthesis of scientific knowledge required for this. Just a few years later, Friedrich Hayek published The Road to Serfdom, in which Mannheim's work was a central target. He insisted that only the preservation of liberal freedoms and competitive markets could prevent the spread of totalitarianism. This paper outlines the arguments of each of these authors and provides an account of some of the historical background against which their disagreement arose. It also explores the relevance of their very different positions today, at a time when the neoliberal ideology that Hayek championed continues to have great influence but is under increasing attack from across the political spectrum., (© 2021 London School of Economics and Political Science.)

Published
2021
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50. The University of Wyoming Textbook Investigation: From Controversy to Academic Freedom.

Author

Clark, Tina M.

Abstract

This student paper, a first place winner in the 1987 National History Day competition, relates events of the first college textbook controversy in the United States. In 1947, University of Wyoming trustees authorized reviewing textbooks for "subversive tendencies." Faculty and trustees successfully negotiated the controversy, resulting in academic freedom policies still in effect. (CH)

Published
1990